Dermatophytoses in Animals

Romano C, Valenti L, Barbara R. Dermatophytes isolated from asymptomatic stray cats. Mycoses 1997;40:471–2.

Borman AM, Campbell CK, Fraser M, Johnson EM. Analysis of the dermatophyte species isolated in the British Isles between 1980 and 2005 and review of worldwide dermatophyte trends over the last three decades. Med Mycol. 2007;45:131–41.

Chermette R. Isolement de Microsporum persicolor à partir de lésions cutanées d’un chien et de sa propriétaire atteinte d’une double dermatophytie. Bull Soc Fr Mycol Méd. 1981;10:219–23.

Roller JA, Westblom TU. Microsporum nanum infection in hog farmers. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15:935–9.

Pönnighaus JM, Warndorff D, Port G. Microsporum nanum—a report from Malawi (Africa). Mycoses 1995;38:149–50.

Huovinen S, Tunnela E, Huovinen P, Kuijpers AF, Suhonen R. Human onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton equinum transmitted from a racehorse. Br J Dermatol. 1998;138:1082–4.

Amor E, Gutiérrez MJ, Lamoneda C, Del Palacio A, Pereiro M. Terbinafine treatment of Trichophyton equinum infection in a child. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2001;26:276–8.

Poblete-Gutiérrez P, Abuzahra F, Becker F, Krause H, Merk HF, Frank J. Onychomycosis in a diabetic patient due to Trichophyton gallinae. Mycoses 2006;49:254–7.

Del Palacio A, Pereiro-Miguens M, Gimeno C, Cuetara MS, Rubio R, Costa R, Romero G. Widespread dermatophytosis due to Microsporum (Trichophyton) gallinae in a patient with AIDS—a case report from Spain. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1992;17:449–53.

King D, Cheever LW, Hood A, Horn TD, Rinaldi MG, Merz WG. Primary invasive cutaneous Microsporum canis infections in immunocompromised patients. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:460–2.

Porro AM, Yoshioka MC, Kaminski SK, Palmeira Mdo C, Fischman O, Alchorne MM. Disseminated dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum gypseum in two patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Mycopathologia 1997;137:9–12.

Berg JC, Hamacher KL, Roberts GD. Pseudomycetoma caused by Microsporum canis in an immunosuppressed patient: a case report and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol. 2007;34:431–4.

Cabañes FJ. Dermatophytes in domestic animals. In: Biology of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2000;17:104–108.

Hubaleck Z. Keratinophilic fungi associated with free-living mammals and birds. In Biology of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2000;17:93–103.

Gräser Y, De Hoog S, Summerbell RC. Dermatophytes: recognizing species of clonal fungi. Med Mycol. 2006;44:199–209.

Gallo MG, Lanfranchi P, Poglayen G, Calderola S, Menzano A, Ferroglio E, Peano A. Seasonal 4-year investigation into the role of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) as a carrier of zoophilic dermatophytes. Med Mycol. 2005;43:373–9.

Gallo MG, Tizzani P, Peano A, Rambozzi L, Meneguz PG. Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) as carrier of dermatophyte fungi. Mycopathologia 2005;160:163–6.

Pier AC, Smith JMB, Alexiou H, Ellis DH, Lund A, Pritchard RC. Animal ringworm –its aetiology, public health significance and control. J Med Vet Mycol. 1994;32(Suppl 1):133–50.

Smith JMB, Jolly RD, Georg LK, Connole MD. Trichophyton equinum var. autotrophicum; its characteristics and geographical distribution. Sabouraudia 1968;6:296–304.

Richard JL, Debey MC, Chermette R, Pier AC, Hasegawa A, Lund A, Bratberg AM, Padhye AA, Connole MD. Advances in veterinary mycology. J Med Vet Mycol. 1994;32:169–87.

Moriello KA, DeBoer DJ. Fungal flora of the coat of pet cats. Am J Vet Res. 1991;52:602–6.

Abdel-Gawad KM. Fungi on the claws of buffalo and cow in Egypt. J Basic Microbiol. 1989;29:323–8.

Chermette R., Bussiéras S., Jeanmonod P., Croquenois C. Dermatophytie à Trichophyton rubrum chez un chien et son propriétaire. Première description en France. Bull Soc Fr Mycol Méd. 1990;19:219–23.

