Methods for preparation and activation of activated carbon: a review
Tóm tắt
Activated carbon refers to a wide range of carbonised materials of high degree of porosity and high surface area. Activated carbon has many applications in the environment and industry for the removal, retrieval, separation and modification of various compounds in liquid and gas phases. Selection of the chemical activator agent is a major step controlling the performance and applicability of activated carbon. Here, we review chemical activators used to produce activated carbon. We compare the impregnation method with the physical mixing method used in activating with alkali hydroxides. We selected 81 articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Embase and Medlin databases. Eighteen articles report the activation with potassium hydroxide, 17 with phosphoric acid, 15 with zinc chloride, 11 with potassium carbonate, nine with sodium hydroxide, and 11 with new activating agents. Activation with phosphoric acid is commonly used for lignocellulosic material and at lower temperatures. Zinc chloride generates more surface area than phosphoric acid but is used less due to environmental concerns. Potassium carbonate, in comparison with potassium hydroxide, produces higher yields and a higher surface area for the adsorption of large pollutant molecules such as dyes. Activating with potassium hydroxide in terms of surface area and efficiency shows better results than sodium hydroxide for various applications. Also, the comparison of the physical mixing method and the impregnation method in activation with alkali metals indicates that the activated carbon obtained through physical mixing had a higher porosity than the activated carbon produced by the impregnation method.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbas AF, Ahmed MJ (2016) Mesoporous activated carbon from date stones (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by one-step microwave assisted K2CO3 pyrolysis. J Water Process Eng 9:201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2016.01.004
Abdelnaeim MY, El Sherif IY, Attia AA et al (2016) Impact of chemical activation on the adsorption performance of common reed towards Cu (II) and Cd (II). Int J Miner Process 157:80–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2016.09.013
Abdulkarim M, Al-Rub FA (2004) Adsorption of lead ions from aqueous solution onto activated carbon and chemically-modified activated carbon prepared from date pits. Adsorp Sci Technol 22:119–134. https://doi.org/10.1260/026361704323150908
Acosta R, Fierro V, De Yuso AM et al (2016) Tetracycline adsorption onto activated carbons produced by KOH activation of tyre pyrolysis char. Chemosphere 149:168–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.093
Adinata D, Daud WMAW, Aroua MK (2007) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from palm shell by chemical activation with K2CO3. Bioresour Technol 98:145–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.006
Ahmad MA, Puad NAA, Bello OS (2014) Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of synthetic dye removal using pomegranate peel activated carbon prepared by microwave-induced KOH activation. Water Resour Ind 6:18–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2014.06.002
Ahmed MJ, Theydan SK (2012) Physical and chemical characteristics of activated carbon prepared by pyrolysis of chemically treated date stones and its ability to adsorb organics. Powder Technol 229:237–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.06.043
Ahmed MJ, Theydan SK (2014) Optimization of microwave preparation conditions for activated carbon from Albizia lebbeck seed pods for methylene blue dye adsorption. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 105:199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.11.005
Al Bahri M, Calvo L, Gilarranz MA, Rodríguez JJ (2012) Activated carbon from grape seeds upon chemical activation with phosphoric acid: application to the adsorption of diuron from water. Chem Eng J 203:348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.07.053
Alabadi A, Razzaque S, Yang Y et al (2015) Highly porous activated carbon materials from carbonized biomass with high CO2 capturing capacity. Chem Eng J 281:606–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.032
Alothman Z, Habila M, Ali R (2011) Preparation of activated carbon using the copyrolysis of agricultural and municipal solid wastes at a low carbonization temperature. Carbon 24:67–72
Al-Qodah Z, Shawabkah R (2009) Production and characterization of granular activated carbon from activated sludge. Braz J Chem Eng 26:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-66322009000100012
Altenor S, Carene B, Emmanuel E et al (2009) Adsorption studies of methylene blue and phenol onto vetiver roots activated carbon prepared by chemical activation. J Hazard Mater 165:1029–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.133
Angin D (2014) Production and characterization of activated carbon from sour cherry stones by zinc chloride. Fuel 115:804–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.060
