Things learned in early adulthood are remembered best
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anderson, J. R. (1990).The adaptive character of thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Anderson, J. R., &Schooler, L. J. (1991). Reflections of the environment in memory.Psychological Science,2, 396–408.
Atkinson, R. C., &Shiffrin, R. M., (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K.W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds.),The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 90–195), New York: Academic Press.
Bahrick, H. P. (1979). Maintenance of knowledge: Questions about memory we forgot to ask.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,108, 296–308.
Bahrick, H. P. (1984). Semantic memory content in permastore: Fifty years of memory for Spanish learned in school.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,113, 1–27.
Bartlett, F. C. (1932).Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Belli, R. F., Schuman, H., &Jackson, B. (1997). Autobiographical misremembering: John Dean is not alone.Applied Cognitive Psychology,11, 187–209.
Benson, K. A., Jarvi, S. D., Arai, Y., Thielbar, P. R. S., Frye, K. J., &McDonald, B. L. G. (1992). Socio-historical context and autobiographical memories: Variations in the reminiscence phenomenon. In M. A. Conway, D. C. Rubin, H. Spinnler, & W. A. Wagenaar (Eds.),Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory (pp. 313–322). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Bjork, R. A., &Bjork, E. L. (1992). A new theory of disuse and an old theory of stimulus fluctuation. In A. Healy, S. Kosslyn, & R. Shiffrin (Eds.),From learning processes to cognitive processes: Essays in honor of William K. Estes (Vol. 2, pp. 35–67). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and metaanalysis of research, 1968–1987.Psychological Bulletin,106, 265–289.
Botwinick, J., &Storandt, M. (1974).Memory, related functions and age. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Botwinick, J., &Storandt, M. (1980). Recall and recognition of old information in relation to age and sex.Journal of Gerontology,35, 70–76.
Braun, K., & Rubin, D. C. (in press). The spacing effect depends on an encoding deficit, retrieval, and time in working memory: Evidence from once presented words.Memory.
Bruce, D. (1985). The how and why of ecological memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,114, 80–92.
Butters, N., &Cermak, L. S. (1986). A case study of forgetting of autobiographical knowledge: Implications for the study of retrograde amnesia. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.),Autobiographical memory (pp. 253–272). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory.Psychology & Aging,7, 331–338.
Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence of a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity.Current Directions in Psychological Science,4, 151–156.
Cerella, J. (1991). Age effects may be global, not local: Comment on Fisk and Rogers (1991).Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,120, 215–223.
Cerella, J., &Hale, S. (1994). The rise and fall in information-processing rates over the life span.Acta Psychologica,86, 109–197.
Cerella, J., Poon, L.W., &Williams, D. M. (1980). Age and the complexity hypothesis. In L. W. Poon (Ed.),Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 332–340). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Cohen, G., Conway, M. A., &Maylor, E. A. (1994). Flashbulb memories in older adults.Psychology & Aging,9, 454–463.
Cohen, G., &Faulkner, D. (1988). Life span changes in autobiographical memory. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.),Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues. Vol. 1. Memory in everyday life (pp. 277–282). New York: Wiley.
Conway, M. A. (1990).Autobiographical memory: An introduction. Milton Keynes, U.K.: Open University Press.
Conway, M. A. (1997). The inventory of experience: Memory and identity. In D. Jodelet, J. Pennebaker, & D. Paez (Eds.),Political events and collective memories (pp. 21–46). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Conway, M. A., &Rubin, D. C. (1993). The structure of autobiographical memory. In A. E. Collins, S. E. Gathercole, M. A. Conway, & P. E. Morris (Eds.),Theories of memory (pp. 103–137). Hove, U.K.: Erlbaum.
Conway, M. A., Rubin, D. C., Spinnler, H., &Wagenaar, W. A. (Eds.) (1992).Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory (pp. 495–499). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Craik, F. I. M., &Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research.Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior,11, 671–684.
