A case example of the importance of multi-analytical approach in deciphering carbonatite petrogenesis in South Qinling orogen: Miaoya rare-metal deposit, central China

Bédard, 2006, Trace element partitioning in plagioclase feldspar, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 3717, 10.1016/j.gca.2006.05.003 Bell, 2001, Nd, Pb and Sr isotopic compositions of east African carbonatites: evidence for mantle mixing and plume inhomogeneity, Journal of Petrology, 42, 1927, 10.1093/petrology/42.10.1927 Bell, 1982, Evidence from Sr isotopes for long-lived heterogeneities in the upper mantle, Nature, 298, 251, 10.1038/298251a0 Brenan, 1994, Rutile–aqueous fluid partitioning of Nb, Ta, Hf, Zr, U and Th: implications for high field strength element depletions in island-arc basalts, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 327, 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90154-6 Bühn, 2001, Rare-earth element systematics of carbonatitc fluorapatites, and their significance for carbonatite magma evolution, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 141, 572, 10.1007/s004100100261 Chakhmouradian, 2006, High-field-strength elements in carbonatitic rocks: geochemistry, crystal chemistry and significance for constraining the sources of carbonatites, Chemical Geology, 235, 138, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.06.008 Chakhmouradian, 2008, Postorogenic carbonatites at Eden Lake, Trans-Hudson Orogen (northern Manitoba, Canada), Lithos, 103, 503, 10.1016/j.lithos.2007.11.004 Chakhmouradian, 2015, Carbonatite-hosted niobium deposit at Aley, northern British Columbia: mineralogy, geochemistry and petrogenesis, Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 642, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.04.020 Dasgupta, 2005, The effect of bulk composition on the solidus of carbonated eclogite from partial melting experiments at 3Gpa, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 149, 288, 10.1007/s00410-004-0649-0 Eby, 1975, Abundance and distribution of the rare-earth elements and yttrium in the rocks and minerals of the Oka carbonatite complex, Quebec, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 39, 597, 10.1016/0016-7037(75)90005-8 Eggins, 1997, A simple method for the precise determination of ≥40 trace elements in geological samples by ICPMS using enriched isotope internal standardization, Chemical Geology, 134, 311, 10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00100-3 Grassi, 2012, Element partitioning during carbonated pelite melting at 8, 13 and 22GPa and the sediment signature in the EM mantle components, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 327–328, 84, 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.023 Hacker, 2000, Exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure continental crust in east central China: Late Triassic–Early Jurassic tectonic unroofing, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 13339, 10.1029/2000JB900039 Halama, 2005, The GrØnnedal-Ika carbonatite–syenite complex, South Greenland: carbonatite formation by liquid immiscibility, Journal of Petrology, 46, 191, 10.1093/petrology/egh069 Hammouda, 2009, Trace element partitioning during partial melting of carbonated eclogites, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 174, 60, 10.1016/j.pepi.2008.06.009 Hammouda, 2010, Apatite solubility in carbonatitic liquids and trace element partitioning between apatite and carbonatite at high pressure, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 7220, 10.1016/j.gca.2010.09.032 Harmer, 1998, The case for primary, mantle-derived carbonatite magma, Journal of Petrology, 39, 1895, 10.1093/petroj/39.11-12.1895 Hawthorne, 2006, Short-range order in amphiboles from the Bear Lake diggings, Ontario, The Canadian Mineralogist, 44, 1171, 10.2113/gscanmin.44.5.1171 Hoernle, 2002, Geochemistry of oceanic carbonatites compared with continental carbonatites: mantle recycling of oceanic crustal carbonate, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 142, 520, 10.1007/s004100100308 Hornig-Kjarsgaard, 1998, Rare earth elements in sovitic carbonatites and their mineral phases, Journal of Petrology, 39, 2105, 10.1093/petrology/39.11.2105 Huang, 1993, Multiphase deformation and displacement within a basement complex on a continental margin: the Wudang Complex in the Qinling Orogen, China, Tectonophysics, 224, 305, 