Angın D, Altintig E, Köse TE (2013) Influence of process parameters on the surface and chemical properties of activated carbon obtained from biochar by chemical activation. Bioresour Technol 148:542–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.164
Anisuzzaman S, Joseph CG, Krishnaiah D et al (2016) Removal of chlorinated phenol from aqueous media by guava seed (Psidium guajava) tailored activated carbon. Water Resour Ind 16:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2016.10.001
Arami-Niya A, Daud WMAW, Mjalli FS (2010) Using granular activated carbon prepared from oil palm shell by ZnCl2 and physical activation for methane adsorption. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 89:197–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2010.08.006
Attia AA, Girgis BS, Fathy NA (2008) Removal of methylene blue by carbons derived from peach stones by H3PO4 activation: batch and column studies. Dyes Pigm 76:282–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2006.08.039
Auta M, Hameed B (2011a) Optimized waste tea activated carbon for adsorption of Methylene Blue and Acid Blue 29 dyes using response surface methodology. Chem Eng J 175:233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.100
Auta M, Hameed B (2011b) Preparation of waste tea activated carbon using potassium acetate as an activating agent for adsorption of Acid Blue 25 dye. Chem Eng J 171:502–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.04.017
Baccar R, Bouzid J, Feki M, Montiel A (2009) Preparation of activated carbon from Tunisian olive-waste cakes and its application for adsorption of heavy metal ions. J Hazard Mater 162:1522–1529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.041
Balajii M, Niju S (2019) Biochar-derived heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Environ Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00885-x
Başar CA (2006) Applicability of the various adsorption models of three dyes adsorption onto activated carbon prepared waste apricot. J Hazard Mater 135:232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.055
Basta A, Fierro V, El-Saied H, Celzard A (2009) 2-Steps KOH activation of rice straw: an efficient method for preparing high-performance activated carbons. Bioresour Technol 100:3941–3947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.028
Bedin KC, Martins AC, Cazetta AL et al (2016) KOH-activated carbon prepared from sucrose spherical carbon: adsorption equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies for Methylene Blue removal. Chem Eng J 286:476–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.099
Belala Z, Jeguirim M, Belhachemi M et al (2011) Biosorption of copper from aqueous solutions by date stones and palm-trees waste. Environ Chem Lett 9:65–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-009-0247-5
Benaddi H, Bandosz T, Jagiello J et al (2000) Surface functionality and porosity of activated carbons obtained from chemical activation of wood. Carbon 38:669–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00134-7
Bhatnagar A, Hogland W, Marques M, Sillanpää M (2013) An overview of the modification methods of activated carbon for its water treatment applications. Chem Eng J 219:499–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.12.038
Bouchelta C, Medjram MS, Bertrand O, Bellat J-P (2008) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from date stones by physical activation with steam. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 82:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2007.12.009
Boudrahem F, Soualah A, Aissani-Benissad F (2011) Pb (II) and Cd (II) removal from aqueous solutions using activated carbon developed from coffee residue activated with phosphoric acid and zinc chloride. J Chem Eng Data 56:1946–1955. https://doi.org/10.1021/je1009569
Brudey T, Largitte L, Jean-Marius C et al (2016) Adsorption of lead by chemically activated carbons from three lignocellulosic precursors. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 120:450–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.06.018
Budinova T, Petrov N, Parra J, Baloutzov V (2008) Use of an activated carbon from antibiotic waste for the removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solution. J Environ Manage 8:165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.02.005
Byamba-Ochir N, Shim WG, Balathanigaimani M, Moon H (2016) Highly porous activated carbons prepared from carbon rich Mongolian anthracite by direct NaOH activation. Appl Surf Sci 379:331–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.04.082
Cabal B, Budinova T, Ania CO et al (2009) Adsorption of naphthalene from aqueous solution on activated carbons obtained from bean pods. J Hazard Mater 161:1150–1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.108
Cabrita I, Ruiz B, Mestre AS et al (2010) Removal of an analgesic using activated carbons prepared from urban and industrial residues. Chem Eng J 163:249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.07.058
Cazetta AL, Vargas AM, Nogami EM et al (2011) NaOH-activated carbon of high surface area produced from coconut shell: kinetics and equilibrium studies from the methylene blue adsorption. Chem Eng J 174:117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.08.058
Cha JS, Park SH, Jung S-C et al (2016) Production and utilization of biochar: a review. J Ind Eng Chem 40:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2016.06.002
