Ionic basis of GABAA receptor channel function in the nervous system

Progress in Neurobiology - Tập 42 - Trang 489-537 - 1994
Kai Kaila1
1Department of Zoology, Division of Physiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 17, SF-00014 Helsinki, Finland

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adams, 1975, Actions of γ-aminobutyric acid on sympathetic ganglion cells, J. Physiol., Lond., 250, 85, 10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011044 Aickin, 1982, Ammonium action on post-synaptic inhibition in crayfish neurones: implications for the mechanism of chloride extrusion, J. Physiol., Lond., 329, 319, 10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014305 Akaike, 1986, “Concentration-clamp” study of γ-aminobutyric-acid-induced chloride current kinetics in frog sensory neurons, J. Physiol., Lond., 379, 171, 10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016246 Akaike, 1987, Contribution of chloride shifts to the fade of γ-aminobutyric acid-gated currents in frog dorsal root ganglion cells, J. Physiol., Lond., 391, 219, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016735 Akaike, 1987, Multiple mechanisms of antagonism of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) responses, Cell. molec. Neurobiol., 7, 97, 10.1007/BF00734993 Akaike, 1989, Differential effects of extra- and intracellular anions on GABA-activated currents in bullfrog sensory neurons, J. Neurophysiol., 62, 1388, 10.1152/jn.1989.62.6.1388 Akaike, 1989, Influences of external Ca2+ on the GABA-induced chloride current and the efficacy of diazepam in internally perfused frog sensory neurons, Brain Res., 504, 293, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91371-1 Alford, 1991, Presynaptic GABAA and GABAB receptor-mediated phasic modulation in axons of spinal motor interneurons, Eur. J. Neurosci., 3, 107, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1991.tb00071.x Alger, 1984, Hippocampus: electrophysiological studies of epileptiform activity in vitro, 155 Alger, 1991, Gating of GABAergic inhibition in hippocampal pyramidal cells, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 627, 249, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25929.x Alger, 1979, GABA-mediated biphasic inhibitory responses in hippocampus, Nature, 281, 315, 10.1038/281315a0 Alger, 1982, Feed-forward dendritic inhibition in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells studied in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 328, 105, 10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014255 Alger, 1982, Pharmacological evidence for two kinds of GABA receptor on rat hippocampal pyramidal cells studied in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 328, 125, 10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014256 Alger, 1983, Ammonia does not selectively block IPSPs in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells, J. Neurophysiol., 49, 1381, 10.1152/jn.1983.49.6.1381 Alho, 1985, Diazepam-binding inhibitor: A neuropeptide located in selected neuronal populations of rat brain, Science, 229, 179, 10.1126/science.3892688 Altamirano, 1987, Coupled Na/K/Cl efflux, 89, 669 Alvarez-Leefmans, 1990, Intracellular Cl− regulation and synaptic inhibition in vertebrate and invertebrate neurons, 109 Alvarez-Leefmans, 1988, Intracellular chloride regulation in amphibian dorsal root ganglion neurones studied with ion-selective microelectrodes, J. Physiol., Lond., 406, 225, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017378 Alvarez-Leefmans, 1990, Methods for measuring chloride transport across nerve, muscle and glial cells, 3 Ammann, 1986 Andersen, 1990, Synaptic integration in hippocampal CA1 pyramids, Prog. Brain Res., 83, 215, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61251-0 Andersen, 1980, Two different responses of hippocampal pyramidal cells to application of γ-amino butyric acid, J. Physiol., Lond., 305, 279, 10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013363 Anderson, 1973, Voltage clamp analysis of acetylcholine produced end-plate current fluctuations at frog neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol., Lond., 235, 665, 10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010410 Araki, 1961, Anion permeability of the synaptic and non-synaptic motoneurone membrane, J. Physiol., Lond., 159, 410, 10.1113/jphysiol.1961.sp006818 Aram, 1987, Epileptiform activity induced by alkalosis in rat neocortical slices: block by antagonists of N-methyl-d-aspartate, Neurosci. Lett., 83, 345, 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90112-1 Aronson, 1985, Kinetic properties of the plasma membrane Na+-H+ exchanger, A. Rev. Physiol., 47, 545, 10.1146/annurev.ph.47.030185.002553 Ascher, 1976, Chloride distribution in Aplysia neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 256, 441, 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011332 Ashwood, 1987, Voltage-clamp analysis of somatic γ-aminobutyric acid responses in adult rat hippocampal CA1 neurones in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 384, 27, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016441 Assaf, 1984, Release of endogenous Zn2+ from brain tissue during activity, Nature, 308, 734, 10.1038/308734a0 Astion, 1988, Electrogenic Na+/HCO3 cotransport in neuroglia, Glia, 1, 355, 10.1002/glia.440010508 Atwood, 1976, Organization and synaptic physiology of crustacean neuromuscular systems, Prog. Neurobiol., 7, 291, 10.1016/0301-0082(76)90009-5 Avoli, 1987, A GABAergic depolarizing potential in the hippocampus disclosed by the convulsant 4-aminopyridine, Brain Res., 400, 191, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90671-8 Avoli, 1988, 4-Aminopyridine induces a long-lasting depolarizing GABAergic potential in human neocortical and hippocampal neurons maintained in vitro, Neurosci. Lett., 94, 327, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90039-0 Awapara, 1950, Free γ-aminobutyric acid in brain, J. biol. Chem., 187, 35, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50926-7 Backus, 1988, Effect of benzodiazepines and pentobarbital on the GABA-induced depolarization in cultured astrocytes, Glia, 1, 132, 10.1002/glia.440010205 Ballanyi, 1985, An intracellular analysis of γ-aminobutyric-associated ion movements in rat sympathetic neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 365, 41, 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015758 Ballanyi, 1987, Ion activities and potassium uptake mechanisms of glial cells in guinea-pig olfactory cortex slices, J. Physiol., Lond., 382, 159, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016361 Barker, 1988, Outward rectification of inhibitory postsynaptic currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 403, 41, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017237 Barker, 1981, GABA analogs activate channels of different duration on cultured mouse spinal neurones, Science, 212, 358, 10.1126/science.6259733 Barker, 1978, Amino acid pharmacology of mammalian central neurones grown in tissue culture, J. Physiol., Lond., 280, 331, 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012387 Barker, 1982, Fluctuation analysis of neutral amino acid responses in cultured mouse spinal neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 322, 365, 10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014042 Barker, 1983, Convulsant-induced depression of amino acid responses in cultured mouse spinal neurones studied under voltage clamp, Br. J. Pharmac., 80, 619, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb10051.x Barnard, 1987, Molecular biology of the GABAA receptor: the receptor/channel superfamily, Trends Neurosci., 10, 502, 10.1016/0166-2236(87)90130-5 Barolet, 1991, Changes in extracellular K+ evoked by GABA, THIP and baclofen in the guinea-pig hippocampal slice, Expl Brain Res., 84, 591, 10.1007/BF00230971 Barres, 1991, New roles for glia, J. Neurosci., 11, 3685, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-12-03685.1991 Barres, 1990, Ion channels invertebrate glia, A. Rev. Neurosci., 13, 441, 10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.002301 Bazemore, 1957, Isolation of factor I, J. Neurochem., 1, 334, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1957.tb12090.x Behrends, 1988, Ca2+ mediated suppression of the GABA-response through modulation of chloride channel gating in frog sensory neurones, Neurosci. Lett., 86, 311, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90502-2 Ben-Ari, 1989, Giant synaptic potentials in immature rat CA3 hippocampal neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 416, 303, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017762 Ben-Ari, 1990, GABAergic mechanisms in the CA3 hippocampal region during early postnatal life, Prog. Brain Res., 83, 313, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61259-5 Berger, 1992, GABA- and glutamate-activated currents in glial cells of the mouse corpus callosum slice, J. Neurosci. Res., 31, 21, 10.1002/jnr.490310104 Biscoe, 1985, The anion selectivity of GABA-mediated post-synaptic potentials in mouse hippocampal cells, Q. Jl. exp. Physiol., 70, 305, 10.1113/expphysiol.1985.sp002916 Bixby, 1982, The appearance and development of chemosensitivity in Rohon-Beard neurones of the Xenopus spinal cord, J. Physiol., Lond., 330, 513, 10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014356 Blanton, 1989, Whole cell recording from neurons in slices of reptilian and mammalian cerebral cortex, J. Neurosci. Meth., 30, 203, 10.1016/0165-0270(89)90131-3 Blatt, 1983, KCl leakage from microelectrodes and its impact on the membrane parameters of a nonexcitable cell, J. membr. Biol., 72, 223, 10.1007/BF01870589 Blatz, 1991, Properties of single fast chloride channels from rat cerebral cortex neurons, J. Physiol., Lond., 441, 1, 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018735 Bloom, 1971, Localizing 3H-GABA in nerve terminals of rat cerebral cortex by electron microscopic autoradiography, Nature, 229, 628, 10.1038/229628a0 Boistel, 1958, Membrane permeability