Development of a new extraction technique and HPLC method for the analysis of non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fibre-type Cannabis sativa L. (hemp)

Hartsel, 2016, Cannabis sativa and hemp, 735 Andre, 2016, Cannabis sativa: the plant of the thousand and one molecule, Front. Plant. Sci., 7, 1, 10.3389/fpls.2016.00019 Appendino, 2011, Cannabinoids: occurrence and medicinal chemistry, Curr. Med. Chem., 18, 1085, 10.2174/092986711794940888 Thomas, 2015 European Commission, Food safety, plant variety catalogues, databases and information systems, https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/plant_propagation_material/plant_variety_catalogues_databases_en, 2017 (accessed 27.01.17). Mechoulam, 2014, Early phytocannabinoid chemistry to endo-cannabinoids and beyond, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 15, 757, 10.1038/nrn3811 De Backer, 2009, Innovative development and validation of an HPLC/DAD method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of major cannabinoids in Cannabis plant material, J. Chromatogr. B, 877, 4115, 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.004 Peschel, 2015, 1H NMR and HPLC/DAD for Cannabis sativa L. chemotype distinction, extract profiling and specification, Talanta, 140, 150, 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.02.040 Hanuš, 2016, Phytocannabinoids: a unified critical inventory, Nat. Prod. Rep., 33, 1357, 10.1039/C6NP00074F ElSohly, 2005, Chemical constituents of marijuana: the complex mixture of natural cannabinoids, Life Sci., 78, 539, 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.011 Alexander, 2016, Therapeutic potential of cannabis-related drugs, Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 64, 157, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.07.001 Campos, 2016, Cannabidiol, neuroprotection and neuropsychiatric disorders, Pharmacol. Res., 112, 119, 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.033 Fernàndez-Ruiz, 2011, Prospects for cannabinoid therapies in basal ganglia disorders, Br. J. Pharmacol., 163, 1365, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01365.x Izzo, 2009, Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 30, 515, 10.1016/j.tips.2009.07.006 Brenneisen, 2007, Chemistry and analyss of phytocannabinoids andother Cannabis constituents, 17 UNODC, Recommended methods for the identification and the analysis of Cannabis and Cannabis products. Manual for use by national drug analysis laboratories. United Nations, 2009, pp. 25–47. Fishedick, 2010, Metabolic fingerprinting of Cannabis sativa L., cannabinoids and terpenoids for chemotaxonomic and drug standardization purposes, Phytochemistry, 71, 2058, 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.10.001 Cinti, 2016, Medicinal Cannabis: principal cannabinoids concentration and their stability evaluated by a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry method, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 128, 201, 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.033 Aizpurua-Olaizola, 2014, Identification and quantification of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. plants by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 406, 7549, 10.1007/s00216-014-8177-x Gambaro, 2002, Determination of primary active constituents in Cannabis preparations by high-resolution gas chromatography/flame ionization detection and high-performance liquid chromatography/UV detection, Anal. Chim. Acta, 468, 245, 10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00660-8 Stolker, 2004, Determination of cannabinoids in Cannabis products using liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry, J. Chromatograph. A, 1058, 143, 10.1016/S0021-9673(04)01447-5 Hazekamp, 2005, Chromatographic and spectroscopic data of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L, J. Liq. Chromatograph. Relat. Technol., 28, 2361, 10.1080/10826070500187558 Gul, 2015, Determination of 11 cannabinoids in biomass and extracts of different varieties of Cannabis using high-performance liquid chromatography, J. AOAC Int., 98, 1523, 10.5740/jaoacint.15-095 Kirkland, 2013, Fused-core particle technology in high-performance liquid chromatography: an overview, J. Pharm. Anal., 5, 303, 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.02.005 Omar, 2013, Optimisation and characterization of marijuana extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and focused ultrasound extraction and retention time locking GC–MS, J. Sep. Sci., 36, 1397, 10.1002/jssc.201201103 International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), Guideline Q2(R1)-Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology, ICH Secretariat,c/o IFPMA, Geneva, 2005, pp. 1. Qiao, 2011, Extraction, separation, detection, and structural analysis of flavonoids, Curr. Org. Chem., 15, 2541, 10.2174/138527211796367327 Khoddami, 2013, Techniques for analysis of plant phenolic compounds, Molecules, 18, 2328, 10.3390/molecules18022328 Azmir, 2013, Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: a review, J.Food Eng., 117, 426, 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014 Perrotin-Brunel, 2010, Solubility of non-psychoactive cannabinoids in supercritical carbon dioxide and comparison with psychoactive cannabinoids, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 55, 603, 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.09.011 Demarque, 2016, Fragmentation reactions using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: an important tool for the structural elucidation and characterization of synthetic and natural products, Nat. Prod. Rep., 33, 432, 10.1039/C5NP00073D