10.1016/0040-1951(93)90035-I Kjarsgaard, 1989, The genesis of carbonatites by immiscibility, 388 Klemme, 2005, Partitioning of trace elements between rutile and silicate melts: implications for subduction zones, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69, 2361, 10.1016/j.gca.2004.11.015 Kröner, 1993, Granulites in the Tongbai area, Qinling belt, China: geochemistry, petrology, single zircon geochronology, and implications for the tectonic evolution of eastern Asia, Tectonics, 12, 245, 10.1029/92TC01788 Le Bas, 1989, Diversification of carbonatites, 428 Lee, 1998, Petrogenesis of carbonatite magmas from mantle to crust, constrained by the system CaO–(MgO–FeO⁎)–(NaO+K2O)–(SiO2+Al2O3+TiO2)–CO2, Journal of Petrology, 39, 495, 10.1093/petroj/39.3.495 Lee, 1998, Neoproterozoic bimodal volcanism in the central orogen belt, Korea: age and tectonic implication, Precambrian Research, 89, 47, 10.1016/S0301-9268(97)00077-6 Lee, 2003, Age, geochemistry, and tectonic significance of Neoproterozoic alkaline granitoids in the northwestern margin of the Gyeonggi massif, South Korea, Precambrian Research, 122, 297, 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00216-4 Li, 1996, Chronology and geochemistry of metavolcanic rocks from Heigouxia Valley in the Mianlue tectonic arc, South Qinling: observations for a Paleozoic oceanic basin and its close time, Science in China. Series B, 39, 300 Li, 2009, Precise determination of Phanerozoic zircon Pb/Pb age by multi-collector SIMS without external standardization, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10, Q04010 Liang, 2000, Determination of trace elements in granites by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Talanta, 51, 507, 10.1016/S0039-9140(99)00318-5 Longerich, 1996, Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric transient signal data acquisition and analyze concentration calculation, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 11, 899, 10.1039/JA9961100899 Mao, 2010, Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous granitoid magmatism in Eastern Qinling, central-eastern China: SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages and tectonic implications, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 57, 51, 10.1080/08120090903416203 McDonough, 1995, The composition of the Earth, Chemical Geology, 120, 223, 10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4 Meng, 2000, Geologic framework and tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen, central China, Tectonophysics, 323, 183, 10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00106-2 Nelson, 1988, Geochemical and isotopic systematics in carbonatites and implications for the evolution of ocean-island sources, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 1, 10.1016/0016-7037(88)90051-8 Plank, 1998, The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle, Chemical Geology, 145, 325, 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00150-2 Pouchou, 1984, A new model for quantitative analysis. I. Application to the analysis of homogeneous samples, La Récherche Aerospace, 3, 13 Prowatke, 2006, Trace element partitioning between apatite and silicate melts, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 4513, 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.162 Qian, 1996 Qin, 2010, Origin of Late Triassic high-Mg adakitic granitoid rocks from the Dongjiangkou area, Qinling orogen, central China: implications for subduction of continental crust, Lithos, 120, 347, 10.1016/j.lithos.2010.08.022 Ratschbacher, 2003, Tectonic of the Qinling (Central China): tectonostratigraphy, geochronology, and deformation history, Tectonophysics, 366, 1, 10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00053-2 Rios, 2007, Paleoproterozoic potassic–ultrapotassic magmatism: Morro do Afonso Syenite Pluton, Bahia, Brazil, Precambrian Research, 154, 1, 10.1016/j.precamres.2006.11.015 Ripp, 2006, Chrome-bearing mineral phases in the carbonatites of northern Transbaikalia, Geochemistry International, 44, 395, 10.1134/S0016702906040069 Rudnick, 2000, Rutile-bearing refractory eclogites: missing link between continents and depleted mantle, Science, 287, 278, 10.1126/science.287.5451.278 Severs, 2009, Partitioning behavior of trace elements between dacitic melt and plagioclase, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene based on laser ablation ICPMS analysis of