Chayid MA, Ahmed MJ (2015) Amoxicillin adsorption on microwave prepared activated carbon from Arundo donax Linn: isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics studies. J Environ Chem Eng 3:1592–1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.05.021
Chen Y, Huang B, Huang M, Cai B (2011) On the preparation and characterization of activated carbon from mangosteen shell. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 42:837–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2011.01.007
Chen Y-D, Chen W-Q, Huang B, Huang M-J (2013) Process optimization of K2C2O4-activated carbon from kenaf core using Box–Behnken design. Chem Eng Res Des 91:1783–1789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2013.02.024
Cheng C, Liu H, Dai P et al (2016) Microwave-assisted preparation and characterization of mesoporous activated carbon from mushroom roots by phytic acid (C6H18O24P6) activation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 67:532–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.08.032
Crini G, Lichtfouse E, Wilson LD, Morin-Crini N (2019) Conventional and non-conventional adsorbents for wastewater treatment. Environ Chem Lett 17:195–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0786-8
Cui X, Jia F, Chen Y, Gan J (2011) Influence of single-walled carbon nanotubes on microbial availability of phenanthrene in sediment. Ecotoxicology 20:1277–1285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0684-3
de Yuso AM, Rubio B, Izquierdo MT (2014) Influence of activation atmosphere used in the chemical activation of almond shell on the characteristics and adsorption performance of activated carbons. Fuel Process Technol 119:74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.10.024
Demiral H, Gündüzoğlu G (2010) Removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from sugar beet bagasse. Bioresour Technol 101:1675–1680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.087
Demiral İ, Şamdan CA (2016) Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from pumpkin seed shell using H3PO4. Anadolu Univ J Sci Technol A Appl Sci Eng 17:125–138. https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.64281
Deng H, Yang L, Tao G, Dai J (2009) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from cotton stalk by microwave assisted chemical activation—application in methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 166:1514–1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.080
Din ATM, Hameed B, Ahmad AL (2009) Batch adsorption of phenol onto physiochemical-activated coconut shell. J Hazard Mater 161:1522–1529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.009
Donald J, Ohtsuka Y, Xu CC (2011) Effects of activation agents and intrinsic minerals on pore development in activated carbons derived from a Canadian peat. Mater Lett 65:744–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.11.049
Dural MU, Cavas L, Papageorgiou SK, Katsaros FK (2011) Methylene blue adsorption on activated carbon prepared from Posidonia oceanica (L.) dead leaves: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Chem Eng J 168:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.12.038
El-Hendawy A-NA (2009) An insight into the KOH activation mechanism through the production of microporous activated carbon for the removal of Pb2+ cations. Appl Surf Sci 255:3723–3730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.10.034
Erdem M, Orhan R, Şahin M, Aydın E (2016) Preparation and characterization of a novel activated carbon from vine shoots by ZnCl2 activation and investigation of its rifampicine removal capability. Water Air Soil Pollut 227:226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2929-5
Erdoğan S, Önal Y, Akmil-Başar C et al (2005) Optimization of nickel adsorption from aqueous solution by using activated carbon prepared from waste apricot by chemical activation. Appl Surf Sci 252:1324–1331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.02.089
Fierro V, Muñiz G, Basta A et al (2010) Rice straw as precursor of activated carbons: activation with ortho-phosphoric acid. J Hazard Mater 181:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.062
Foo K, Hameed B (2012a) Potential of jackfruit peel as precursor for activated carbon prepared by microwave induced NaOH activation. Bioresour Technol 112:143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.178
Foo K, Hameed B (2012b) Preparation of activated carbon by microwave heating of langsat (Lansium domesticum) empty fruit bunch waste. Bioresour Technol 116:522–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.123
Foo K, Hameed B (2012c) Preparation, characterization and evaluation of adsorptive properties of orange peel based activated carbon via microwave induced K2CO3 activation. Bioresour Technol 104:679–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.005
Galhetas M, Mestre AS, Pinto ML et al (2014a) Carbon-based materials prepared from pine gasification residues for acetaminophen adsorption. Chem Eng J 240:344–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.11.067