Crovitz, H. F., &Schiffman, H. (1974). Frequency of episodic memories as a function of their age.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,4, 517–518.
Dempster, F. N., (1988). The spacing effect: A case study in the failure to apply the results of the psychological research.American Psychologist,43, 627–634.
Erickson, E. H. (1950).Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Fitzgerald, J. M. (1988). Vivid memories and the reminiscence phenomenon: The role of a self narrative.Human Development,31, 261–273.
Fitzgerald, J. M. (1996). Intersecting meanings of reminiscence in adult development and aging. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.),Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 360–383). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Fitzgerald, J. M., &Lawrence, R. (1984). Autobiographical memory across the life-span.Journal of Gerontology,39, 692–699.
Flanagan, O. J. (1992).Consciousness reconsidered. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Franklin, H. C., &Holding, D. H. (1977). Personal memories at different ages.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,29, 527–532.
Fredrickson, B. F., &Carstensen, L. L. (1990). Choosing social partners: How old age and anticipated endings make people more selective.Psychology & Aging,5, 335–347.
Fromholt, P., Larsen, P. &Larsen, S. F. (1995). Effects of late-onset depression and recovery on autobiographical memory.Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences,50, 74–81.
Fromholt, P., &Larsen, S. F. (1991). Autobiographical memory in normal aging and primary degenerative dementia (dementia of the Alzheimer type).Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences,46, 85–91.
Fromholt, P., &Larsen, S. F. (1992). Autobiographical memory and life-history narratives in aging and dementia (Alzheimer type). In M. A. Conway, D. C. Rubin, H. Spinnler, & W. A. Wagenaar (Eds.),Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory (pp. 413–426). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Gardiner, J. M., Craik, F. I. M., &Birtwistle, J. (1972). Retrieval cues and release from proactive inhibition.Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior,11, 778–783.
Gergen, K. J., &Gergen, M. M. (1983). Narratives of the self. In T. R. Sarbin & K. E. Scheibe (Eds.),Studies in social identity (pp. 254–273). New York: Praeger.
Hale, S., &Myerson, J. (1995). Fifty years older, fifty percent slower? Meta-analytic regression models and semantic context effects.Aging & Cognition,2, 132–145.
Henderson, G., Tomlinson, B. E., &Gibson, P. H. (1980). Cell counts in human cerebral cortex in normal adults throughout life using an image analysing computer.Journal of the Neurological Sciences,46, 113–136.
Holbrook, M. B. (1993). Nostalgia and consumption preferences: Some emerging patterns of consumer tastes.Journal of Consumer Research,20, 245–256.
Holbrook, M. B., &Schindler, R. M. (1989). Some exploratory findings on the development of musical tastes.Journal of Consumer Research,16, 119–124.
Howes, J. L., &Katz, A. N. (1988). Assessing remote memory with an improved public events questionnaire.Psychology & Aging,3, 142–150.
Howes, J. L., &Katz, A. N. (1992). Remote memory: Recalling autobiographical and public events from across the lifespan.Canadian Journal of Psychology,46, 92–116.
Hunt, R. R., &Einstein, G. O. (1981). Relational and item-specific information in memory.Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior,20, 497–514.
Hunt, R. R., &McDaniel, M. A. (1993). The enigma of organization and distinctiveness.Journal of Memory & Language,32, 421–445.
Hunt, R. R., &Smith, R. E. (1996). Accessing the particular from the general: The power of distinctiveness in the context of organization.Memory & Cognition,24, 217–225.
Hyland, D. T., &Ackerman, A. M. (1988). Reminiscence and autobiographical memory in the study of the personal past.Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences,43, 35–39.
Jansari, A., &Parkin, A. J. (1996). Things that go bump in your life: Explaining the reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory.Psychology & Aging,11, 85–91.
Jernigan, T. L., Press, G. A., &Hesselink, J. R. (1990). Methods for measuring brain morphologic features on MRI: Validation and normal aging.Archives of Neurology,47, 27–32.