Kushida T, Watanabe S. Canine ringworm caused by Trichophyton rubrum; probable transmission from man to animal. Sabouraudia 1975;13:30–2.

Kano R, Hirai A, Yoshiike M, Nagata M, Nakamura Y, Watanabe S, Hasegawa A. Molecular identification of Trichophyton rubrum isolate from a dog by chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene analysis. Med Mycol. 2002;40:439–42.

Brilhante RSN, Cordeiro RA, Gomes JMF, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Canine dermatophytosis caused by an anthropophilic species: molecular and phenotypical characterization of Trichophyton tonsurans. J Med Microbiol. 2006;55:1583–6.

Terreni AA, Gregg WB Jr, Morris PR, DiSalvo AF. Epidermophyton floccosum infection in a dog from the United States. Sabouraudia 1985;23:141–2.

Stenwig H, Taksdal T. Isolation of Epidermophyton floccosum from a dog in Norway. Sabouraudia 1984;22:171–2.

Flamant F, De Gentile L, Chermette R, Chabasse D, Bouchara JP. Flore fongique des lésions de la carapace des tortues terrestres de compagnie dans l’Ouest de la France. J Mycol Méd. 2003;13:67–72.

Thomas AD, Sigler L, Peucker S, Norton JH, Nielan A. Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii associated with fatal cutaneous mycoses in the salt-water crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Med Mycol. 2002;40:143–51.

Bowman MR, Paré JA, Sigler L, Naeser JP, Sladky KK, Hanley CS, Helmer P, Phillips LA, Brower A, Porter R. Deep fungal dermatitis in three inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) caused by the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii. Med Mycol. 2007;45:371–6.

Frye FL. Reptile care. Atlas of diseases and treatments. vol. 1. Melbourne, FL: Krieger Publishing; 1991. p. 101–16.

Sargison ND, Thomson JR, Scott PR, Hopkins G. Ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum—an emerging problem in sheep flocks. Vet Rec. 2002;150:755–6.

Cafarchia C, Romito D, Sasanelli M, Lia R, Capelli G, Otranto D. The epidemiology of canine and feline dermatophytoses in Southern Italy. Mycoses 2004;47:508–13.

Zimmerman K, Feldman B, Robertson J, Herring ES, Manning T. Dermal mass aspirate from a Persian cat. Vet Clin Pathol. 2003;32:213–7.

Descamps F, Brouta F, Vermout S, Monod M, Losson B, Mignon B. Recombinant expression and antigenic properties of a 31.5-kDa keratinolytic subtilisin-like protease from Microsporum canis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2003;38:29–34.

Moriello KA, DeBoer DJ, Greek J, Kuhi K, Fintelman M. The prevalence of immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to Microsporum canis antigens in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2003;5:161–6.

Mancianti F, Giannelli C, Bendinelli M, Poli A. Mycological findings in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats. J Med Vet Mycol. 1992;30:257–9.

Sierra P, Guillot J, Jacob H, Bussiéras S, Chermette R. Fungal flora on cutaneous and mucosal surfaces of cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus or feline leukemia virus. Am J Vet Res. 2000;61:158–61.

Mignon BR, Losson BJ. Prevalence and characterisation of Microsporum canis carriage in cats. J Med Vet Mycol. 1998;35:15–9.

Lewis DT, Foil CS, Hosgood G. Epidemiology and clinical features of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats at Louisiana State University 1981/1990. Vet Dermatol. 1991;2:53–8.

Pinter LJ, Jurak Z, Ukalovic MM, Susic V. Epidemiological and clinical features of dermatophytoses in dogs and cats in Croatia between 1990 and 1998. Vet Arhiv. 1999;69:261–70.

Copetti MV, Santurio JM, Carvalheiro AS, Boeck AA, Argenta JS, Aguiar LC, Alves SH. Dermatophytes isolated from dogs and cats suspected of dermatophytosis in southern Brazil. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 2006;34:119–24.

Mancianti F, Nardoni S, Cecchi S, Corazza M, Taccini F. Dermatophytes isolated from symptomatic dogs and cats in Tuscany, Italy during a 15-year-period. Mycopathologia 2002;156:13–8.