Galhetas M, Mestre AS, Pinto ML et al (2014b) Chars from gasification of coal and pine activated with K2CO3: acetaminophen and caffeine adsorption from aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 433:94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.06.043
Gao P, Liu Z-h, Xue G et al (2011) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon produced from rice straw by (NH4) 2HPO4 activation. Bioresour Technol 102:3645–3648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.080
Gao J-j, Qin Y-b, Zhou T et al (2013a) Adsorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon produced from tea (Camellia sinensis L.) seed shells: kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics studies. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 14:650–658. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B12a0225
Gao Y, Yue Q, Gao B et al (2013b) Preparation of high surface area-activated carbon from lignin of papermaking black liquor by KOH activation for Ni (II) adsorption. Chem Eng J 217:345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.038
Gopinath A, Kadirvelu K (2018) Strategies to design modified activated carbon fibers for the decontamination of water and air. Environ Chem Lett 16:1137–1168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0740-9
Gratuito MKB, Panyathanmaporn T, Chumnanklang R-A et al (2008) Production of activated carbon from coconut shell: optimization using response surface methodology. Bioresour Technol 99:4887–4895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.042
Gundogdu A, Duran C, Senturk HB et al (2013) Physicochemical characteristics of a novel activated carbon produced from tea industry waste. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 104:249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.07.008
Hameed B, Din AM, Ahmad A (2007) Adsorption of methylene blue onto bamboo-based activated carbon: kinetics and equilibrium studies. J Hazard Mater 141:819–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.049
Hameed B, Tan I, Ahmad A (2009) Preparation of oil palm empty fruit bunch-based activated carbon for removal of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol: optimization using response surface methodology. J Hazard Mater 164:1316–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.042
Heidarinejad Z, Rahmanian O, Fazlzadeh M, Heidari M (2018) Enhancement of methylene blue adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from Date Press Cake by low frequency ultrasound. J Mol Liq 264:591–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.05.100
Horikawa T, Kitakaze Y, Sekida T et al (2010) Characteristics and humidity control capacity of activated carbon from bamboo. Bioresour Technol 101:3964–3969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.032
Huang Y, Zhao G (2016) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon fibers from liquefied wood by KOH activation. Holzforschung 70:195–202. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2015-0051
Huang F-C, Lee C-K, Han Y-L et al (2014) Preparation of activated carbon using micro-nano carbon spheres through chemical activation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 45:2805–2812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.08.004
Huang Y-P, Hou C-H, His H-C et al (2015) Optimization of highly microporous activated carbon preparation from Moso bamboo using central composite design approach. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 50:266–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.12.019
Hui TS, Zaini MAA (2015) Potassium hydroxide activation of activated carbon: a commentary. Carbon Lett 16:275–280. https://doi.org/10.5714/CL.2015.16.4.275
Ibrahim T, Moctar BL, Tomkouani K et al (2014) Kinetics of the adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes in aqueous solution by low-cost activated carbons prepared from sea cake and cotton cake. Am Chem Sci J 4:38–57. https://doi.org/10.9734/ACSJ/2014/5403
Islam MA, Benhouria A, Asif M, Hameed B (2015) Methylene blue adsorption on factory-rejected tea activated carbon prepared by conjunction of hydrothermal carbonization and sodium hydroxide activation processes. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 52:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.02.010
Islam MA, Ahmed M, Khanday W et al (2017) Mesoporous activated carbon prepared from NaOH activation of rattan (Lacosperma secundiflorum) hydrochar for methylene blue removal. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 138:279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.010
Jadhav A, Mohanraj G (2016) Synthesis of activated carbon from Cocos nucifera leaves agrowaste by chemical activation method. J Chem Eng 10:201–208
Jin H, Capareda S, Chang Z et al (2014) Biochar pyrolytically produced from municipal solid wastes for aqueous As (V) removal: adsorption property and its improvement with KOH activation. Bioresour Technol 169:622–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.103
Jolly G, Dupont L, Aplincourt M, Lambert J (2006) Improved Cu and Zn sorption on oxidized wheat lignocellulose. Environ Chem Lett 4:219–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-006-0051-4
Karagöz S, Tay T, Ucar S, Erdem M (2008) Activated carbons from waste biomass by sulfuric acid activation and their use on methylene blue adsorption. Bioresour Technol 99:6214–6222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.019
