Use of stable sulfur isotopes to identify sources of sulfate in Rocky Mountain snowpacks

Alewell, 2000, Assessing the origin of sulfate deposition at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Journal of Environmental Quality, 29, 759, 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900030011x Baron, 1993, The influence of mountain meteorology on precipitation chemistry at low and high elevations of the Colorado Front Range, USA, Atmospheric Environment, 27, 2337, 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90402-K Braaten, 1986, Size and composition of Asian dust transported to Hawaii, Atmospheric Environment, 20, 1105, 10.1016/0004-6981(86)90142-3 Campbell, 1995, Processes controlling the chemistry of two snowmelt-dominated streams in the Rocky Mountains, Water Resources Research, 31, 2811, 10.1029/95WR02037 Changnon, D., McKee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., 1990. Hydroclimatic variability in the Rocky Mountain region. Fort Collins, Colorado State University Climatology Report No. 90–3, 225pp. Dickson, R.J., Oliver, W.R., Dickson, E.L., Sadeghi, V.M., 1994. Development of an emissions inventory for assessing visual air quality in the western United States. Final Report, Project VARED, Palo Alto, California, Electric Power Research Institute. Eastoe, 1990, Sulfur isotopes in Early Proterozoic volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits – new data from Arizona and implications for ocean chemistry, Precambrian Research, 46, 353, 10.1016/0301-9268(90)90021-H Faust, 1994, Photochemistry of clouds, fogs, and aerosols, Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 217A, 10.1021/es00054a001 Giesemann, 1994, On-line sulfur-isotope determination using an elemental analyzer coupled to a mass spectrometer, Analytical Chemistry, 66, 2816, 10.1021/ac00090a005 Hackley, 1986, Sulfur isotopic variations in low-sulfur coals from the Rocky Mountain Region, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 1703, 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90132-8 Heuer, 2000, Comparison of precipitation chemistry in the Central Rocky Mountains, Colorado, USA, Atmospheric Environment, 34, 1713, 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00430-6 Holmes, 1992, Distribution of carbon and sulfur isotopes in Upper Cretaceous coal of northwestern Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 267, 57, 10.1130/SPE267-p57 Holser, 1966, Isotope geochemistry of sedimentary sulfates, Chemical Geology, 1, 93, 10.1016/0009-2541(66)90011-8 Ingersoll, G.P., 1995. Maximum-accumulation snowpack chemistry at selected sites in northwestern Colorado during spring 1994. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95–139, 14pp. Ingersoll, G.P., 1999. Effects of snowmobile use on snowpack chemistry in Yellowstone National Park, 1998. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4148, 23pp. Krouse, H.R., Grinenko, V.A., 1991. Stable isotopes – natural and anthropogenic sulphur in the environment. Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, SCOPE 43. Wiley, New York, 440pp. Lewis, 1984, Chemical patterns of bulk atmospheric deposition in the state of Colorado, Water Resources Research, 20, 1691, 10.1029/WR020i011p01691 Litaor, 1987, The influence of eolian dust on the genesis of alpine soils in the Front Range, Colorado, Soil Science Society of America, 51, 142, 10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100010031x Malm, 1990, An investigation of the dominant source regions of fine sulfur in the western United States and their areas of influence, Atmospheric Environment, 24A, 3047, 10.1016/0960-1686(90)90483-4 Mast, 1990, Chemical weathering in the Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, Water Resources Research, 26, 2971, 10.1029/WR026i012p02971 Mitchell, M.J., Krouse, C.R., Mayer, B., Stam, A.C., Zhang, Y., 1998. Use of stable sulfur isotopes in evaluating biogeochemistry of forest ecosystems. In: Kendall, C., McDonnell, J. (Eds.), Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 489–518. Newman, L., Krouse, H.R., Grinenko, V.A., 1991. Sulfur isotope variations in the atmosphere. In: Krouse, H.R., Grinenko, V.A. (Eds.), Stable Isotopes – Natural and Anthropogenic Sulphur in the Environment. Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, SCOPE 43. Wiley, New York, pp. 133–176. Nriagu, 1991, Origin of sulphur in Canadian Arctic haze from isotope measurements, Nature, 349, 142, 10.1038/349142a0 Nriagu, 1987, Biogenic sulfur and the acidity of rainfall in remote areas of Canada, Science, 237, 1189, 10.1126/science.237.4819.1189 Peterson, D.L., Sullivan, T.J., Eilers, J.M., Brace, S., 1998. Assessment of air quality and air pollutant impacts in National Parks of the Rocky Mountains and Northern Great Plains. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Denver. Popp, 1986, Acidic precipitation in western North America – trends, sources, and altitude effects in New Mexico, 1979–1985, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 30, 125, 10.1007/BF00305181 Saltzman, 1983, The mechanism of sulfate aerosol formation – chemical and sulfur isotopic evidence, Geophysical Research Letters, 10, 513, 10.1029/GL010i007p00513 Schlesinger, 1988, Ion and sulfate-isotope ratios in arid soils subject to wind erosion in the southwestern USA, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52, 54, 10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200010010x Sievering, 1987, Midwest/Western/Eastern U.S. precipitation and aerosol sulfate – differences attributable to natural source inputs?, Atmospheric Environment, 21, 2430 Sturges, 1987, Lead 206/207 isotope rations in the atmosphere of North America as tracers of US and Canadian emissions, Nature, 329, 144, 10.1038/329144a0 Turk, J.T., Campbell, D.H., 1997. Are aquatic resources of the Mt. Zirkel Wilderness Area in Colorado affected by acid deposition and what will emissions reductions at the local powerplants do? U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-043–97, 4pp. Turk, J.T., Spahr, N.E., 1991. Rocky Mountains. In: Charles, D.F. (Ed.), Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems – Regional Case Studies. Springer, New York, pp. 471–501. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2000. Annual Data Summaries, National Water and Climate Center, Portland, ftp://wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/data/snow/. Williams, 1996, Nitrogen saturation in the Colorado front range, Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 640, 10.1021/es950383e Yanagisawa, 1983, Thermal decomposition of barium sulfate-vanadium pentoxide-silica glass mixture for preparation of sulfur dioxide in sulfur isotope ratio measurements, Analytical Chemistry, 55, 985, 10.1021/ac00257a046 Zhang, 1998, Stable sulfur isotopic biogeochemistry of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, Biogeochemistry, 41, 259, 10.1023/A:1005992430776