Impacts of land-use on West African savanna vegetation: a comparison between protected and communal area in Burkina Faso
Tóm tắt
Biodiversity matters in many aspects for human well-being by providing timber and non-timber products. The most important ecosystems providing these products in West Africa are savannas. In the context of land-use changes, there is an urgent need to understand the impact of land-use on savanna vegetation and biodiversity. This study assesses the impact of land-use on savannas by comparing protected and communal areas. Vegetation relevés were performed in the W National Park and its surrounding communal area in Burkina Faso. Vegetation types were established using ordination and clustering methods. We analyzed to find which environmental factors determine the occurrence of the vegetation types and whether land-use has a specific effect on diversity of vegetation types occurring in both areas. Furthermore, we tested the effect of land-use on vegetation structure and the occurrence of life forms and highly valued tree species. Our results reveal five vegetation types occurring in both areas. Elevation and soil characteristics played the most important role for the occurrence of the vegetation types. Land-use had an effect on vegetation structure, diversity, and the occurrence of life form and highly valued species. Our findings suggest that traditional human land-use does not automatically lead to loss of species and degradation of savanna habitats and that combination of communal and protected areas may be of great importance for the conservation of broad spectrum of biodiversity. Our study demonstrates the complexity of land-use impact on biodiversity patterns and provides insights on what kind of management activities may be most appropriate in both areas.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anderson PML, Hoffman MT (2007) The impacts of sustained heavy grazing on plant diversity and composition in lowland and upland habitats across the Kamiesberg mountain range in the succulent Karoo. J Arid Environ 70:686–700
Augusseau X, Nikiema P, Torquebiau E (2006) Tree biodiversity, land dynamics and farmers’ strategies on the agricultural frontier of southwestern Burkina Faso. Biodivers Conserv 15:613–630
Banda T, Schwartz M, Caro T (2006) Woody vegetation structure and composition along a protection gradient in a miombo ecosystem of western Tanzania. For Ecol Manage 230:179–185
Belem B, Nacoulma BMI, Gbangou R, Kambou S, Hansen HH, Gausset Q, Lund S, Raebild A, Lompo D, Ouedraogo M, Theilade I, Boussim IJ (2007) Use of non wood forest products by local people bordering the ‘‘Parc National Kabore′ Tambi’’, Burkina Faso. J Transdiscipl Environ Stud 6:1–21
Berkes F, Folke C (1998) Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability. In: Berkes F, Folke C (eds) Linking social and ecological systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Bond W (2008) What limits trees in C4 grasslands and savannas? Ann Rev Ecol Evol S 39:641–659
Braun-Blanquet J (1932) Plant sociology the study of plant communities. McGray Hill, New York, London
Bruner AG, Gullison RE, Rice RE, Fonesca GAB (2001) Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science 291:125–128
Caro T, Gardner T, Stoner C, Fitzherbert E, Davenport TRB (2009) Assessing the effectiveness of protected areas: paradoxes call for pluralism in evaluating conservation performance. Divers Distrib 15:178–182
Clerici N, Bodini A, Eva H, Grégoire JM, Dulieu D, Paolin C (2007) Increased isolation of two biosphere reserves and surrounding protected areas (WAP ecological complex, West Africa). J Nat Conserv 15:26–40
Dahlberg AC (2000) Vegetation diversity and change in relation to land use, soil and rainfall––a case study from North-East District, Botswana. J Arid Environ 44:19–40
Devineau JL, Fournier A, Nignan S (2009) "Ordinary biodiversity" in western Burkina Faso (West Africa): what vegetation do the state forests conserve? Biodivers Conserv 18:2075–2099
Dufrêne M, Legendre P (1997) Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecol Monogr 67:345–366
ENEC (2003) Statistiques des animaux domestiques de la province de la Tapoa. Ministère de l’élevage et des ressources animales, Ouagadougou
Fairhead J, Leach M (1996) Misreading the African landscape society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
FAO (2006) Guidelines for soil description, 4th edn. FAO, Rome
Folke C, Berkes F, Colding J (1998) Ecological practices and social mechanisms for building resilience and sustainability. In: Berkes F, Folke C (eds) Linking social and ecological systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Gnoumou A, Thiombiano A, Hahn-Hadjali K, Abadouabou B, Sarr M, Guinko S (2008) Le Parc Urbain Bangr-Wéoogo: une aire de conservation de la diversité floristique au coeur de la ville de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica 11:35–48