Khadhri N, Saad MEK, ben Mosbah M, Moussaoui Y (2019) Batch and continuous column adsorption of indigo carmine onto activated carbon derived from date palm petiole. J Environ Chem Eng 7:102775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.11.020
Khezami L, Capart R (2005) Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution by activated carbons: kinetic and equilibrium studies. J Hazard Mater 123:223–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.04.012
Klasson KT, Ledbetter CA, Uchimiya M, Lima IM (2013) Activated biochar removes 100% dibromochloropropane from field well water. Environ Chem Lett 11:271–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-012-0398-7
Kosheleva RI, Mitropoulos AC, Kyzas GZ (2019) Synthesis of activated carbon from food waste. Environ Chem Lett 17:429–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0817-5
Kumar A, Jena HM (2016) Removal of methylene blue and phenol onto prepared activated carbon from Fox nutshell by chemical activation in batch and fixed-bed column. J Clean Prod 137:1246–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.177
Kyzas GZ, Deliyanni EA, Matis KA (2016) Activated carbons produced by pyrolysis of waste potato peels: cobalt ions removal by adsorption. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 490:74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.11.038
Lee H-C, Byamba-Ochir N, Shim W-G et al (2015) High-performance super capacitors based on activated anthracite with controlled porosity. J Power Sources 275:668–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.072
Lemraski EG, Sharafinia S (2016) Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics studies of Pb2+ adsorption onto new activated carbon prepared from Persian mesquite grain. J Mol Liq 219:482–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.03.031
Li Y, Du Q, Wang X et al (2010) Removal of lead from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from Enteromorpha prolifera by zinc chloride activation. J Hazard Mater 183:583–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.063
Li J, Ng DH, Song P et al (2015) Preparation and characterization of high-surface-area activated carbon fibers from silkworm cocoon waste for Congo red adsorption. Biomass Bioenergy 75:189–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.02.002
Li G, Wang M, Huang J et al (2016a) Preparation of activated carbon from Iris tectorum with different ammonium phosphates activation and removal of nickel from aqueous solution. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 59:341–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.08.013
Li H, Sun Z, Zhang L et al (2016b) A cost-effective porous carbon derived from pomelo peel for the removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 489:191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.10.041
Lillo-Ródenas M, Lozano-Castelló D, Cazorla-Amorós D, Linares-Solano A (2001) Preparation of activated carbons from Spanish anthracite: II. Activation by NaOH. Carbon 39:751–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00186-X
Lillo-Ródenas M, Marco-Lozar J, Cazorla-Amorós D, Linares-Solano A (2007) Activated carbons prepared by pyrolysis of mixtures of carbon precursor/alkaline hydroxide. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 80:166–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2007.01.014
Liodakis S, Fetsis I, Agiovlasitis I (2009) The fire-retarding effect of inorganic phosphorus compounds on the combustion of cellulosic materials. J Therm Anal Calorim 98:285–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0307
Liou T-H, Wang PY, Liou YH (2016) An effective method to enhance adsorption capacity and mesoporosity of activated carbon by pre-pyrolysis and chemical activation procedures. BioResources 11:6110–6124. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.3.6110-6124
Liu Q-S, Zheng T, Li N et al (2010a) Modification of bamboo-based activated carbon using microwave radiation and its effects on the adsorption of methylene blue. Appl Surf Sci 256:3309–3315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.12.025
Liu Q-S, Zheng T, Wang P, Guo L (2010b) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from bamboo by microwave-induced phosphoric acid activation. Ind Crops Prod 31:233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.10.011
Liu Y, Guo Y, Gao W et al (2012) Simultaneous preparation of silica and activated carbon from rice husk ash. J Clean Prod 32:204–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.03.021
Liu J, Li Y, Li K (2013) Optimization of preparation of microporous activated carbon with high surface area from Spartina alterniflora and its p-nitroaniline adsorption characteristics. J Environ Chem Eng 1:389–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.06.003
Liu B, Gu J, Zhou J (2016) High surface area rice husk-based activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with ZnCl2–CuCl2 composite activator. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 35:133–140. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12215