change during inhibitory transmitter action in crustacean muscle, J. Physiol., Lond., 144, 176, 10.1113/jphysiol.1958.sp006094 Bormann, 1988, Patch-clamp analysis of GABA- and glycine-gated chloride channels, Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmac., 45, 47 Bormann, 1988, Electrophysiology of GABAA and GABAB receptor subtypes, Trends Neurosci., 11, 112, 10.1016/0166-2236(88)90156-7 Bormann, 1985, γ-Aminobutyric acid receptor channels in adrenal chromaffin cells: a patch-clamp study, 82, 2168 Bormann, 1988, Patch-clamp study of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor Cl− channels in cultured astrocytes, 85, 9336 Bormann, 1987, Mechanism of anion permeation through channels gated by glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid in mouse cultured spinal neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 385, 243, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016493 Boron, 1983, Intracellular pH regulation in the renal proximal tubule of the salamander, 81, 53 Bowery, 1989, GABAB receptors and their significance in mammalian pharmacology, Trends Pharmac. Sci., 10, 401, 10.1016/0165-6147(89)90188-0 Bowery, 1980, (−) Baclofen decreases neurotransmitter release in the mammalian CNS by an action at a novel GABA receptor, Nature, 283, 92, 10.1038/283092a0 Brazier, 1959, The historical development of neurophysiology, Vol. I, 1 Brown, 1979, Depolarization of neurones in the isolated olfactory cortex of the guinea-pig by γ-aminobutyric acid, Br. J. Pharmac., 65, 339, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1979.tb07835.x Browning, 1990, Protein kinase C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase receptor, 87, 1315 Buckler, 1990, Application of a new pH-sensitive fluoroprobe (carboxy-SNARF-1) for intracellular pH measurement in small, isolated cells, Pflügers Arch., 417, 234, 10.1007/BF00370705 Bührle, 1983, Intracellular ion activities and equilibrium potentials in motoneurones and glia cells of the frog spinal cord, Pflügers Arch., 396, 144, 10.1007/BF00615519 Bührle, 1985, The ionic mechanism of postsynaptic inhibition in motoneurones of the frog spinal cord, Neuroscience, 14, 581, 10.1016/0306-4522(85)90312-4 Cammer, 1991, Carbonic anhydrase in myelin and glial cells in the mammalian central nervous system, 325 Cattaert, 1992, Direct evidence for presynaptic inhibitory mechanisms in crayfish sensory afferents, J. Neurophysiol., 67, 610, 10.1152/jn.1992.67.3.610 Chao, 1990, Chloride conductive and cotransport mechanisms in cultures of canine tracheal epithelial cells measured by an entrapped fluorescent indicator, J. membr. Biol., 113, 193, 10.1007/BF01870071 Chen, 1991, Extracellular alkalinization evoked by GABA and its relationship to activity-dependent pH shifts in turtle cerebellum, J. Physiol., Lond., 442, 431, 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018801 Chen, 1992, Modulation of extracellular pH by glutamate and GABA in rat hippocampal slices, J. Neurophysiol., 67, 29, 10.1152/jn.1992.67.1.29 Chen, 1990, GABAA receptor function is regulated by phosphorylation in acutely dissociated guinea-pig hippocampal neurones, J. Physiol., Land., 420, 207, 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp017908 Cherubini, 1990, GABA mediated excitation in immature rat CA3 hippocampal neurons, Int. J. dev. Neurosci., 8, 481, 10.1016/0736-5748(90)90080-L Cherubini, 1991, GABA: an excitatory transmitter in early postnatal life, Trends Neurosci., 14, 515, 10.1016/0166-2236(91)90003-D Chesler, 1986, Regulation of intracellular pH in reticulospinal neurones of the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, J. Physiol., Lond., 381, 241, 10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016325 Chesler, 1990, The regulation and modulation of pH in the nervous system, Prog. Neurobiol., 34, 401, 10.1016/0301-0082(90)90034-E Chesler, 1992, Modulation of pH by neuronal activity, Trends Neurosci., 15, 396, 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90191-A Chesler, 1989, Intracellular pH transients of mammalian astrocytes, J. Neurosci., 9, 2011, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-06-02011.1989 Chesnoy-Marchais, 1990, Hyperpolarization-activated chloride channels in Aplysia neurons, 367 Clark, 1991, Na+/H+-exchanger subtypes: A predictive review, Am. J. Physiol., 261, C945, 10.1152/ajpcell.1991.261.6.C945 Cohen, 1989, GABA and glycine channels in isolated ganglion cells from the goldfish retina, J. Physiol., Lond., 418, 53, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017828 Coleman, 1989, Measurement of passive membrane parameters with whole-cell recording from neurons in the intact amphibian retina, J. Neurophysiol., 61, 218, 10.1152/jn.1989.61.1.218 Collingridge, 1984, Inhibitory post-synaptic currents in rat hippocampal CA1 neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 356, 551, 10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015482 Collingridge, 1988, Actions of APV and CNQX on synaptic responses in rat hippocampal slices, Neurol. Neurobiol., 46, 171 Colquhoun, 1981, Fluctuations in the micro-second time range of the current through single acetylcholine receptor ion channels, Nature, 294, 464, 10.1038/294464a0 Connor, 1987, Depolarization- and transmitter-induced changes in intracellular Ca2+ of rat cerebellar granule cells in explant cultures, J. Neurosci., 7, 1384, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-05-01384.1987 Connor, 1988, Sustained dendritic gradients of Ca2+ induced by excitatory amino acids in CA1 hippocampal neurons, Science, 240, 649, 10.1126/science.2452481 Connors, 1992, GABAA- and GABAB-mediated processes in visual cortex, Prog. Brain Res., 90, 335, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)63621-3 Connors, 1982, Electrophysiological properties of neocortical neurons in vitro, J. Neurophysiol., 48, 1302, 10.1152/jn.1982.48.6.1302 Connors, 1988, Two inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and GABAA and GABAB receptor-mediated responses in neocortex of rat and cat, J. Physiol., Lond., 406, 443, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017390 Coombs, 1955, The specific ionic conductances and the ionic movements across the motoneuronal membrane that produce the inhibitory post-synaptic potential, J. Physiol., Lond., 130, 326, 10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005412 Costa, 1988, Terminology for ligands of the allosteric modulatory center of GABA-operated Cl− channels, Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmac., 45, 367 Crunelli, 1988, Cl−- and K+-dependent inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked by interneurones of the rat lateral geniculate nucleus, J. Physiol., Lond., 399, 153, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017073 Cull-Candy, 1989, Whole-cell current noise produced by excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in large cerebellar neurones of the rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 415, 533, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017735 Curtis, 1987, Divalent cations reduce depolarization of primary afferent terminations by GABA, Brain Res., 422, 192, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90558-0 Curtis, 1959, The depression of spinal neurones by γ-amino-N-butyric acid and β-alanine, J. Physiol., Lond., 146, 185, 10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006188 Curtis, 1971, Antagonism between bicuculline and GABA in the cat brain, Brain Res., 33, 57, 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90305-2 Cutting, 1991, Cloning of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ρ1 cDNA: A GABA receptor subunit highly expressed in the retina, 88, 2673 Darlison, 1992, Invertebrate GABA and glutamate receptors: molecular biology reveals predictable structures but some unusual pharmacologies, Trends Neursci., 15, 469, 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90091-L Davidson, 1976, Concerning the ionic basis of presynaptic inhibition, Experientia, 32, 348, 10.1007/BF01940831 Davies, 1990, Paired-pulse depression of monosynaptic GABA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic responses in rat hippocampus, J. Physiol., Lond., 424, 513, 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp018080 Davies, 1991, GABAB autoreceptors regulate the induction of LTP, Nature, 349, 609, 10.1038/349609a0 De Groat, 1970, The actions of γ-aminobutyric acid and related amino acids on mammalian autonomic ganglia, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 172, 384 De Groat, 1972, GABA-depolarization of a sensory ganglion: Antagonism by picrotoxin and bicuculline, Brain Res., 38, 429, 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90726-3 Deisz, 1983, Comparison of GABA analogs at the crayfish stretch receptor neurone, Brain Res. Bull., 11, 283, 10.1016/0361-9230(83)90161-2 Deisz, 1982, The role of intracellular chloride in hyperpolarizing post-synaptic inhibition of crayfish stretch receptor neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 326, 123, 10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014181 Deisz, 1989, Frequency-dependent depression of inhibition in guinea-pig neocortex in vitro by GABAB receptor feed-back on GABA release, J. Physiol., Lond., 412, 513, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017629 Deitmer, 1991, Electrogenic sodium-dependent bicarbonate secretion by glial cells of the leech central nervous system, J. gen. Physiol., 98, 637, 10.1085/jgp.98.3.637 Deitmer, 1987, The regulation of intracellular pH by identified glial cells and neurones in the central nervous system of the leech, J. Physiol., Lond., 388, 261, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016614 Deitmer, 1989, An inwardly directed electrogenic sodium-bicarbonate co-transport in leech glial cells, J. Physiol., Lond., 411, 179, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017567 Del Castillo, 1957, Interaction at endplate receptors between different choline derivatives, 146, 369 Demeneix, 1986, GABAA and GABAB receptors on porcine pars intermedia cells in