Gouwakinnou GN, Kindomihou V, Assogbadjo AE, Sinsin B (2009) Population structure and abundance of Sclerocarya birrea Hochst subsp. birrea in two contrasting land-use systems in Benin. Int J Biodivers Conserv 6:194–201
Hahn K (1996) Die Pflanzengesellschaften der Savannen im Südosten Burkina Fasos (Westafrika). Ihre Beeinflussung durch den Menschen und die Naturräumlichen Gegebenheiten. Thesis, University Frankfurt am Main
Hahn-Hadjali K (1998) Les groupements végétaux des savanes du sud-est du Burkina Faso (Afrique de l’ouest). Etudes Flor Vég 3:3–79
Hahn-Hadjali K, Schmidt M, Thiombiano A (2006) Phytodiversity dynamics in pastured and protected West African savannas. In: Ghazanfar SA, Beentje HJ (eds) Taxonomy and ecology of African plants their conservation and sustainable use. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp 351–359
Heubes J, Kühn I, König K, Wittig R, Zizka G, Hahn K (2011) Modelling biome shifts and tree cover change for 2050 in West Africa. J Biogeogr. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02560.x
Higgins SI, Shackleton CM, Robinson R (1999) Changes in woody community structure and composition under contrasting landuse systems in a semi-arid savanna. South Africa J Biogeogr 26:619–627
Higgins SI, Bond WJ, Trollope WSW (2000) Fire, resprouting and variability: a recipe for grass–tree coexistence in savanna. J Ecol 88:213–229
Hoffmann WA (1998) Post-burn reproduction of woody plants in neotropical savannah: the relative importance of sexual and vegetative reproduction. J Appl Ecol 35:422–433
Holling CS, Berkes F, Folke C (1998) Science, sustainability and resource management. In: Berkes F, Folke C (eds) Linking social and ecological systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
INSD (2007) Recensement général de la population et de l’habitation de 2006 du Burkina Faso. Ministère de l’Administration Territoriale, Ouagadougou
Jürgens N, Schmiedel U, Haarmeyer DH, Dengler J, Finckh M, Goetze D, Gröngröft A, Hahn-Hadjali K, Koulibaly A, Luther-Mosebach J, Muche G, Oldeland J, Petersen A, Porembski S, Rutherford MC, Schmidt M, Sinsin B, Strohbach BJ, Thiombiano A, Wittig R, Zizka G (2011) The BIOTA biodiversity observatories in Africa––a standardized framework for large-scale environmental monitoring. Environ Monit Assess. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-1993-y
Koadima M (2008) Inventaire des espèces ligneuses utilitaires du parc w et terroirs riverains du Burkina Faso et état des populations de trois espèces a grande valeur socio-économique. Master thesis, University of Ouagadougou
Krebs C (1999) Ecological methodology. Benjamin Cummings, New York
Kristensen M, Balslev H (2003) Perceptions, use and availability of woody plants among the Gourounsi in Burkina Faso. Biodivers Conserv 12:1715–1739
Krohmer J (2004) Umweltwahrnehmung und -klassifikation bei Fulbegruppen in verschiedenen Naturräumen Burkina Fasos und Benins (Westafrika). Ethnoökologische, ethnobotanische und pflanzensoziologische Untersuchungen in Sahel-, Nord- und Südsudanzone. Thesis, University Frankfurt am Main
Lebrun JP, Stork AL (1991–1997) Énumération des plantes à fleurs d’Afrique tropicale. Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève
Lykke AM (1998) Assessment of species composition change in savanna vegetation by means of woody plants size class distributions and local information. Biodivers Conserv 7:1261–1275
Lykke AM (2000) Local perceptions of vegetation change and prities for conservation of woody-savanna vegetation in Senegal. J Environ Manage 59:107–120
Mahamane A (2005) Etudes floristique, phytosociologie et phytogéographique de la végétation du Parc Régional du W du Niger. Thesis, University of Bruxelles
Mbayngone E (2008) Flore et végétation de la réserve partielle de faune de Pama, Sud-est du Burkina Faso. Thesis, University of Ouagadougou
Mbayngone E, Schmidt M, Hahn-Hadjali K, Thiombiano A, Guinko S (2008) Magnoliophyta of the partial faunal reserve of Pama, Burkina Faso. Check List 4:251–266
McCune B, Grace JB (2002) Analysis of ecological communities. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach
McCune B, Mefford MJ (2006) PC-ORD, Multivariate analysis of ecological data, Version 5.3.1. Software, Gleneden Beach
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystem and human well-being: biodiversity synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington
Nacoulma BMI, Traoré S, Hahn K, Thiombiano A (2011) Impact of land use types on population structure and extent of bark and foliage harvest of Afzelia africana and Pterocarpus erinaceus in Eastern Burkina Faso. Int J Biodivers Conserv 3:62–72
Olsvig-Whittaker LS, Hosten PE, Marcus I, Shochat E (1993) Influence of grazing of sand field vegetation in the Negev Desert. J Arid Environ 24:81–93
Orthmann B (2005) Vegetation ecology of a woodland-savanna mosaic in central Benin (West Africa): ecosystem analysis with a focus on the impact of selective logging. Thesis, University of Rostock