Martins AC, Pezoti O, Cazetta AL et al (2015) Removal of tetracycline by NaOH-activated carbon produced from macadamia nut shells: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Chem Eng J 260:291–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.09.017
Meng L-Y, Park S-J (2010) Effect of heat treatment on CO2 adsorption of KOH-activated graphite nanofibers. J Colloid Interface Sci 325:498–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2010.08.048
Mestre A, Pires J, Nogueira J, Carvalho A (2007) Activated carbons for the adsorption of ibuprofen. Carbon 45:1979–1988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.06.005
Mestre AS, Bexiga AS, Proença M et al (2011) Activated carbons from sisal waste by chemical activation with K2CO3: kinetics of paracetamol and ibuprofen removal from aqueous solution. Bioresour Technol 102:8253–8260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.024
Mishra SB, Mishra AK, Khan MA (2010) Decolourization of pulp and paper mill effluents using heat-treated coal: a comparison with activated charcoal. Environ Chem Lett 8:231–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-009-0211-4
Mohammadi SZ, Karimi MA, Afzali D, Mansouri F (2010) Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions using activated carbon from Sea-buckthorn stones by chemical activation. Desalination 262:86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.05.048
Mohammadi SZ, Karimi MA, Yazdy SN et al (2014) Removal of Pb(II) ions and malachite green dye from wastewater by activated carbon produced from lemon peel. Quim Nova 37:804–809. https://doi.org/10.5935/0100-4042.20140129
Molina-Sabio M, Rodrıguez-Reinoso F (2004) Role of chemical activation in the development of carbon porosity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 241:15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.04.007
Momčilović M, Purenović M, Bojić A et al (2011) Removal of lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto pine cone activated carbon. Desalination 276:53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.013
Moreno-Barbosa JJ, López-Velandia C, del Pilar Maldonado A et al (2013) Removal of lead (II) and zinc (II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbon synthesized from watermelon shell and walnut shell. Adsorption 19:675–685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-013-9491-x
Morin-Crini N, Loiacono S, Placet V et al (2019) Hemp-based adsorbents for sequestration of metals: a review. Environ Chem Lett 17:393–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0812-x
Mouni L, Merabet D, Bouzaza A, Belkhiri L (2011) Adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions using activated carbon developed from Apricot stone. Desalination 276:148–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.038
Njoku V, Foo K, Hameed B (2013) Microwave-assisted preparation of pumpkin seed hull activated carbon and its application for the adsorptive removal of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Chem Eng J 215:383–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.10.068
Njoku V, Foo K, Asif M, Hameed B (2014) Preparation of activated carbons from rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peel by microwave-induced KOH activation for acid yellow 17 dye adsorption. Chem Eng J 250:198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.115
Norouzi S, Heidari M, Alipour V et al (2018) Preparation, characterization and Cr(VI) adsorption evaluation of NaOH-activated carbon produced from Date Press Cake; an agro-industrial waste. Bioresour Technol 258:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.106
Nowicki P, Kuszyńska I, Przepiórski J, Pietrzak R (2013) The effect of chemical activation method on properties of activated carbons obtained from pine cones. Open Chem 11:78–85. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0140-0
Nunthaprechachan T, Pengpanich S, Hunsom M (2013) Adsorptive desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by sewage sludge-derived activated carbon. Chem Eng J 228:263–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.067
Nur H (2015) Understanding pore formation and structural deformation in carbon spheres during KOH activation.pdf. Sains Malays 44(4):613–618
Olivares-Marín M, Fernández-González C, Macías-García A, Gómez-Serrano V (2012) Preparation of activated carbon from cherry stones by physical activation in air. Influence of the chemical carbonisation with H2SO4. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 94:131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.11.019
Oliveira LC, Pereira E, Guimaraes IR et al (2009) Preparation of activated carbons from coffee husks utilizing FeCl3 and ZnCl2 as activating agents. J Hazard Mater 165:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.064
Pallarés J, González-Cencerrado A, Arauzo I (2018) Production and characterization of activated carbon from barley straw by physical activation with carbon dioxide and steam. Biomass Bioenergy 115:64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.04.015
Patnukao P, Pavasant P (2008) Activated carbon from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn bark using phosphoric acid activation. Bioresour Technol 99:8540–8543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.049