Pier AC, Moriello KA. Parasitic relationship between Microsporum canis and the cat. Med Mycol. 1998;36(Suppl 1):271–5.

Pinard M, Chermette R, Bussiéras S. Diagnostic et prophylaxie des teignes des carnivores domestiques. Étude critique à partir d’une enquête à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort. Rec Méd Vét. 1987;163:1107–16.

Gambale W, Larsson CE, Moritami MM, Correa B, Paula CR, Framil VMD. Dermatophytes and other fungi of the haircoat of cats without dermatophytes in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Feline Pract. 1993;21:29–33.

Guzman-Chavez RE, Segundo-Zaragoza C, Cervantes-Olivares RA, Tapia-Perez G. Presence of keratinophilic fungi with special reference to dermatophytes on the haircoat of dogs and cats in México and Nezahualcoyotl cities. Rev Latinoam Microbiol. 2000;42:41–4.

Pascoe RR. Studies on the prevalence of ringworm among horses in racing and breeding stables. Aust Vet J. 1976;52:419–21.

Ferreiro L. Etiopathogénie des infections à Microsporum canis. Etude d’une exoprotéase kératinolytique [Dissertation]. Créteil, France: Université Paris 12, 1995. 193 pp.

Kwong-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. Dermatophytoses. In Medical Mycology. Philadelphia: Lea & Fabiger, 1992: 105–161.

Bourdin M, Destombes P, Parodi AL, Drouhet E. Segretain G. Première observation d’un mycétome à Microsporum canis chez un chat. Rec Méd Vét. 1975;151:475–80.

Yager JA, Wilcock BP, Lynch JA, Thompson AR. Mycetoma-like granuloma in a cat caused by Microsporum canis. J Comp Pathol. 1986;96:171–6.

Medleau L, White-Weithers NE. Dermatophytosis in cats. The Compendium 1991;13:557–63.

Nardoni S, Franceschi A, Mancianti F. Identification of Microsporum canis from dermatophytic pseudomycetoma in paraffin-embedded veterinary specimens using a common PCR protocol. Mycoses 2007;50:215–7.

Rinaldi MG, Lamazor EA, Roesner EH, Wegner CJ. Mycetoma or pseudomycetoma? Mycopathologia 1983;81:41–8.

Odds FC, Arai T, Disalvo F, Evans EG, Hay RJ, Randhawa HS, Rinaldi MG, Walsh TJ. Nomenclature of fungal diseases: a report and recommendations from a sub-committee of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM). J Med Vet Mycol. 1992;30:1–10.

Hay RJ, Mahgoub ES, Leon G, Al-Sogair S, Welsh O. Mycetoma. J Med Vet Mycol. 1992;30(Suppl 1):41–9.

Peters J, Scott DW, Erb HN, Miller WH Jr. Comparative analysis of canine dermatophytosis and superficial pemphigus for the prevalence of dermatophytes and acantholytic keratinocytes: a histopathological and clinical retrospective study. Vet Dermatol. 2007;18:234–40.

Chermette R, Bussiéras J, Bourdeau P. Deux cas de dermatophytie double et généralisée dans l’espèce canine. Bull Soc Fr Mycol Méd. 1982;11:205–10.

Abramo F, Vercelli A, Mancianti F. Two cases of dermatophytic pseudomycetoma in the dog: an immunohistochemical study. Vet Dermatol. 2001;12:203–7.

Knudtson WU, Gates CE, Ruth GR, Haley LD. Trichophyton mentagrophytes dermatophytosis in wild fox. J Wildl Dis. 1980;16:465–8.

Scott DW. Large animal dermatology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1988. 487 pp.

Lefèvre PC, Blancou J, Chermette R, eds. Dermatophilose. In: Principales maladies infectieuses et parasitaires du bétail, Tome 2. Paris: Lavoisier; 2003. p. 977–92.

Scott DB. An outbreak of ringworm in karakul sheep caused by a physiological variant of Trichophyton verrucosum Bodin. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1975;42:49–52.

Jackson RB, Peel BF, Donaldson-Wood C. Endemic Microsporum canis infection in a sheep flock. Aust Vet J. 1991;68:122.