primary culture: functional role in modulating peptide release, Neuroscience, 17, 1275, 10.1016/0306-4522(86)90094-1 Diamond, 1969, Biological membranes: The physical basis of ion and nonelectrolyte selectivity, A. Rev. Physiol., 31, 581, 10.1146/annurev.ph.31.030169.003053 Dichter, 1989, Cellular mechanisms of epilepsy and potential new treatment strategies, Epilepsia, 30, S3, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05812.x Dietzel, 1982, Stimulus-induced changes in extracellular Na+ and Cl- concentration in relation to changes in the size of the extracellular space, Expl Brain Res., 46, 73, 10.1007/BF00238100 Dingledine, 1984 Dingledine, 1984, Hippocampus: Synaptic pharmacology, 87 Dingledine, 1988, Amino acid receptors and uptake systems in the mammalian central nervous system, CRC crit. Rev. Neurobiol., 4, 1 Djørup, 1981, The dendritic response to GABA in CA1 of the hippocampal slice, Brain Res., 219, 196, 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90282-1 Dodgson, 1991, The carbonic anhydrase:: overview of their importance in cellular physiology and in molecular genetics, 3 Dolphin, 1990, G protein modulation of calcium currents in neurons, A. Rev. Physiol., 52, 243, 10.1146/annurev.ph.52.030190.001331 Draguhn, 1990, Functional and molecular distinction between recombinant rat GABAA-receptor subtypes by Zn2+, Neuron, 5, 781, 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90337-F Dreifuss, 1969, Cortical inhibition and γ-aminobutyric acid, Expl Brain Res., 9, 137, 10.1007/BF00238327 Drew, 1984, Bicuculline-insensitive GABA receptors: studies on the binding of (-) baclofen to rat cerebellar membranes, Neurosci. Lett., 52, 317, 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90181-2 Droz, 1987, Carbonic anhydrase in primary sensory neurons and dorsal root ganglia, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 88B, 713 Duchen, 1989, GABAA responses of dissociated mouse neurones are attenuated by metabolic blockade, J. Physiol. LLond., 415, 48P Duchen, 1990, Effects of metabolic blockade on the regulation of intracellular calcium in dissociated mouse sensory neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 424, 411, 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp018074 Dudel, 1977, Voltage dependence of amplitude and time course of inhibitory synaptic current in crayfish muscle, Pflügers Arch., 371, 167, 10.1007/BF00580786 Dudel, 1978, Relaxation after a voltage step of inhibitory synaptic current elicited by nerve stimulation (crayfish neuromuscular junction), Pflügers Arch., 376, 151, 10.1007/BF00581578 Dudel, 1976, Four types of GABA receptors in crayfish leg muscles characterized by desensitization and specific antagonist, Pflügers Arch., 364, 217, 10.1007/BF00581758 Dudel, 1961, Presynaptic inhibition at the crayfish neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol., Lond., 155, 543, 10.1113/jphysiol.1961.sp006646 Dudel, 1977, GABA induced membrane current noise and the time course of the inhibitory synaptic current in crayfish muscle, Neurosci. Lett., 6, 203, 10.1016/0304-3940(77)90019-2 Dudel, 1980, Inhibitory synaptic channels activated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in crayfish muscle, Pflügers Arch., 387, 143, 10.1007/BF00584265 Dudel, 1988, Rapid activation and desensitization by glutamate of excitatory, cation-selective channels in locust muscle, Neurosci. Lett., 88, 33, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90311-4 Dwyer, 1980, The permeability of the endplate channel to organic cations in frog muscle, J. gen. Physiol., 75, 469, 10.1085/jgp.75.5.469 Eccles, 1964, Presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord, Prog. Brain Res., 12, 65, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)60618-4 Eccles, 1964 Eccles, 1964, Effects of intracellular potassium and sodium injections on the inhibitory postsynaptic potential, 160, 181 Eccles, 1964, Effects produced on inhibitory postsynaptic potentials by the coupled injections of cations and anions into motoneurones, 160, 197 Eccles, 1977, The anionic permeability of the inhibitory postsynaptic membrane of hippocampal pyramidal cells, 198, 345 Edwards, 1982, The selectivity of ion channels in nerve and muscle, Neuroscience, 6, 1335, 10.1016/0306-4522(82)90249-4 Edwards, 1989, A thin slice preparation for patch clamp recordings from neurones of the mammalian central nervous system, Pflügers Arch., 414, 600, 10.1007/BF00580998 Edwards, 1990, Quantal analysis of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampal slices: a patch-clamp study, J. Physiol., Lond., 430, 213, 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp018289 Eisenman, 1962, Cation selective glass electrodes and their mode of operation, Biophys. J., 2, 259, 10.1016/S0006-3495(62)86959-8 Eisenman, 1983, Ionic selectivity revisited: The role of kinetic and equilibrium processes in ion permeation through channels, J. membr. Biol., 76, 197, 10.1007/BF01870364 Eisner, 1989, A novel method for absolute calibration of intracellular pH indicators, Pflügers Arch., 413, 553, 10.1007/BF00594188 El-Beheiry, 1990, Effects of hypomagnesia on transmitter actions in neocortical slices, Br. J. Pharmac., 101, 1006, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14197.x Endres, 1986, Excitatory amino acids and intracellular pH in motoneurons of the isolated frog spinal cord, Neurosci. Lett., 72, 54, 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90617-8 Erdö, 1990, γ-Aminobutyric acid outside the mammalian brain, J. Neurochem., 54, 363, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01882.x Faber, 1980, Single-shot channel activation accounts for duration of inhibitory postsynaptic potential in a central neuron, Science, 208, 612, 10.1126/science.6245449 Fagg, 1983, Amino acid neurotransmitters and their pathways in the mammalian central nervous system, Neuroscience, 9, 701, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90263-4 Fan, 1990, Neurochemical and electrophysiological studies on the inhibitory effect of ammonium ions on synaptic transmission in slices of rat hippocampus: evidence for a postsynaptic action, Neuroscience, 37, 327, 10.1016/0306-4522(90)90403-Q Feltz, 1974, A model for the mode of action of GABA on primary afferent terminals: depolarizing effects of GABA applied iontophoretically to neurones of mammalian dorsal root ganglia, Neuropharmacology, 13, 553, 10.1016/0028-3908(74)90145-2 Florey, 1954, An inhibitory and an excitatory factor of mammalian central nervous system and their action on a single sensory neuron, Arch. int. Physiol., 62, 33, 10.3109/13813455409145367 Foster, 1880 Franciolini, 1987, Anion and cation permeability of a chloride channel in rat hippocampal neurons, J. gen. Physiol., 90, 453, 10.1085/jgp.90.4.453 Franciolini, 1990, Chloride channels of biological membranes, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 1031, 247, 10.1016/0304-4157(90)90009-2 Franke, 1986, The inhibitory chloride channel activated by glutamate as well as γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA), J. comp. Physiol., 159, 591, 10.1007/BF00612033 Franke, 1987, Liquid filament switch for ultra-fast exchanges of solutions at excised patches of synaptic membrane of crayfish muscle, Neurosci. Lett., 77, 199, 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90586-6 Frederickson, 1990, Zinc-containing neurons in hippocampus and related CNS structures, Prog. Brain Res., 83, 71, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61242-X Frelin, 1988, The regulation of the intracellular pH in cells from vertebrates, Eur. J. Biochem., 174, 3, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14055.x Frosch, 1992, Desensitization of GABA-activated currents and channels in cultured cortical neurons, J. Neurosci., 12, 3042, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-08-03042.1992 Fujiwara, 1987, Effects of hypoxia on rat hippocampal neurones in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 384, 131, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016447 Gage, 1992, Activation and modulation of neuronal K+ channels by GABA, Trends Neurosci., 15, 46, 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90025-4 Gähwiler, 1981, Organotypic monolayer cultures of nervous tissue, J. Neurosci. Meth., 4, 329, 10.1016/0165-0270(81)90003-0 Gaillard, 1990, Ionic control of intracellular pH in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells maintained in culture, J. Physiol., Lond., 425, 71, 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp018093 Gallagher, 1978, Characterization and ionic basis of GABA-induced depolarizations recorded in vitro from cat primary afferent neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 275, 263, 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012189 Gallagher, 1983, The effects of temperature, pH and C1-pump inhibitors on GABA response recorded from cat dorsal root ganglia, Brain Res., 267, 249, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90877-6 Galler, 1986, The ionic mechanism of intracellular pH regulation in crayfish muscle fibres, J. Physiol., Lond., 374, 137, 10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016071 Galzi, 1992, Mutation in the channel domain of a neuronal nicotinic receptor convert ion selectivity from cationic to anionic, Nature, 359, 500, 10.1038/359500a0 Ganz, 1989, Arginine vasopressin enhances pHi regulation in the presence of HCO3- by stimulating three acid-base transport systems, Nature, 337, 648, 10.1038/337648a0 Gasic, 1992, Molecular neurobiology of glutamate receptors, A. Rev. Physiol., 54, 507, 10.1146/annurev.ph.54.030192.002451 Geers, 1985, Extracellular carbonic anhydrase of skeletal muscle associated with the sarcolemma, J. appl. Physiol., 59, 548, 10.1152/jappl.1985.59.2.548 Gerschenfeld, 1973, Chemical transmission in invertebrate central nervous systems and neuromuscular junctions, Physiol. Rev., 53, 1, 10.1152/physrev.1973.53.1.1 Gilbert, 1984, γ-Aminobutyric acid directly depolarizes cultured oligodendrocytes, J. Neurosci., 4, 561, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-02-00561.1984 