The Southwest Australian Floristic Region: Evolution and Conservation of a Global Hot Spot of Biodiversity
Tóm tắt
▪ Abstract Like South Africa's Greater Cape Floristic Region, the Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR) is species rich, with a Mediterranean climate and old, weathered, nutrient-deficient landscapes. This region has 7380 native vascular plants (species/subspecies): one third described since 1970, 49% endemic, and 2500 of conservation concern. Origins are complex. Molecular phylogenies suggest multiple dispersal events into, out of, and within the SWAFR throughout the Cretaceous and Cenozoic; in many phylogenetically unrelated clades; and from many directions. Either explosive speciation or steady cladogenesis occurred among some woody sclerophyll and herbaceous families from the mid-Tertiary in response to progressive aridity. Genomic coalescence was sometimes involved. Rainforest taxa went extinct by the Pleistocene. Old lineages nevertheless persist as one endemic order (Dasypogonales) and 6–11 endemic families. Such a rich flora on old landscapes that have been exposed to European land-use practices is highly threatened. Conservation programs must minimize soil removal and use local germplasm in restoration programs.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbott I, Burrows N, eds. 2003.Fire in Ecosystems of South-west Western Australia: Impacts and Management. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers
Beard JS. 1970.A Descriptive Catalogue of West Australian Plants. Sydney: Society for Growing Australian Plants. 2nd ed.
Beard JS. 1990.Plant Life of Western Australia. Sydney: Kangaroo Press
Bradford JC, 2001, Syst. Bot., 26, 354
Brandon RN. 1990.Adaptation and Environment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
Brown EM, Burbidge AH, Dell J, Edinger D, Hopper SD, Wills RT. 1997.Pollination in Western Australia: A Database of Animals Visiting Flowers. Handb. 15. Perth: West. Aust. Nat. Club
Brown AP, Thomson-Dans C, Marchant N, eds. 1998.Western Australia's Threatened Flora. Perth: Dept. Conservation & Land Management
Coates DJ, James SH. 1996. Chromosome repatterning, population genetic structure and local speciation in southwestern Australian triggerplants (Stylidium). SeeHopper et al. 1996a, pp.276–86
Cochrane A, 2004, Ex Situ Plant Conservation Supporting Species Survival in the Wild, 40
Cowling RM, 2004, Oikos.
Crisp MD, 1999, Flora of Australia, 1, 321
Dallman PR. 1998.Plant Life in the World's Mediterranean Climates. Berkeley: Calif. Native Plant Soc., Univ. Calif. Press
Diels L, 1906, The Vegetation of the World. VII
Doyle JJ, 2000, Advances in Legume Systematics 9, 1
Frakes LA. 1999. Evolution of Australian environments.Flora of Australia1:163–203. 2nd ed.
Hobbs RJ, ed. 1992.Biodiversity of Mediterranean Ecosystems in Australia. Chipping Norton, NSW: Surrey Beatty & Sons
Hooker JD. 1860.The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H. M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839–1843. Part III. Flora Tasmaniae. Vol. I. Dicotyledones. London: Lovell Reeve. 359pp.
Hopkins AJM, Griffin EA. 1984. Floristic patterns. SeePate & Beard 1984, pp.69–83
Hopkins AJM, 1983, Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust., 12, 15
Hopper SD. 1992. Patterns of diversity at the population and species levels in south-west Australian Mediterranean ecosystems. SeeHobbs 1992, pp.27–46
Hopper SD, 1994, Nature Conservation 4: The Role of Networks, 51
Hopper SD, 1994, Conservation Biology in Australia and Oceania, 269
Hopper SD, 1997, Conversation Biology for the Coming Decade, 255
Hopper SD. 2004.A Cinderella Flora—botanical discovery and description in the south-west Australian Global Biodiversity Hotspot. Nedlands: Univ. West. Aust. Press. In press
Hopper SD, 1986, The Dynamic Partnership: Birds and Plants in Southern Australia, 20
Hopper SD, van Leeuwen S, Brown AP, Patrick SJ. 1990.Western Australia's Endangered Flora. Perth: Department of Conservation and Land Management
Hopper SD, 1997, Granite Outcrops Symposium, 80, 141
Hopper SD, Chappill JA, Harvey MS, George AS, eds. 1996a.Gondwanan Heritage: Past, Present and Future of the Western Australian Biota. Chipping Norton, NSW: Surrey Beatty & Sons
Hopper SD, Harvey MS, Chappill JA, Main AR, Main BY. 1996b. The Western Australian biota as Gondwanan Heritage—a review. SeeHopper et al. 1996a, pp.1–46
Itzstein-Davey F. 2003.Changes in the abundance and diversity of the Proteaceae over the Cainozoic in south-western Australia. PhD thesis. Univ. West. Aust., Nedlands
Keighery GJ, 1982, Pollination and Evolution, 77
Kelchner SA. 2003.Phylogenetic structure, biogeography, and evolution of Myoporaceae. PhD thesis. The Australian National Univ., Canberra. 222pp.
Lamont BB, Hopkins AJM, Hnatiuk RJ. 1984. The flora—composition, diversity and origins. SeePate & Beard 1984, pp.27–50
Marchant N. 1991. The vascular flora of south western Australia.Proc. ASGAP Bienn. Conf., 16th, Perth, pp.16–18 Perth: Assoc. Soc. Grow. Aust. Plants
Mast A. 2000.Molecular systematics of the Subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra: Proteaceae), with insights into the historical biogeography of Australia and the origin of xeromorphic leaf traits. PhD thesis. Univ. Wisconsin, Madison
McLouglin S, Hill RS. 1996. The succession of Western Australian Phanerozoic floras. SeeHopper et al. 1996a, pp.61–80
McLoughlin S, McNamara K. 2001.Ancient Floras of Western Australia. Perth: West. Aust. Mus.
Ornduff R. 1996. A Californian's commentary on plant life in Mediterranean climates. SeeHopper et al. 1986a, pp.81–89
Paczkowska G, Chapman AR. 2000.The Western Australian Flora: A Descriptive Catalogue. Perth: Wildflower Soc. West. Aust., West. Aust. Herbarium CALM, Bot. Gard. Parks Auth.
Pate JS, Beard JS, eds. 1984.Kwongan—Plant Life of the Sandplain. Nedlands: Univ. West. Aust. Press
Pate JS, 1993, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function, 293
Pate JS, McComb AJ, eds. 1981.The Biology of Australian Plants. Perth: Univ. West. Aust. Press
Pate JS, Weber G, Dixon KW. 1984. Growth and life form of kwongan species. SeePate & Beard 1984, pp.84–100
Playford PE, 1999, Geol. Surv. Western Australia Extended Abstr., 6, 15
Shan F, 2004, Ann. Bot.
Thompson IR, 2001, Syst. Bot., 26, 557
Williams GC, 1966, A Critique of some Current Evolutionary Thought