silicate melt inclusions, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, 2123, 10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.009 Stacey, 1975, Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 26, 207, 10.1016/0012-821X(75)90088-6 Stoppa, 1995, Chemical composition and petrogenetic implications of apatites from some ultra-alkaline Italian rocks, European Journal of Mineralogy, 7, 391, 10.1127/ejm/7/2/0391 Stoppa, 2013, An overview of monogenetic carbonatitic magmatism from Uganda, Italy, China and Spain: volcanologic and geochemical features, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 41, 140, 10.1016/j.jsames.2012.10.004 Sun, 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalt: implications for mantle compositions and processes, vol. 42, 313 Sun, 2002, Mid-paleozoic collision in the north Qinling: Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr and 40Ar/39Ar ages and their tectonic implications, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21, 69, 10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00010-X Sweeney, 1994, Carbonatite melt compositions in the Earth's mantle, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 259, 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90149-X Tappe, 2012, Asthenospheric source of Neoproterozoic and Mesozoic kimberlites from the North Atlantic craton, West Greenland: New high-precision U–Pb and Sr–Nd isotope data on perovskite, Chemical Geology, 320, 113, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.05.026 Tuttle, 1966 Veksler, 1998, Mineralogy of crystallized melt inclusions from Gardiner and Kovdor ultramafic alkaline complexes: implications for carbonatite genesis, Journal of Petrology, 39, 2015, 10.1093/petroj/39.11-12.2015 Veksler, 2012, Partitioning of elements between silicate melt and immiscible fluoride, chloride, carbonate, phosphate and sulfate melts, with implications to the origin of natrocarbonatite, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 79, 20, 10.1016/j.gca.2011.11.035 Woolley, 1989, Carbonatites: nomenclature, average chemical composition, 1 Woolley, 2008, Paragenetic types of carbonatite as indicated by the diversity and relative abundances of associated silicate rocks: evidence from a global database, The Canadian Mineralogist, 46, 741, 10.3749/canmin.46.4.741 Xu, 2002, MORB-type rocks from the Paleo-Tethyan Mian-Lueyang northern ophiolite in the Qinling Mountains, central China: implications for the source of the low 206Pb/204Pb and high 143Nd/144Nd mantle component in the Indian Ocean, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 198, 323, 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00536-8 Xu, 2007, Flat rare earth element patterns as an indicator of cumulate processes in the Lesser Qinling carbonatites, China, Lithos, 95, 267, 10.1016/j.lithos.2006.07.016 Xu, 2008, Comparison of the Daluxiang and Maoniuping carbonatitic REE deposits with Bayan Obo REE deposit, China, Lithos, 106, 12, 10.1016/j.lithos.2008.06.005 Xu, 2010, Trace-element modeling of the magmatic evolution of rare-earth-rich carbonatite from the Miaoya deposit, central China, Lithos, 118, 145, 10.1016/j.lithos.2010.04.003 Xu, 2014, Origin of carbonatites in the South Qinling orogen: implications for crustal recycling and timing of collision between the South and North China Blocks, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 143, 189, 10.1016/j.gca.2014.03.041 Xue, 1997, U–Pb zircon ages of granitoid rocks in the North Dabie Complex, eastern Dabie Shan, China, Journal of Geology, 105, 744, 10.1086/515984 Yaxley, 2004, Phase relations of carbonate-bearing eclogite assemblages from 2.5 to 5.5GPa: implications for petrogenesis of carbonatites, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 146, 606, 10.1007/s00410-003-0517-3 Zack, 2002, Trace element abundances in rutiles from eclogites and associated garnet mica schists, Chemical Geology, 184, 97, 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00357-6 Zaitsev, 1998, REE-Sr–Ba minerals from the Khibina carbonatites, Kola Peninsula, Russia: their mineralogy, paragenesis and evolution, Mineralogical Magazine, 62, 225, 10.1180/002646198547594 Zajacz, 2007, LA-ICPMS analyses of silicate melt inclusions in co-precipitated minerals: quantification, data analysis and mineral/melt partitioning, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 1021, 10.1016/j.gca.2006.11.001