Golan, 1991, High CO2-bicarbonate buffer modifies GABAergic inhibitory effect at the crayfish neuromuscular synapse, Brain Res., 567, 149, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91448-A Gruol, 1980, Hydrogen ions have multiple effects on the excitability of cultured mammalian neurons, Brain Res., 183, 247, 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90138-9 Guthrie, 1991, Independent regulation of calcium revealed by imaging dendritic spines, Nature, 354, 76, 10.1038/354076a0 Gyenes, 1988, “Run-down” of g gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor function during whole-cell recording: a possible role for phosphorylation, Molec. Pharmac., 34, 719 Haefely, 1984, Actions and interactions of benzodiazepine agonists and antagonists at GABAergic synapses, 263 Hamill, 1981, Improved patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches, Pflügers Arch., 391, 85, 10.1007/BF00656997 Hansen, 1985, Effect of anoxia on ion distribution in the brain, Physiol. Rev., 65, 101, 10.1152/physrev.1985.65.1.101 Harrison, 1989, Modification of gABAA receptor function by an analog of cyclic AMP, Neurosci. Lett., 105, 137, 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90025-6 Harvey, 1991, Sequence of a functional invertebrate GABAA receptor subunit which can form a chimeric receptor with a vertebrate α subunit, EMBO J., 10, 3239, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04887.x Hayashi, 1956, Action of ω-amino acids on the motor cortex of higher animals, especially γ-amino β-oxy-butyric acid as the real inhibitory principle in brain, 410 Heinemann, 1990, Activity-dependent ionic changes and neuronal plasticity in rat hippocampus, Prog. Brain Res., 83, 197, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61250-9 Herb, 1992, The third γ subunit of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor family, 89, 1433 Higashi, 1991, Synaptic responses of guinea pig cingulate cortical neurons in vitro, J. Neurophysiol., 65, 822, 10.1152/jn.1991.65.4.822 Hill, 1981, 3H-baclofen and 3H-GABA bind to bicuculline-insensitive GABAB sites in rat brain, Nature, 290, 149, 10.1038/290149a0 Hille, 1992 Hoffman, 1989, Membrane mechanisms in volume and pH regulation in vertebrate cells, Physiol. Rev., 69, 315, 10.1152/physrev.1989.69.2.315 Hoppe, 1989, Carrier-mediated C1− transport in cultured mouse oligodendrocytes, J. Neurosci. Res., 23, 467, 10.1002/jnr.490230415 Hoppe, 1989, GABA triggers a Cl− efflux from cultured mouse oligodendrocytes, Neurosci. Lett., 97, 334, 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90620-4 Horn, 1988, Muscarinic activation of ionic currents measured by a new whole-cell recording method, J. gen. Physiol., 92, 145, 10.1085/jgp.92.2.145 Howe, 1987, Baclofen reduces post-synaptic potentials of rat cortical neurones by an action other than its hyperpolarizing action, J. Physiol., Lond., 384, 539, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016469 Huguenard, 1986, Whole-cell voltage-clamp study of the fading of GABA-activated currents in acutely dissociated hippocampal neurons, J. Neurophysiol., 56, 1, 10.1152/jn.1986.56.1.1 Iles, 1980, Ammonia: Assessment of its action on postsynaptic inhibition as a cause of convulsions, Brain, 103, 555, 10.1093/brain/103.3.555 Inagaki, 1987, Histochemical demonstration of Cl− ATPase in rat spinal motoneurons, Brain Res., 419, 375, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90611-1 Inomata, 1986, The anion selectivity of the γ-aminobutyric acid controlled chloride channel in the perfused spinal ganglion cell of frog, Neurosci. Res., 3, 371, 10.1016/0168-0102(86)90029-5 Inomata, 1988, Effects of diuretics on GABA-gated chloride current in frog isolated sensory neurones, Br. J. Pharmac., 93, 679, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb10326.x Inoue, 1985, Voltage-dependent chloride conductance of the squid axon membrane and its blockade by disulphonic stilbene derivatives, J. gen. Physiol., 85, 519, 10.1085/jgp.85.4.519 Inoue, 1986, Intracellular calcium ions decrease the affinity of the GABA receptor, Nature, 324, 156, 10.1038/324156a0 Inoue, 1991, An ATP-driven Cl− pump regulates Cl− concentrations in rat hippocampal neurons, Neurosci. Lett., 134, 75, 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90512-R Ito, 1984 Ito, 1966, The origin of cellular-induced inhibition of Deiters neurones. I. Monosynaptic initiation of the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, Expl Brain Res., 2, 330, 10.1007/BF00234779 Ito, 1962, Further study on anion permeability of inhibitory post-synaptic membrane of cat motoneurones, J. Physiol., 164, 150, 10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp007009 Ito, 1991, Strychnine-sensitive glycine responses of neonatal rat hippocampal neurons, J. Physiol., Lond., 440, 67, 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018696 Janigro, 1988, Effects of GABA and baclofen on pyramidal cells in the developing rabbit hippocampus: an in vitro study, Devl Brain Res., 41, 171, 10.1016/0165-3806(88)90180-0 Jarolimek, 1989, Activity dependent alkaline and acid transients in guinea pig hippocampal slices, Brain Res., 505, 225, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91447-9 Jean, 1985, Biochemical properties of the Na+/H+ exchange system in rat brain synaptosomes, J. biol. Chem., 260, 9678, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39292-X Jean, 1986, The Na+/H+ exchange system in glial cell lines, 160, 211 Johnston, 1984, Biophysics and microphysiology of synaptic transmission in hippocampus, 51 Kaila, 1987, Postsynaptic fall in intracellular pH induced by GABA-activated bicarbonate conductance, Nature, 330, 163, 10.1038/330163a0 Kaila, 1990, GABA-activated bicarbonate conductance: Influence on GABA and on postsynaptic pH regulation, 331 Kaila, 1989, Influence of GABA-gated bicarbonate conductance on membrane potential, current and intracellular chloride in crayfish muscle fibres, J. Physiol., Lond., 416, 161, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017755 Kaila, 1990, Mechanism of action of GABA on intracellular pH and on surface pH in crayfish muscle fibres, J. Physiol., Lond., 427, 241, 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp018170 Kaila, 1991, Fall in intracellular pH mediated by GABAA receptors in cultured rat astrocytes, Neurosci. Lett., 126, 9, 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90358-Z Kaila, 1992, pH transients due to monosynaptic activation of GABAA receptors in rat hippocampal slices, NeuroReport, 3, 105, 10.1097/00001756-199201000-00028 Kaila, 1992, Inward current caused by sodium-dependent uptake of GABA in the crayfish stretch-receptor neurone, J. Physiol., Lond., 453, 627, 10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019248 Kaila, 1993, The role of bicarbonate in GABAA receptor-mediated IPSPs in rat neocortical neurons, J. Physiol., Lond., 464, 273, 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019634 Kandel, 1961, Electrophysiology of hippocampal neurons. I. Sequential invasion and synaptic organization, J. Neurophysiol., 24, 225, 10.1152/jn.1961.24.3.225 Kano, 1992, Synaptic excitation produces a long-lasting rebound potentiation of inhibitory synaptic signals in cerebellar Purkinje cells, Nature, 356, 601, 10.1038/356601a0 Kapur, 1989, Loss of inhibition precedes delayed spontaneous seizures in the hippocampus after tetanic electrical stimulation, J. Neurophysiol., 61, 427, 10.1152/jn.1989.61.2.427 Katz, 1970, Membrane noise produced by acetylcholine, Nature, 226, 962, 10.1038/226962a0 Katz, 1972, The statistical nature of the acetycholine potential and its molecular components, J. Physiol., Lond., 224, 665, 10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009918 Katz, 1973, The characteristics of “end-plate noise” produced by different depolarizing drugs, J. Physiol., Lond., 230, 707, 10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010213 Katz, 1957, A study of the “desensitization” produced by acetylcholine at the motor end-plate, J. Physiol., Lond., 138, 63, 10.1113/jphysiol.1957.sp005838 Kay, 1991, Brain membrane protein band 3 performs the same functions as erythrocyte band 3, 88, 2778 Kazimierczak, 1986, Carbonic anhydrase activity in primary sensory neurons, Cell Tissue Res., 245, 487, 10.1007/BF00218548 Kelly, 1969, Anionic permeability of cortical neurones, Expl Brain Res., 7, 11, 10.1007/BF00236105 Kerkut, 1964, The effect of anion injection and changes in the external potassium and chloride concentration on the reversal potentials of the IPSP and acetylcholine, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 11, 199, 10.1016/0010-406X(64)90163-X Kerkut, 1989 Kettenmann, 1990, Chloride channels and carriers in cultured glial cells, 193 Kettenmann, 1988, Intracellular pH regulation in cultured mouse oligodendrocytes, J. Physiol., Lond., 406, 147, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017373 Kettenmann, 1984, Aspartate, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid directly depolarize cultured astrocytes, Neurosci. Lett., 52, 25, 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90345-8 Kettenmann, 1987, γ-aminobutyric acid opens Cl-channel in cultured astrocytes, Brain Res., 404, 1, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91349-7 Keynes, 1963, Chloride in the squid giant axon, J. Physiol., Lond., 169, 690, 10.1113/jphysiol.1963.sp007289 Killisch, 1991, Expression patterns of GABAA receptor subtypes in developing hippocampal neurons, Neuron, 7, 927, 10.1016/0896-6273(91)90338-Z Kimelberg, 1990, Chloride transport across glial membranes, 159 Kopito, 1989, Regulation of intracellular pH by a neuronal homolog of the erythrocyte anion exchanger, Cell, 59, 927, 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90615-6 Korn, 1991, Control of action potentials and Ca2+ influx by the Ca2+-dependent chloride current in mouse pituitary cells, J. Physiol., Lond., 439, 423, 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018674 Kraig, 1983, Alkaline and acid transients in cerebellar microenvironment, J. Neurophysiol., 