Assessing the suitability of groundwater for irrigation in the light of natural forcing and anthropogenic influx: a study in the Gangetic West Bengal, India
Tóm tắt
The present work intends to assess the suitability of groundwater for agricultural use based on 110 samples collected from 52 community development blocks in the Gangetic West Bengal, India. The dominant hydrochemical facies of the studied samples is Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3− (57.27%) followed by Mg2+–Ca2+–HCO3−–Cl− (19.09%). The undesirable electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) for about 25% of the samples have introduced a high salinity problem for crops. Moreover, the irrigation hazards measured in terms of sodium adsorption ratio, % Na, soluble sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, potential salinity, and permeability index indicate that more than 80% of the groundwater samples are suitable for agriculture. However, the magnesium adsorption ratio exhibits that about 39% of water samples are unsuitable for agriculture. A one-way ANOVA finds a statistically significant difference in irrigation hazards between samples located on the western and eastern banks of the Bhagirathi–Hooghly River. In general, the evolution of groundwater hydrochemistry and associated irrigation hazards is principally governed by rock dominance and silicate weathering as natural forcing. However, anthropogenic interventions in the form of sand mining from the river bed of the Ajay–Mayurakshi promote the high magnitude of silicate weathering and thereby inducing major hotspots of the irrigation hazards located on the western bank of the Bhagirathi–Hooghly River. Moreover, the high loadings of EC, TDS, and Cl− registered in the first principal component indicate deterioration of groundwater quality largely due to the change of land use and land cover while the significant loadings of NO3− in the second principal component indicate groundwater pollution due to agricultural practice.
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