Sharp MW, Lupson GR, Flamank M. Microsporum canis infection in sheep. Vet Rec. 1993;132:388.

El-Timawy AM, Seddik I, Atia M. Camel ringworm in Upper Egypt. Assiut Vet Med J. 1988;20:53–9.

Mahmoud ALE. Dermatophytes and other associated fungi isolated from ringworm lesions of camel. Folia Microbiol. 1993;38:505–8.

Fadlelmula A, Agab H, Le Horgne JM, Abbas B, Abdalla AE. First isolation of Trichophyton verrucosum as the aetiology of ringworm in the Sudanese camels (Camelus dromedarius). Rev Elev Méd Vét Pays Trop. 1994;47:184–7.

Thedford TR, Johnson LW. Infectious diseases of New-World camelids (NWC). Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1989;5:145–57.

Ivanova LG. Cultural, morphological and biological properties of the causal agent of camel ringworm. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Eksperimental’noi Veterinarii 1987;65:54–60 [In: ParasiteCD 1989–2001, SilverPlatter Information, CAB International].

Khamiev SK. [Clinical signs of ringworm in Bactrian camels and dromedaries]. Veterinariya, Moscow, USSR 1981;70:38–9. [Ru].

Kuttin ES, Alhanaty E, Feldman M, Chaimovits M, Müller J. Dermatophytosis of camels. J Med Vet Mycol. 1986;24:341–4.

Gitao CG. The prevalence of Dermatophilus congolensis infection of camels in four rearing areas in Kenya and the presence of a mixed infection with Trichophyton verrucosum. Isr J Vet Med. 1998;53:89–93.

Morganti L, Bianchedi M, Ajello L, Padhye A. First European report of swine infection by Microsporum nanum. Mycopathologia 1976;59:179–82.

Fischman O, Santiago M. Microsporum canis infection in a pig. Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1966;30:271–2.

Gonzalez-Cabo JF, Latre-Cequiel MV, Solans-Aisa C, Verde-Arribas MT. Dermatophytosis of pigs by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Mycopathologia 1988;101:161–4.

Lindemann D, Böhm KH. [Spread of a Microsporum canis infection in an agricultural facility (case description)]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1994;107:413–6. [Article in German].

Gonzalez-Cabo JF, Barcena-Asensio MC, Gomez-Rodriguez F, Amigot-Lazaro JA. An outbreak of dermatophytosis in pigs caused by Microsporum canis. Mycopathologia 1995;129:79–80.

Ollhoff RD, Siesenop U, Bohm KH. The pig as an aberrant host of Trichophyton verrucosum. Tierarztl Prax. 1997;25:353–5.

Song YW, Xie Z, Li RF, Jian HD, Xu HC. Diagnostic report of swine dermatomycosis caused by Trichophyton violaceum. Chin J Vet Med. 1999;25:20–1.

Mancianti F, Mignone W, Papini R. Keratinophilic fungi from coats of wild boars in Italy. J Wildl Dis. 1997;33:340–2.

Pollock C. Fungal diseases of laboratory rodents. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2003;6:401–13.

Fonseca E, Mendoza L. Favus in a fighting cock caused by Microsporum gallinae. Avian Dis. 1984;28:737–41.

Droual R, Bickford AA, Walker RL, Channing SE, McFadden C. Favus in a backyard flock of game chickens. Avian Dis. 1991;35:625–30.

Bradley FA, Bickford AA, Walker RL. Diagnosis of favus (avian dermatophytosis) in Oriental breed chickens. Avian Dis. 1993;37:1147–50.

Bradley FA, Bickford AA, Walker RL. Efficacy of miconazole nitrate against favus in oriental breed chickens. Avian Dis. 1995;39:900–1.

Gründer S, Mayser P, Redmann T, Kaleta EF. Mycological examinations on the fungal flora of the chicken comb. Mycoses 2005;48:114–9.

Caruso KJ, Cowell RL, Cowell AK, Meinkoth JH. Skin scraping from a cat. Vet Clin Pathol. 2002;31:13–5.

Mariat F, Adan-Campos C. La technique du carré de tapis, méthode simple de prélèvement dans les mycoses superficielles. Ann Inst Pasteur. 1967;113:666–8.