49, 831, 10.1152/jn.1983.49.3.831 Kravitz, 1963, Gamma-aminobutyric acid and other blocking compounds in crustacea. III. Their relative concentrations in separated motor and inhibitory axons, J. Neurophysiol., 26, 739, 10.1152/jn.1963.26.5.739 Krnjević, 1974, Chemical nature of synaptic transmission in vertebrates, Physiol. Rev., 54, 418, 10.1152/physrev.1974.54.2.418 Krnjević, 1983, GABA-mediated inhibitory mechanisms in relation to epileptic discharges, 249 Krnjević, 1967, The action of γ-aminobutyric acid on cortical neurones, Expl Brain Res., 3, 320, 10.1007/BF00237558 Krnjević, 1991, Anoxic block of GABAergic IPSPs, Neurochem. Res., 16, 279, 10.1007/BF00966091 Krogsgaard-Larsen, 1980, Inhibitors of the GABA uptake systems, Molec. cell. Biochem., 31, 105, 10.1007/BF00240816 Krogsgaard-Larsen, 1988, GABA synaptic mechanisms: Stereochemical and conformational requirements, Med. Res. Rev., 8, 27, 10.1002/med.2610080103 Kudo, 1976, Alteration of extracellular K+-activity induced by amino acids in the frog spinal cord, Jap. J. Pharmac., 26, 385, 10.1254/jjp.26.385 Kuffler, 1958, Mechanism of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) action and its relation to synaptic inhibition, J. Neurophysiol., 21, 589, 10.1152/jn.1958.21.6.589 Lacaille, 1991, Postsynaptic potentials mediated by excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in interneurons of stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices in vitro, J. Neurophysiol., 66, 1441, 10.1152/jn.1991.66.5.1441 Lambert, 1991, Hyperpolarizing and depolarizing GABAA receptor-mediated dendritic inhibition in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus, J. Neurophysiol., 66, 1538, 10.1152/jn.1991.66.5.1538 Lambert, 1992, Induction of giant depolarizing potentials by zinc in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus does not result from block of GABAB receptors, Neursci. Lett., 135, 215, 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90439-E Legendre, 1991, Noncompetitive inhibition of γ-aminobutyric acidA channels by Zn, Molec. Pharmac., 39, 267 Leidenheimer, 1992, Activation of protein kinase C selectively inhibits the γ-aminobutyric acidA receptor: Role of desensitization, Molec. Pharmac., 41, 1116 Lerma, 1992, Chloride transport blockers prevent N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-channel complex activation, Molec. Pharmac., 41, 217 Levitan, 1988, Structural and functional basis for GABAA receptor heterogeneity, Nature, 335, 76, 10.1038/335076a0 Llano, 1988, Patch-clamp recording of amino acid-activated responses in “organotypic” slice cultures, 85, 3221 Llano, 1991, Calcium entry increases the sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells to applied GABA and decreases inhibitory synaptic currents, Neuron, 6, 565, 10.1016/0896-6273(91)90059-9 Llinás, 1974, Blockage of inhibition by ammonium acetate: Action on chloride pump in cat trochlear motoneurons, J. Neurophysiol., 37, 522, 10.1152/jn.1974.37.3.522 Llinás, 1992, Microdomains of high calcium concentration in a presynaptic terminal, Science, 256, 677, 10.1126/science.1350109 Lloyd, 1961, A study of some Twentieth Century thoughts on inhibition in the spinal cord, 13 Luhmann, 1991, Postnatal maturation of the GABAergic system in rat neocortex, J. Neurophysiol., 65, 247, 10.1152/jn.1991.65.2.247 Lutz, 1992, Mechanisms for anoxic survival in the vertebrate brain, A. Rev. Physiol., 54, 601, 10.1146/annurev.ph.54.030192.003125 Lux, 1971, Ammonium and chloride extrusion: hyperpolarizing synaptic inhibition in spinal motoneurons, Science, 173, 555, 10.1126/science.173.3996.555 Lux, 1970, The action of ammonium on postsynaptic inhibition of cat spinal motoneurons, Expl Brain Res., 11, 431, 10.1007/BF00233967 Macdonald, 1989, Antiepileptic drug actions, Epilepsia, 30, S19, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05810.x Macdonald, 1989, Kinetic properties of the GABAA receptor main conductance state of mouse spinal cord neurones in culture, J. Physiol., Lond., 410, 479, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017545 Macdonald, 1989, Barbiturate regulation of kinetic properties of the GABAA receptor channel of mouse spinal neurones in culture, J. Physiol., Lond., 417, 483, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017814 MacVicar, 1989, GABA-activated Cl− channels in astrocytes of hippocampal slices, J. Neurosci., 9, 3577, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-10-03577.1989 Madison, 1986, Phorbol esters block a voltage-sensitive chloride current in hippocampal pyramidal cells, Nature, 321, 695, 10.1038/321695a0 Magleby, 1972, The effect of voltage on the time course of end-plate currents, J. Physiol., Lond., 223, 151, 10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009839 Majewska, 1986, Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABAA receptor, Science, 232, 1004, 10.1126/science.2422758 Malchow, 1990, Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on skate retinal horizontal cells: Evidence for an electrogenic uptake mechanism, 87, 8945 Malchow, 1989, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced currents of skate Muller (glial) cells are mediated by neuronal-like GABAA receptors, 86, 4326 Malherbe, 1990, GABAA-receptor expressed from rat brain α- and β-subunit cDNAs displays potentiation by benzodiazepine receptor ligands, Brain Res. molec. Brain Res., 8, 199, 10.1016/0169-328X(90)90017-8 Marchenko, 1991, Mechanism of modulation of GABA-activated current by internal calcium in rat central neurons, Brain Res., 546, 355, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91502-R Maren, 1984, The general physiology of reactions catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase and their inhibition by sulfonamides, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 429, 568, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb12389.x Mason, 1990, Postsynaptic fall in intracellular pH and increase in surface pH caused by efflux of formate and acetate anions through GABA-gated channels in crayfish muscle fibres, Neuroscience, 34, 359, 10.1016/0306-4522(90)90145-T Mathers, 1991, Activation and inactivation of the GABAA receptor: insights from comparison of native and recombinant subunit assemblies, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac., 69, 1057, 10.1139/y91-157 Mathers, 1982, Chemically induced ion channels in nerve cell membranes, Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 23, 1, 10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60620-0 Mayer, 1989, The action of zinc on synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in cultures of mouse hippocampus, J. Physiol., Lond., 415, 351, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017725 Mayer, 1990, Calcium-dependent chloride currents in vertebrate central neurons, 355 Mazda, 1990, The effect of GABA on the frog optic tectum is sensitive to ammonium and to penicillin, Eur. J. Pharmac., 179, 111, 10.1016/0014-2999(90)90408-X McCarren, 1985, Use-dependent depression of ISPSs in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells in vitro, J. Neurophysiol., 53, 557, 10.1152/jn.1985.53.2.557 Meinecke, 1990, Developmental expression of GABA and subunits of the GABAA receptor complex in an inhibitory synaptic circuit in the rat cerebellum, Brain Res. dev. Brain Res., 55, 73, 10.1016/0165-3806(90)90107-A Mercuri, 1991, GABA depolarizes neurons in the rat striatum: an in vivo study, Synapse, 8, 38, 10.1002/syn.890080106 Michelson, 1991, Excitatory synaptic responses mediated by GABAA receptors in the hippocampus, Science, 253, 1420, 10.1126/science.1654594 Mierlak, 1988, Modulation of neurotransmitter receptor desensitization: Chlordiazepoxide stimulates fading of the GABA response, J. Neurosci., 8, 814, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-03-00814.1988 Miller, 1987, Multiple calcium channels and neuronal function, Science, 235, 46, 10.1126/science.2432656 Milner, 1983, Gene expression in rat brain, Nucleic Acids Res., 11, 5497, 10.1093/nar/11.16.5497 Misgeld, 1986, The role of chloride transport in postsynaptic inhibition of hippocampal neurons, Science, 232, 1413, 10.1126/science.2424084 Mistry, 1990, Activation of subconductance states by γ-aminobutyric acid and its analogs in chick cerebral neurons, Pflügers Arch., 416, 454, 10.1007/BF00370754 Miwa, 1990, G protein is coupled to presynaptic glutamate and GABA receptors in lobster neuromuscular synapse, J. Neurophysiol., 63, 173, 10.1152/jn.1990.63.1.173 Moody, 1981, The ionic mechanism of intracellular pH regulation in crayfish neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 316, 293, 10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013788 Morrow, 1990, Characterization of steroid interactions with γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-gated chloride ion channels: Evidence for multiple steroid recognition sites, Molec. Pharmac., 37, 263 Moser, 1985, Intracellular pH regulation in the sensory neurone of the stretch receptor of the crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis), J. Physiol., Lond., 362, 23, 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015660 Moss, 1990, Cloned GABA receptors are maintained in a stable cell line: allosteric and channel properties, Eur. J. Pharmac., 189, 77, 10.1016/0922-4106(90)90232-M Moss, 1992, Functional modulation of GABAA receptors by cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation, Science, 257, 661, 10.1126/science.1323140 Motokizawa, 1969, Ionic permeability of the inhibitory postsynaptic membrane of lobster muscle fibres, J. gen. Physiol., 54, 437, 10.1085/jgp.54.4.437 Mouginot, 1991, Modulation of GABA-gated chloride currents by intracellular Ca2+ in cultured porcine melanotrophs, J. Physiol., 437, 109, 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018587 Müller, 1991, Dendritic spines as individual neuronal compartments for synaptic Ca2+ responses, Nature, 354, 73, 10.1038/354073a0 Müller, 1989, γ-Aminobutyric acid-induced ion movements in the guinea pig hippocampal slice, Brain Res., 484, 184, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90361-2 Neild, 1974, Intracellular chloride activity and the effects of acetylcholine in snail neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 242, 453, 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010717 Neubauer, 1991, Carbonic anhydrase and sensory function in the central nervous system, 319 Newberry, 1985, Comparison of the action of baclofen with γ-aminobutyric acid on rat hippocampal pyramidal cells in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 360, 161, 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015610 Newland, 1991, Single channels activated by high concentrations of GABA in superior cervical ganglion neurones of the rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 432, 203, 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018382 Newland, 1992, On the mechanism of action of picrotoxin on GABA receptor channels in dissociated sympathetic neurones of the rat, J. Physiol., Lond., 447, 191, 10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp018998 Newman, 1991, Localization and stoichiometry of electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransport in retinal glial cells, Glia, 4, 424, 10.1002/glia.440040411 Nicholson, 1979, Brain-cell microenvironment as a communication channel, 457 Nicholson, 1980, Dynamics of the brain cell microenvironment, Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull., 18, 175 Nicholson, 1981, Ion diffusion modified by tortuosity and volume fraction in the extracellular microenvironment of the rat cerebellum, J. Physiol., Lond., 321, 225, 10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013981 Nicholson, 1986, The migration of substances in the neuronal microenvironment, Ann. N.Y.. Acad. Sci., 481, 55, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb27139.x Nicholson, 1991, Diffusson of ions and transmitters in the brain cell microenvironment, Adv. Neurosci., 1, 279 Nicoll, 1978, The blockade of GABA mediated responses in the frog spinal cord by ammonium ions and furosemide, J. Physiol., Lond., 283, 121, 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012491 Nicoll, 1988, The coupling of neurotransmitter receptors to ion channels in the brain, Science, 241, 545, 10.1126/science.2456612 Nicoll, 1979, Presynaptic inhibition: Transmitter and ionic mechanisms, Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 21, 217, 10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60639-X Nicoll, 1971, The pharmacology of recurrent inhibition in the supraoptic neurosecretory system, Brain Res., 35, 501, 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90491-4 Nicoll, 1990, Functional comparison of neurotransmitter receptor subtypes in mammalian central nervous system, Physiol. Rev., 70, 513, 10.1152/physrev.1990.70.2.513 Nishi, 1974, Primary afferent neurones: The ionic mechanism of GABA-mediated depolarization, Neuropharmacology, 13, 215, 10.1016/0028-3908(74)90110-5 Nistri, 1979, Pharmacological characterization of different types of GABA and glutamate receptors in vertebrates and invertebrates, Prog. Neurobiol., 13, 117, 10.1016/0301-0082(79)90016-9 Numann, 1984, Voltage-clamp study on GABA response desensitization in single pyramidal cells dissociated from the hippocampus of adult guinea pigs, Neurosci. Lett., 47, 289, 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90528-7 Obata, 1977, Biochemistry and physiology of amino acid transmitters, Vol. 1, 625 Obata, 1978, Excitatory and inhibitory actions of GABA and glycine on embryonic chick spinal neurons in culture, Brain Res., 144, 179, 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90447-X Ogata, 1987, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) causes consistent depolarization of neurons in the guinea pig supraoptic nucleus due to an absence of GABAB recognition sites, Brain Res., 403, 225, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90059-X Oh, 1992, Desensitization of GABA-induced currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, Neuroscience, 49, 571, 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90227-S Olsen, 1990, Molecular biology of GABAA receptors, FASEB J., 4, 1469, 10.1096/fasebj.4.5.2155149 Onodera, 1979, An analysis of the inhibitory post-synaptic current in the voltage-clamped crayfish muscle, J. Physiol., Lond., 286, 265, 10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012618 Otsuka, 1966, Release of γ-aminobutyric acid from inhibitory nerves of lobster, 56, 1110 Ozawa, 1973, Membrane permeability change during inhibitory transmitter action in crayfish stretch receptor cell, J. Neurophysiol., 36, 805, 10.1152/jn.1973.36.5.805 Pasternack, 1992, Influence of extracellular and intracellular pH on GABA-gated chloride conductance in crayfish muscle fibres, Neuroscience, 47, 921, 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90040-9 Pasternack, 1992, GABA-gated anion channels in intact crayfish opener muscle fibers and stretch-receptor neurones are neither activated nor desensitized by glutamate, J. comp. Physiol., 170, 521, 10.1007/BF00191467 Pasternack, 1993, Intracellular carbonic anhydrase activity and its role in GABA-induced acidosis in isolated rat hippocampal pyramidal neurones, Acta physiol. scand., 148, 229, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1993.tb09553.x Peers, 1991, Inhibition of Ca2+-activated K+ currents by intracellular acidosis in isolated type I cells of the neunatal rat carotid body, J. Physiol., Lond., 437, 589, 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018613 Perreault, 1991, Physiology and pharmacology of epileptiform activity induced by 4-aminopyridine in rat hippocampal slices, J. Neurophysiol., 65, 771, 10.1152/jn.1991.65.4.771 Peters, 1989, An electrophysiological investigation of the characteristics and function of GABAA receptors on bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells, Pflügers Arch., 415, 95, 10.1007/BF00373146 Pinnock, 1988, Ionic events following GABA receptor activation in an identified insect motor neuron, 232, 457 Pitler, 1992, Postsynaptic spike firing reduces synaptic GABAA responses in hippocampal pyramidal cells, J. Neurosci., 12, 4122, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-10-04122.1992 Pocock, 1992, Hydrogen ion regulation in rat cerebellar granule cells studied by single-cell fluorescence microscopy, Eur. J. Neurosci., 4, 136, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00860.x Polenzani, 1991, Expression of mammalian γ-aminobutyric acid receptors with distinct pharmacology in Xenopus oocytes, 88, 4318 Poulter, 1992, Differential and transient expression of GABAA receptor α-subunit mRNAs in the developing rat CNS, J. Neurosci., 12, 2888, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-08-02888.1992 Pritchett, 1988, Transient expression shows ligand gating and allosteric potentiation of GABAA receptor subunits, Science, 242, 1306, 10.1126/science.2848320 Puia, 1990, Neurosteroids act on recombinant human GABAA receptors, Neuron, 4, 759, 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90202-Q Raabe, 1990, Effects of NH4− on reflexes in cat spinal cord, J. Neurophysiol., 64, 565, 10.1152/jn.1990.64.2.565 Raabe, 1975, Disinhibition in cat motor cortex by ammonia, J. Neurophysiol., 38, 347, 10.1152/jn.1975.38.2.347 Ralle-Susman, 1991, Regulation of intracellular pH in cultured hippocampal neurons by an amiloride-insensitive Na+/H+ exchanger, J. biol. Chem., 266, 2739, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)49907-3 Randle, 1987, Actions of γ-aminobutyric acid on rat supraoptic nucleus neurosecretory neurones in vitro, J. Physiol., Lond., 387, 629, 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016592 Ransom, 1993, Glial modulation of neural excitability mediated by extracellular pH: A hypothesis, Prog. Brain Res., 94, 37, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61737-9 Ransom, 1975, Pentobarbial modulates transmitter effects on mouse spinal neurones grown in tissue culture, Nature, 254, 703, 10.1038/254703a0 Ransom, 1992, The neurophysiology of glial cells, J. clin. Neurophys., 9, 224, 10.1097/00004691-199204010-00005 Regehr, 1992, Calcium concentration dynamics produced by synaptic activation of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells, J. Neurosci., 12, 4202, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-11-04202.1992 Regehr, 1989, Optical imaging of calcium accumulation in hippocampal pyramidal cells during synaptic activation, Nature, 341, 533, 10.1038/341533a0 Richards, 1986, Benzodiazepine receptors resolved, Experientia, 42, 121, 10.1007/BF01952428 Roberts, 1986, GABA: The road to neurotransmitter status, 1 Roberts, 1950, γ-Aminobutyric acid in brain: its formation from glutamic acid, J. biol. Chem., 187, 55, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50929-2 Robertson, 1989, Characteristics of GABA-activated chloride channels in mammalian dorsal root ganglion neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 411, 285, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017574 Robinson, 1959 Roepstorff, 1992, Comparison of the effect of the GABA uptake blockers, tiagabine and nipecotic acid, on inhibitory synaptic efficacy in hippocampal CA1 neurones, Neurosci. Lett., 146, 131, 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90060-K Ross, 1981, Intracellular pH, Physiol. Rev., 61, 296, 10.1152/physrev.1981.61.2.296 Rorsman, 1989, Glucose-inhibition of glucagon secretion involves activation of GABAA-receptor chloride channels, Nature, 341, 233, 10.1038/341233a0 Rovira, 1991, Benzodiazepines do not potentiate GABA responses in reonatal hippocampal neurons, Neurosci. Lett., 130, 157, 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90386-8 Rovica, 1984, Somatic and dendritic actions of γ-aminobutyric acid agonists and uptake blockers in the hippocampus in vitro, Neuroscience, 12, 543, 10.1016/0306-4522(84)90072-1 Russel, 1972, Active transport of chloride by the giant neuron of the Aplysia abdominal ganglion, J. gen. Physiol., 60, 499, 10.1085/jgp.60.5.499 Russell, 1983, Cation-coupled chloride influx