Pezoti O, Cazetta AL, Bedin KC et al (2016) NaOH-activated carbon of high surface area produced from guava seeds as a high-efficiency adsorbent for amoxicillin removal: kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies. Chem Eng J 288:778–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.12.042
Prauchner MJ, Sapag K, Rodríguez-Reinoso F (2016) Tailoring biomass-based activated carbon for CH4 storage by combining chemical activation with H3PO4 or ZnCl2 and physical activation with CO2. Carbon 110:138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.08.092
Rambabu N, Rao B, Surisetty V et al (2015) Production, characterization, and evaluation of activated carbons from de-oiled canola meal for environmental applications. Ind Crops Prod 65:572–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.09.046
Reddy KSK, al Shoaibi A, Srinivasakannan C (2012) A comparison of microstructure and adsorption characteristics of activated carbons by CO2 and H3PO4 activation from date palm pits. New Carbon Mater 27:344–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(12)60020-1
Reffas A, Bernardet V, David B et al (2010) Carbons prepared from coffee grounds by H3PO4 activation: characterization and adsorption of methylene blue and Nylosan Red N-2RBL. J Hazard Mater 175:779–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.076
Ros A, Lillo-Ródenas M, Fuente E et al (2006) High surface area materials prepared from sewage sludge-based precursors. Chemosphere 65:132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.017
Saka C (2012) BET, TG–DTG, FT-IR, SEM, iodine number analysis and preparation of activated carbon from acorn shell by chemical activation with ZnCl2. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 95:21–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.12.020
Samsuri A, Sadegh-Zadeh F, Seh-Bardan B (2014) Characterization of biochars produced from oil palm and rice husks and their adsorption capacities for heavy metals. Int J Environ Sci Technol 11:967–976. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0291-3
Sawant SY, Munusamy K, Somani RS et al (2017) Precursor suitability and pilot scale production of super activated carbon for greenhouse gas adsorption and fuel gas storage. Chem Eng J 315:415–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.037
Sayğılı H, Güzel F (2016) High surface area mesoporous activated carbon from tomato processing solid waste by zinc chloride activation: process optimization, characterization and dyes adsorption. J Clean Prod 113:995–1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.055
Shamsuddin M, Yusoff N, Sulaiman M (2016) Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon produced from kenaf core fiber using H3PO4 activation. Procedia Chem 19:558–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.053
Soleimani M, Kaghazchi T (2008) Adsorption of gold ions from industrial wastewater using activated carbon derived from hard shell of apricot stones—an agricultural waste. Bioresour Technol 99:5374–5383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.021
Spagnoli AA, Giannakoudakis DA, Bashkova S (2017) Adsorption of methylene blue on cashew nut shell based carbons activated with zinc chloride: the role of surface and structural parameters. J Mol Liq 229:465–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.12.106
Sun Y, Yue Q, Gao B et al (2012) Preparation of activated carbon derived from cotton linter fibers by fused NaOH activation and its application for oxytetracycline (OTC) adsorption. J Colloid Interface Sci 368:521–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.10.067
Sun Y, Li H, Li G et al (2016) Characterization and ciprofloxacin adsorption properties of activated carbons prepared from biomass wastes by H3PO4 activation. Bioresour Technol 217:239–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.047
Tang Y-b, Liu Q, Chen F-y (2012) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from waste ramulus mori. Chem Eng J 203:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.07.007
Tay T, Ucar S, Karagöz S (2009) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from waste biomass. J Hazard Mater 165:481–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.011
Theydan SK, Ahmed MJ (2012) Adsorption of methylene blue onto biomass-based activated carbon by FeCl3 activation: equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 97:116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.05.008
Thitame P, Shukla S (2016) Adsorptive removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solution using activated carbon synthesized from waste biomass materials. Int J Environ Sci Technol 13:561–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0901-3
Tongpoothorn W, Sriuttha M, Homchan P et al (2011) Preparation of activated carbon derived from Jatropha curcas fruit shell by simple thermo-chemical activation and characterization of their physico-chemical properties. Chem Eng Res Des 89:335–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2010.06.012
Tounsadi H, Khalidi A, Farnane M et al (2016) Experimental design for the optimization of preparation conditions of highly efficient activated carbon from Glebionis coronaria L. and heavy metals removal ability. Process Saf Environ Prot 102:710–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.05.017