Mackenzie DWR. “Hairbrush diagnosis” in detection and eradication of non-fluorescent scalp ringworm. Br Med J. 1963;10:363–5.

Moriello KA. Diagnostic techniques for dermatophytosis. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 2001;16:219–24.

Carrol HF. Evaluation of dermatophyte test medium for diagnosis of dermatophytosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1974;165:192–5.

Guillot J, Latié L, Deville M, Halos L, Chermette R. Evaluation of the dermatophyte test medium RapidVet-D. Vet Dermatol. 2001;12:123–7.

Pinter L, Noble WC, Ellis J, Ciclitira PJ. The value of enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) in the sero-diagnosis of canine dermatophytosis due to Microsporum canis. Vet Dermatol. 1992;3:65–70.

Garcia ME, Guedeja-Marron J, Lazaro M, Blanco JL. Monitoring of canine dermatophytosis by an immunodiagnostic method. Vet Rec. 2004;154:116–7.

Peano A, Rambozzi L, Gallo MG. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of canine dermatophytosis by Microsporum canis. Vet Dermatol. 2005;16:102–7.

Hill PB, Moriello KA, Shaw SE. A review of systemic antifungal agents. Vet Dermatol. 1995;6:59–66.

Shelton GH, Grant CK, Linenberger ML, Albokovitz JL. Severe neutropenia associated with griseofulvin in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 1990;4:317–9.

Colombo S, Cornegliani L, Vercelli A. Efficacy of itraconazole as combined continuous/pulse therapy in feline dermatophytosis: preliminary results in nine cases. Vet Dermatol. 2001;12:347–50.

Van Cauteren H, Heykants J, De Coster R, Cauwenbergh G. Itraconazole: pharmacologic studies in animals and humans. Rev Infect Dis. 1987;9(Suppl 1):S43–6.

Mancianti F, Pedonese F, Millanta F, Guarnieri L. Efficacy of oral terbinafine in feline dermatophytosis due to Microsporum canis. J Feline Med Surg. 1999;1:37–41.

Moriello KA. Treatment of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats: review of published studies. Vet Dermatol. 2004;15:99–107.

Ben-Ziony Y, Arzi B. Use of lufenuron for treating fungal infections of dogs and cats: 297 cases (1997–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;217:1510–3.

Guillot J, Malandain E, Jankowski F, Rojzner K, Fournier C, Touati F, Chermette R, Seewald W, Schenker R. Evaluation of the efficacy of oral lufenuron combined with topical enilconazole for the management of dermatophytosis in catteries. Vet Rec. 2002;150:714–8.

Paterson S. Miconazole/chlorhexidine shampoo as an adjunct to systemic therapy in controlling dermatophytosis in cats. J Small Anim Pract. 1999;40:163–6.

Paterson S. Dermatophytosis in 25 horses – a protocol of treatment using topical therapy. Equine Vet Educ. 1997;9:171–3.

Newbury S, Moriello K, Verbrugge M, Thomas C. Use of lime sulphur and itraconazole to treat shelter cats naturally infected with Microsporum canis in an annex facility: an open field trial. Vet Dermatol. 2007;18:324–31.

Hofbauer B, Leitner I, Ryder NS. In vitro susceptibility of Microsporum canis and other dermatophyte isolates from veterinary infections during therapy with terbinafine or griseofulvin. Med Mycol. 2002;40:179–83.

Rycroft AX, Mclay C. Disinfectants in the control of small animal ringworm due to Microsporum canis. Vet Rec. 1991;129:239–41.

Moriello KA, Deboer DJ, Schenker R, Blum JL, Volk LM. Efficacy of pre-treatment with lufenuron for the prevention of Microsporum canis infection in a feline direct topical challenge model. Vet Dermatol. 2004;15:357–62.

Gudding R, Lund A. Immunoprophylaxis of bovine dermatophytosis. Can Vet J. 1995;36:302–6.

Mackenzie DWR, Loeffler W, Mantovani A, Fujikura T. Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention an control of dermatophytoses in man and animals. WHO/CDS/VPH/86.67 1986. 82 p.

Pier AC, Zancanella PJ. Immunization of horses against dermaytophytosis caused by Trichophyton equinum. Equine Pract. 1993;15:23–7.