Methods for preparation and activation of activated carbon: a review

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 18 - Trang 393-415 - 2020
Zoha Heidarinejad1,2, Mohammad Hadi Dehghani3,4, Mohsen Heidari2, Gholamali Javedan1,5, Imran Ali6, Mika Sillanpää7
1Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar ʽAbbas, Iran
2Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar ʽAbbas, Iran
3Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4Institute for Environmental Research, Center for Solid Waste Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
7Department of Green Chemistry, LUT University, Mikkeli, Finland

Tóm tắt

Activated carbon refers to a wide range of carbonised materials of high degree of porosity and high surface area. Activated carbon has many applications in the environment and industry for the removal, retrieval, separation and modification of various compounds in liquid and gas phases. Selection of the chemical activator agent is a major step controlling the performance and applicability of activated carbon. Here, we review chemical activators used to produce activated carbon. We compare the impregnation method with the physical mixing method used in activating with alkali hydroxides. We selected 81 articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Embase and Medlin databases. Eighteen articles report the activation with potassium hydroxide, 17 with phosphoric acid, 15 with zinc chloride, 11 with potassium carbonate, nine with sodium hydroxide, and 11 with new activating agents. Activation with phosphoric acid is commonly used for lignocellulosic material and at lower temperatures. Zinc chloride generates more surface area than phosphoric acid but is used less due to environmental concerns. Potassium carbonate, in comparison with potassium hydroxide, produces higher yields and a higher surface area for the adsorption of large pollutant molecules such as dyes. Activating with potassium hydroxide in terms of surface area and efficiency shows better results than sodium hydroxide for various applications. Also, the comparison of the physical mixing method and the impregnation method in activation with alkali metals indicates that the activated carbon obtained through physical mixing had a higher porosity than the activated carbon produced by the impregnation method.

Tài liệu tham khảo

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