in squid xon, 81, 909 Russell, 1976, Role of chloride transport in regulation of intracellular pH, Nature, 264, 73, 10.1038/264073a0 Russell, 1990, Chloride transport in the squid giant axon, 85 Saarikoski, 1992, Simultaneous measurement of intracellular and extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity in intact muscle fibres, Pflügers Arch., 421, 357, 10.1007/BF00374224 Sahara, 1991, A voltage-clamp study of the effects of Joro spider toxin and zinc on excitatory synaptic transmission in CA1 pyramidal cells of the guinea pig hippocampal slice, Neurosci. Res., 10, 200, 10.1016/0168-0102(91)90057-6 Sakmann, 1992, Nobel Lecture, 8, 613 Sakmann, 1983, Patch clamp measurements of elementary chloride currents activated by the putative inhibitory transmitters GABA and glycine in mammalian spinal neurons, J. neural. Trans., 18, 83 Sakmann, 1989, Patch clamp techniques used for studying synaptic transmission in slices of mammalian brain, Q. Jl exp. Physiol., 74, 1107, 10.1113/expphysiol.1989.sp003336 Sattelle, 1988, GABA receptors on the cell-body membrane of an identified insect motor neuron, 232, 443 Scappaticci, 1981, Effects of furosemide on neural mechanisms in Aplysia, J. Neurobiol., 12, 329, 10.1002/neu.480120403 Scharfman, 1985, Responses to γ-aminobutyric acid applied to cell bodies and dendrites of rat visual cortical neurons, Brain Res., 358, 385, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90990-4 Schlue, 1991, Glial H+ transport and control of pH, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 633, 287, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb15621.x Schneggenburger, 1992, GABA-mediated synaptic transmission in neuroendocrine cells: A patch-clamp study in pituitary slice preparation, Pflügers Arch., 421, 364, 10.1007/BF00374225 Schofield, 1987, Sequence and functional expression of the GABAA receptor shows a ligand-gated receptor super-family, Nature, 328, 221, 10.1038/328221a0 Schwartzkroin, 1983, Local circuit considerations and intrinsic neuronal properties involved in hyperexcitability and cell synchronization, 75 Schwiening, 1992, Mechanism of pHi regulation by locust neurones in isolated ganglia: A microelectrode study, J. Physiol., Lond., 447, 693, 10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019024 Scott, 1986, Anion selectivity of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a (DHAVM)-induced conductance changes on locust muscle, Neurosci. Lett., 68, 197, 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90141-2 Scott, 1988, Modulation of divalent cation-activated chloride ion currents, Br. J. Pharmac., 94, 653, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11572.x Sechenov, 1863 Segal, 1983, Rat hippocampal neurones in culture: responses to electrical and chemical stimuli, J. Neurophysiol., 50, 1249, 10.1152/jn.1983.50.6.1249 Segal, 1984, Rat hippocampal neurones in culture: Properties of GABA-activated Cl- ion conductance, J. Neurophysiol., 51, 500, 10.1152/jn.1984.51.3.500 Segal, 1984, Rat hippocampal neurons in culture: voltage-clamp analysis of inhibitory synaptic connections, J. Neurophysiol., 52, 469, 10.1152/jn.1984.52.3.469 Sharp, 1981, The effects of chloride substitution on intracellular pH in crab muscle, J. Physiol., Lond., 312, 71, 10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013616 Sherrington, 1906 Sherrington, 1932, Inhibition as a coordinative factor Shimada, 1992, γ-Aminobutyric acid A or C receptor?, 41, 683 Shiroya, 1989, An ATP-driven Cl- pump in the brain, J. biol. Chem., 264, 17416, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)71510-X Siesjö, 1988, Acidosis and ischemic brain damage, Neurochem. Path., 9, 31 Siesjö, 1989, Calcium fluxes, calcium antagonists and calcium-related pathology in brain ischemia, hypoglycemia and spreading depression: a unifying hypothesis, J. cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 9, 127, 10.1038/jcbfm.1989.20 Sigel, 1990, The effect of subunit composition of rat brain GABAA receptors on channel function, Neuron, 5, 703, 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90224-4 Simmonds, 1983, Multiple GABA receptors and associated regulatory sites, Trends Neurosci., 6, 279, 10.1016/0166-2236(83)90119-4 Simmonds, 1987, Potentiators of responses to activation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors, Neuropharmacology, 26, 923, 10.1016/0028-3908(87)90071-2 Sivilotti, 1988, Complex effects of baclofen on synaptic transmission of the frog optic tectum in vitro, Neurosci. Lett., 85, 249, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90360-6 Sivilotti, 1989, Pharmacology of a novel effect of γ-aminobutyric acid on the frog optic tectum in vitro, Eur. J. Pharmac., 164, 205, 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90460-3 Sivilotti, 1991, GABA receptor mechanisms in the central nervous system, Prog. Neurobiol., 36, 35, 10.1016/0301-0082(91)90036-Z Skrede, 1971, The transverse hippocampal slice: A well-defined cortical structure maintained in vitro, Brain Res., 35, 589, 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90508-7 Smart, 1990, Uncultured lobster muscle, cultured neurones and brain slices: the neurophysiology of zinc, J. Pharmacy Pharmac., 42, 377, 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb06576.x Smart, 1992, A novel modulatory binding site for zinc on the GABAA receptor complex in cultured rat neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 447, 587, 10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019020 Smart, 1982, A novel effect of zinc on the lobster muscle GABA receptor, 215, 327 Smart, 1983, Pre- and postsynaptic effects of zinc on in vitro prepyriform neurones, Neurosci. Lett., 40, 205, 10.1016/0304-3940(83)90303-8 Smart, 1990, Differential effect of zinc on the vertebrate GABAA-receptor complex, Br. J. Pharmac., 99, 643, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb12984.x Smart, 1991, GABAA receptors are differentially sensitive to zinc: Dependence on subunit composition, Br. J. Pharmac., 103, 1837, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12337.x Smith, 1989, Conductance states activated by glycine and GABA in rat cultured spinal neurones, J. membr. Biol., 108, 45, 10.1007/BF01870424 Somjen, 1979, Extracellular potassium in the mammalian central nervous system, A. Rev. Physiol., 41, 159, 10.1146/annurev.ph.41.030179.001111 Somogyi, 1990, Synaptic organization of GABAergic neurons and GABAA receptors in the lateral geniculate nucleus and the visual cortex, 35 Sorenson, 1991, Structural and functional considerations of GABA in islets of Langerhans, Diabetes, 40, 1365, 10.2337/diabetes.40.11.1365 Sorimachi, 1991, GABA inhibits the rise in cytosolic free calcium concentration in depolarized immature cerebellar Purkinje cells, Neurosci. Lett., 122, 229, 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90865-Q Staley, 1992, Shunting of excitatory input to dentate gyrus granule cells by a depolarizing GABAA receptor-mediated postsynaptic conductance, J. Neurophysiol., 68, 197, 10.1152/jn.1992.68.1.197 Stein, 1986 Stelzer, 1987, Activation of NMDA receptors blocks GABAergic inhibition in an in vitro model of epilepsy, Nature, 326, 698, 10.1038/326698a0 Stelzer, 1988, GABAA-receptor function in hippocampal cells is maintained by phosphorylation factors, Science, 241, 339, 10.1126/science.2455347 Stephenson, 1988, Understanding the GABAA receptor: a chemically gated ion channel, Biochem. J., 249, 21, 10.1042/bj2490021 Study, 1981, Diazepam and (−)pentobarbital: Fluctuation analysis reveals different mechanisms for potentiation of γ-aminobutyric acid responses in cultured central neurons, 78, 7180 Swann, 1989, Postnatal development of GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition in rat hippocampus, Neuroscience, 28, 551, 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90004-3 Syková, 1983, Extracellular K+ accumulation in the central nervous system, Prog. Biophys. molec. Biol., 42, 135, 10.1016/0079-6107(83)90006-8 Syková, 1992, K+ and pH homeostasis in the developing rat spinal cord is impaired by early postnatal X-irradiation, Brain Res., 594, 19, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91025-A Szatkowski, 1989, The intrinsic intracellular H+ buffering power of snail neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 409, 89, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017486 Taira, 1993, Intrinsic proton modulation of excitatory transmission in rat hippocampal slices, NeuroReport, 4, 93, 10.1097/00001756-199301000-00024 Takeuchi, 1977, Junctional transmission. I. Postsynaptic mechanisms, Vol. I, 295 Takeuchi, 1972, Effect of bicuculline on the GABA receptor of the crayfish neuromuscular junction, Nature New Biol., 236, 55, 10.1038/newbio236055a0 Takeuchi, 1965, Localized action of γ-aminobutyric acid on the crayfish muscle, J. Physiol., Lond., 177, 225, 10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007588 Takeuchi, 1966, On the permeability of the presynaptic terminal of the crayfish neuromuscular junction during synaptic inhibition and the action of γ-aminobutyric acid, J. Physiol., Lond., 183, 433, 10.1113/jphysiol.1966.sp007875 Takeuchi, 1966, A study of the inhibitory action of γ-aminobutyric acid on neuromuscular transmission in the crayfish, J. Physiol., 183, 418, 10.1113/jphysiol.1966.sp007874 Takeuchi, 1967, Anion permeability of the inhibitory post-synaptic membrane of the crayfish neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol., Lond., 191, 575, 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008269 Takeuchi, 1969, A study of the action of picrotoxin on the inhibitory neuromuscular junction of the crayfish, J. Physiol., Lond., 205, 377, 10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008972 Takeuchi, 1971, Anion interaction at the inhibitory post-synaptic membrane of the crayfish neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol., Lond., 212, 337, 10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009328 Taleb, 1987, Spontaneous and GABA evoked chloride channels on pituitary intermediate lobe cells and