Ouédraogo A (2006) Diversité et dynamique de la végétation ligneuse de la partie orientale du Burkina Faso. Thesis, University of Ouagadougou
Ouédraogo O (2009) Phytosociologie, dynamique et productivité de la végétation du parc national d’Arly (Sud-Est du Burkina Faso). Thesis, University of Ouagadougou
Ouédraogo I, Tigabu M, Savadogo P, Compaoré H, Odén PC, Ouadba JM (2010) Land cover change and its relation with population dynamics in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Land Degrad Dev 21:453–462
Ouédraogo O, Schmidt M, Thiombiano A, Hahn K, Guinko S, Zizka G (2011) Magnoliophyta, Arly National Park, Tapoa, Burkina Faso. Check List 7:85–100
Ouoba P (2006) Flore et végétation de la forêt classée de Niangoloko, Sud-ouest du Burkina Faso. Thesis, University of Ouagadougou
Paré S, Söderberg U, Sandewall M, Ouadba JM (2008) Land use analysis from spatial and field data capture in southern Burkina Faso, West Africa. Agr Ecosyst Environ 127:277–285
Paré S, Tigabu M, Savadogo P, Odén PC, Ouadba JM (2009) Does designation of protected areas ensure conservation of tree diversity in the Sudanian dry forest of Burkina Faso? Afr J Ecol 48:347–360
Paré S, Savadogo P, Tigabu M, Ouadba JM, Odén PC (2010) Consumptive values and local perception of dry forest decline in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Environ Dev Sustain 12:277–295
Pickett STA, Cadenasso ML, Benning TL (2003) Biotic and abiotic variability as key determinants of savanna heterogeneity at multiple spatiotemporal scales. In: Du Toit JT, Rogers KH, Biggs HC (eds) The Kruger experience: Ecology and management of savanna heterogeneity. Island press, Washington
R Development Core Team (2009) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna
Rogers KH (2003) Adopting a heterogeneity paradigm: implications for management of protected savannas. In: Du Toit JT, Rogers KH, Biggs HC (eds) The Kruger experience: ecology and management of savanna heterogeneity. Island press, Washington
Sawadogo L, Tiveau D, Nygård R (2005) Influence of selective tree cutting, livestock and prescribed fire on herbaceous biomass in the savanna woodlands of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Agri Ecosyst Environ 105:335–345
Schmidt M (2006) Pflanzenvielfalt in Burkina Faso––Analyse, Modellierung und Dokumentation. Thesis, University Frankfurt am Main
Scholes RJ, Archer SR (1997) Tree–grass interactions in savannas. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 28:517–544
Schumann K, Wittig R, Thiombiano A, Becker U, Hahn K (2010) Impact of land-use type and bark- and leaf-harvesting on population structure and fruit production of the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) in a semi-arid savanna, West Africa. For Ecol Manage 260:2035–2044
Setterfield SA (2002) Seedlings establishment in an Australian tropical Savanana: effects of seed supply, soil disturbance and fire. J Appl Ecol 39:949–956
Shackleton M (2000) Comparison of plant diversity in protected and communal lands in the Bushbuckridge lowveld savanna, South Africa. Biol Conserv 94:273–285
Smith B, Wilson JB (1996) A consumer’s guide to evenness indices. Oikos 76:70–82
Struhasker TT, Struhsaker PJ, Siex KS (2005) Conserving Africa’s rain forests: problems in protected areas and possible solutions. Biol Conserv 123:45–54
Taïta P (2003) Use of woody plants by locals in Mare aux Hippopotames Biosphere Reserve in western Burkina Faso. Biodivers Conserv 12:1205–1217
Traoré S (2008) Les formations à Acacia de l’Est du Burkina Faso: typologie en relation avec les facteurs pédoclimatiques, prédictions spatiales et fonctions sur la dynamique du carbone et de l’Azote. Thesis, University of Ouagadougou
Van Der Maarel E (1979) Transformation of cover-abundance value in phytosociology and its effects on community similarity. Vegetatio 38:97–114
Van Wilgen BW, Trollope WSW, Biggs HC, Potgieter ALF, Brockett BH (2003) Fire as a driver of ecosystem variability. In: Du Toit JT, Rogers KH, Biggs HC (eds) The Kruger experience: ecology and management of savanna heterogeneity. Island press, Washington
Walkey A, Black IA (1934) An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:29–38
Wezel A, Boecker R (1998) Fallow plant communities and site characteristics in semi-arid Niger, West Africa. J Arid Environ 40:269–280
Wittig R, Hahn-Hadjali K, Thiombiano A (2000) Les particularités de la végégtation de la chaîne du Gobnangou dans le Sud-Est du Burkina Faso. Études Flor Vég 5:49–64
Wittig R, Hahn-Hadjali K, Krohmer J, Müller J, Sieglstetter R (2002) La végétation actuelle des savanes du Burkina Faso et du Bénin–sa signification pour l’homme et la modification de celle-ci par l’homme (aperçu des résultats d’un projet de recherche dure des années). Études Flor Vég 7:3–16
Wittig R, König K, Schmidt M, Szarzynski J (2007) A study of climate change and anthropogenic impacts in West Africa. Env Sci Pollut Res 14:182–189
WRB (2006) World Reference Base for Soil Resources World Soil Resource. Reported 103. FAO ISRIC, ISSS, Rome