Tseng R-L (2007) Physical and chemical properties and adsorption type of activated carbon prepared from plum kernels by NaOH activation. J Hazard Mater 147:1020–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.140
Tseng R-L, Tseng S-K (2006) Characterization and use of high surface area activated carbons prepared from cane pith for liquid-phase adsorption. J Hazard Mater 136:671–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.12.048
Uysal T, Duman G, Onal Y et al (2014) Production of activated carbon and fungicidal oil from peach stone by two-stage process. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 108:47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.017
Vicinisvarri I, Kumar S, Aimi N et al (2014) Preparation and characterization of phosphoric acid activated carbon from Canarium Odontophyllum (Dabai) nutshell for methylene blue adsorption. Res J Chem Environ 18:57–62
Vukčević MM, Kalijadis AM, Vasiljević TM et al (2015) Production of activated carbon derived from waste hemp (Cannabis sativa) fibers and its performance in pesticide adsorption. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 214:156–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.05.012
Wang Y, Ngo H, Guo W (2015) Preparation of a specific bamboo based activated carbon and its application for ciprofloxacin removal. Sci Total Environ 533:32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.087
Wang B, Zhu C, Zhang Z et al (2016) Facile, low-cost, and sustainable preparation of hierarchical porous carbons from ion exchange resin: an improved potassium activation strategy. Fuel 179:274–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.03.088
Wu F-C, Tseng R-L, Juang R-S (2005) Preparation of highly microporous carbons from fir wood by KOH activation for adsorption of dyes and phenols from water. Sep Purif Technol 47:10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2005.03.013
Wu F-C, Wu P-H, Tseng R-L, Juang R-S (2010) Preparation of activated carbons from unburnt coal in bottom ash with KOH activation for liquid-phase adsorption. J Environ Manage 91:1097–1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.12.011
Xu J, Chen L, Qu H et al (2014) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from reedy grass leaves by chemical activation with H3PO4. Appl Surf Sci 320:674–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.178
Yahya MA, Al-Qodah Z, Ngah CZ (2015) Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 46:218–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.051
Yakout S, El-Deen GS (2016) Characterization of activated carbon prepared by phosphoric acid activation of olive stones. Arab J Chem 9:S1155–S1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.12.002
Yorgun S, Yıldız D (2015) Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from Paulownia wood by chemical activation with H3PO4. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 53:122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.02.032
Yorgun S, Yıldız D, Şimşek YE (2016) Activated carbon from paulownia wood: yields of chemical activation stages. Energy Sources Part A 38:2035–2042. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2015.1030477
Yousefi M, Arami SM, Takallo H et al (2019) Modification of pumice with HCl and NaOH enhancing its fluoride adsorption capacity: kinetic and isotherm studies. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25:1508–1520. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1469968
Youssef A, Ahmed A, El-Bana U (2012) Adsorption of cationic dye (MB) and anionic dye (AG 25) by physically and chemically activated carbons developed from rice husk. Carbon Lett 13:61–72. https://doi.org/10.5714/CL.2012.13.2.061
Zhang D, Yin J, Zhao J et al (2015a) Adsorption and removal of tetracycline from water by petroleum coke-derived highly porous activated carbon. J Environ Chem Eng 3:1504–1512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.05.014
Zhang Z, Luo X, Liu Y et al (2015b) A low cost and highly efficient adsorbent (activated carbon) prepared from waste potato residue. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 49:206–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.11.024
Zhong Z-Y, Yang Q, Li X-M et al (2012) Preparation of peanut hull-based activated carbon by microwave-induced phosphoric acid activation and its application in Remazol Brilliant Blue R adsorption. Ind Crops Prod 37:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.12.015
Zhu J, Yang J, Deng B (2010) Ethylenediamine-modified activated carbon for aqueous lead adsorption. Environ Chem Lett 8:277–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-009-0217-y
Zou Z, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Jiang C (2016) A combined H3PO4 activation and boron templating process for easy synthesis of highly porous, spherical activated carbons as a superior adsorbent for rhodamine B. RSC Adv 6:15226–15233
Zuo L, Ai J, Fu H et al (2016) Enhanced removal of sulfonamide antibiotics by KOH-activated anthracite coal: batch and fixed-bed studies. Environ Pollut 211:425–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.064