their internal Ca requirements, Pflügers Arch., 409, 620, 10.1007/BF00584663 Tang, 1990, Modulation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate channel by extracellular H+, 87, 6445 Tauck, 1988, Characterization of GABA- and glycine-induced currents of solitary rodent retinal ganglion cells in culture, Neuroscience, 27, 193, 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90230-8 Tehrani, 1989, cAMP increases the rate of GABAA receptor desensitization in chick cortical neurons, Synapse, 4, 126, 10.1002/syn.890040206 Thalmann, 1981, Biphasic response of hippocampal pyramidal neurons to GABA, Neurosci. Lett., 21, 319, 10.1016/0304-3940(81)90224-X Thomas, 1976, The effect of carbon dioxide on the intracellular pH and buffering power of snail neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 255, 715, 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011305 Thomas, 1977, The role of bicarbonate, chloride and sodium ions in the regulation of intracellular pH in snail neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 273, 317, 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp012096 Thomas, 1978 Thomas, 1984, Experimental displacement of intracellular pH and the mechanism of its subsequent recovery, J. Physiol., Lond., 354, 3P, 10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015397 Thompson, 1989, Activity-dependent disinhibition. I. Repetitive stimulation reduces IPSP driving force and conductance in the hippocampus in vitro, J. Neurophysiol., 61, 501, 10.1152/jn.1989.61.3.501 Thompson, 1989, Activity-dependent disinhibition. II. Effects of extracellular potassium, furosemide and membrane potential on ECl− in hippocampal CA3 neurons, J. Neurophysiol., 61, 512, 10.1152/jn.1989.61.3.512 Thompson, 1989, Activity-dependent disinhibition. III. Desensitization and GABAB receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition in the hippocampus in vitro, J. Neurophysiol., 61, 524, 10.1152/jn.1989.61.3.524 Thompson, 1992, Effects of the GABA uptake inhibitor tiagabine on inhibitory synaptic potentials in rat hippocampal slice cultures, J. Neurophysiol., 67, 1698, 10.1152/jn.1992.67.6.1698 Thompson, 1988, Relative contributions of passive equilibrium and active transport to the distribution of chloride in mammalian cortical neurons, J. Neurophysiol., 60, 105, 10.1152/jn.1988.60.1.105 Thompson, 1988, Outward chloride/cation co-transport in mammalian cortical neurons, Neurosci. Lett., 89, 49, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90479-X Thomson, 1988, Biphasic responses of thalamic neurons to GABA in isolated rat brain slices—II, Neuroscience, 25, 503, 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90254-0 Ticku, 1990, γ-Aminobutyric acidA receptor desensitization in mice spinal cord cultured neurons: Lack of involvement of protein kinases A and C, Molec. Pharmac., 38, 719 Tolkovsky, 1987, Na+/H+ exchange is the major mechanism of pH regulation in cultured sympathetic neurons: measurements in single cell bodies and neurites using a fluorescent pH indicator, Neuroscience, 22, 1093, 10.1016/0306-4522(87)92984-8 Traynelis, 1991, Pharmacological properties and H+ sensitivity of excitatory amino acid receptor channels in rat cerebellar granule neurones, J. Physiol., Lond., 433, 727, 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018453 Trussell, 1989, Glutamate receptor desensitization and its role in synaptic transmission, Neuron, 3, 209, 10.1016/0896-6273(89)90034-2 Tsien, 1989, Fluorescent probes of cell signaling, A. Rev. Neurosci., 12, 227, 10.1146/annurev.ne.12.030189.001303 Twyman, 1992, Neurosteroid regulation of GABAA receptor single-channel kinetic properties of mouse spinal cord neurones in culture, J. Physiol., Lond., 456, 215, 10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019334 Twyman, 1990, Intraburst kinetic properties of the GABAA receptor main conductance, J. Physiol., Lond., 423, 193, 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp018018 Unseld, 1990, Occurrence of “natural” diazepam in human brain, Biochem. Pharmac., 39, 210, 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90668-B Unwin, 1989, The structure of ion channels in membranes of excitable cells, Neuron, 3, 665, 10.1016/0896-6273(89)90235-3 Urbanics, 1978, Time course of changes of extracellular H+ and K+ activities during and after direct electrical stimulation of the brain cortex, Pflügers Arch., 378, 47, 10.1007/BF00581957 Verdoorn, 1990, Funtional properties of recombinant rat GABAA receptors depend upon subunit composition, Neuron, 4, 919, 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90145-6 Verkman, 1989, Synthesis and characterization of improved chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicators for biological applications, Anal. Biochem., 178, 355, 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90652-0 Vicini, 1988, Chloride channel modulation through the benzodiazepine recognition site, Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmac., 45, 87 Voipio, 1992, Interstitial CO2 and pH transients in rat hippocampal slices measured by means of a novel CO2/H+-sensitive microelectrode based on a PVC-gelled membrane, Pflügers Arch., 423, 193, 10.1007/BF00374394 Voipio, 1991, Effect of γ-aminobutyric acid on intracellular pH in the crayfish stretch-receptor neurone, J. exp. Biol., 156, 349, 10.1242/jeb.156.1.349 von Blankenfeld, 1991, Glutamate and GABA receptors in vertebrate glial cells, Molec. Neurobiol., 5, 31, 10.1007/BF02935611 von Blankenfeld, 1990, Differential benzodiazepine pharmacology of mammalian recombinant GABAA receptors, Neurosci. Lett., 115, 269, 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90467-N Walker, 1989, Commentary on the evolution of transmitters, receptors and ion channels in invertebrates, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 93A, 25, 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90188-6 Weiss, 1988, Membrane potential modulates the activation of GABA-gated channels, J. Neurophysiol., 59, 514, 10.1152/jn.1988.59.2.514 Weiss, 1989, Gating scheme for single GABA-activated Cl− channels determined from stability plots, dwell-time distributions and adjacent-interval durations, J. Neurosci., 9, 1314, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-04-01314.1989 Weiss, 1988, Whole-cell and single-channel recordings of GABA-gated currents in cultured chick cerebral neurons, J. Neurophysiol., 59, 495, 10.1152/jn.1988.59.2.495 Westbrook, 1987, Micromolar concentrations of Zn2+ antagonize NMDA and GABA responses of hippocampal neurons, Nature, 328, 640, 10.1038/328640a0 Wieland, 1992, A single histidine in GABAA receptors is essential for benzodiazepine agonist binding, J. biol. Chem., 267, 1426, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45961-3 Wiersma, 1961, Inhibitory neurons: A survey of the history of their discovery and of their occurrence, 1 Wietasch, 1991, Carbonic acid buffer species measured in real time with an intracellular microelectrode array, Am. J. Physiol., 261, R760 Wigström, 1983, Facilitated induction of hippocampal long-lasting potentiation during blockade of inhibition, Nature, 270, 356 Williams, 1989, Identification of a GABA-activated chloride-mediated synaptic potential in rat pars intermedia, Brain Res., 483, 130, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90043-7 Wisden, 1992, GABAA receptor channels: From subunits to functional entities, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 2, 263, 10.1016/0959-4388(92)90113-Y Wisden, 1988, Distinct GABAA receptor α subunit mRNAs show differential patterns of expression in bovine brain, Neuron, 1, 937, 10.1016/0896-6273(88)90151-1 Wojtowicz, 1982, Selective action of piretanide on primary afferent GABA responses in the frog spinal cord, Brain Res., 236, 173, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90043-9 Wong, 1982, Cellular factors influencing GABA response in hippocampal pyramidal cells, J. Neurophysiol., 48, 938, 10.1152/jn.1982.48.4.938 Woodward, 1992, Characterization of bicuculline/baclofen-insensitive γ-aminobutyric acid receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. I. Effects of Cl− channel inhibitors, Molec. Pharmac., 42, 165 Wright, 1984, Zinc: Effect and interaction with other cations in the cortex of the rat, Brain Res., 311, 343, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90097-0 Wright, 1977, Anion selectivity in biological systems, Physiol. Rev., 57, 109, 10.1152/physrev.1977.57.1.109 Wu, 1992, Early development of glycine- and GABA-mediated synapses in rat spinal cord, J. Neurosci., 12, 3935, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-10-03935.1992 Wuttke, 1990, Sodium- and bicarbonate-independent regulation of intracellular pH in cultured mouse astrocytes, Neurosci. Lett., 117, 105, 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90127-U Xie, 1991, A physiological role for endogenous zinc in rat hippocampal synaptic neurotransmission, Nature, 349, 521, 10.1038/349521a0 Yakushiji, 1989, Effects of benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine compounds on the GABA-induced response in frog isolated sensory neurons, Br. J. Pharmac., 98, 735, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb14600.x Yakushiji, 1989, Augmentation of GABA-induced chloride current in frog sensory neurones by diazepam, Neurosci. Res., 6, 309, 10.1016/0168-0102(89)90023-0 Yasui, 1985, GABA activates different types of chloride-conducting receptor-ionophore complexes in a dose-dependent manner, Brain Res., 344, 176, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)91206-5 Yuste, 1991, Control of postsynaptic Ca2+ influx in developing neocortex by excitatory and inhibitory neuro-transmitters, Neuron, 6, 333, 10.1016/0896-6273(91)90243-S Zaman, 1992, Unusual effects of benzodiazepines and cyclodiene insecticides on an expressed invertebrate GABAA receptor, FEBS Lett., 307, 351, 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80711-O Zufall, 1988, Acetylcholine activates a chloride channel as well as glutamate and GABA, J. comp. Physiol. A, 163, 609, 10.1007/BF00603845