Kimble, G. A. (1996).Psychology: The hope of a science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kintsch, W., &van Dijk, T. A. (1978). Toward a model of text comprehension.Psychological Review,85, 363–394.
Komura, H., Miyake, A., Chen, C., Tanizawa, O., &Yoshikawa, H. (1992). Relationship of age at menarche and subsequent fertility.European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology & Reproductive Biology,44, 201–203.
Landauer, T. K., &Bjork, R. A. (1978). Optimum rehearsal pattern and name learning. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.)Practical aspects of memory: International Conference on Practical Aspects of Memory (pp. 625–632). New York: Academic Press.
Larsen, S. F. (in press). Memorable books: Recall of reading and its personal context. In M. S. MacNealy & R. Kreuz (Eds.),Empirical approaches to literature and aesthetics (Advances in Discourse Processes, Vol. 52). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Longmore, F. J., Knight, R. G., &Longmore, B. E. (1990). A test of remote memory for use with New Zealand subjects.New Zealand Journal of Psychology,19, 17–23.
Mackavey, W. R., Malley, J. E., &Stewart, A. J. (1991). Remembering autobiographically consequential experiences: Content analysis of psychologists’ accounts of their lives.Psychology & Aging,6, 50–59.
Mannheim, K. (1952). The problem of generations. In K. Mannheim,Essays on the sociology of knowledge (pp. 276–322). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Original work published 1928)
Marslen-Wilson, W. D., &Teuber, H. (1975). Memory for remote events in anterograde amnesia: Recognition of public figures from news photographs.Neuropsychologia,13, 353–364.
Mergler, N. L., &Goldstein, M. D. (1983). Why are there old people: Senescence as biological and cultural preparedness for the transmission of information.Human Development,26, 72–90.
Meudell, P. R., Northen, B., Snowden, J. S., &Neary, D. (1980). Long term memory for famous voices in amnesic and normal subjects.Neuropsychologia,18, 133–139.
Moreland, R. L., &Zajonc, R. B. (1979). Exposure effects may not depend on stimulus recognition.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,37, 1085–1089.
Noble, C. E., Baker, B. L., &Jones, T. A. (1964). Age and sex parameters in psychomotor learning.Perceptual & Motor Skills,19, 935–945.
Rabbitt, P., &Winthorpe, C. (1988). What do old people remember? The Galton paradigm reconsidered. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R.N. Sykes (Eds.),Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues. Vol. 1. Memory in everyday life (pp. 301–307). New York: Wiley.
Rasch, G. (1960).Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests. Copenhagen: Nielsen & Lydiche.
Ribot, T. (1882).Diseases of memory: An essay in the positive psychology (W. H. Smith, Trans.). New York: Appleton.
Ribot, T. (1906).Essay on the creative imagination. (A. H. N. Baron, Trans.). Chicago: Open Court Publishing.
Robinson, J. A. (1992). First experience memories: Contexts and function in personal histories. In M. A. Conway, D. C. Rubin, H. Spinnler, & W. A. Wagenaar (Eds.),Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory (pp. 223–239). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Robinson, J. A. (1996). Perspective, meaning, and remembering. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.),Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 199–217). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rubin, D. C. (1982). On the retention function for autobiographical memory.Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior,21, 21–38.
Rubin, D. C. (1983). Associative asymmetry, availability, and retrieval.Memory & Cognition,11, 83–92.
Rubin, D. C. (Ed.) (1986).Autobiographical memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rubin, D. C. (1989). Issues of regularity and control: Confessions of a regularity freak. In L. W. Poon, D. C. Rubin, & B. A. Wilson (Eds.),Everyday cognition in adult and later life (pp. 84–103). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rubin, D. C. (1995).Memory in oral traditions: The cognitive psychology of epic, ballads, and counting-out rhymes. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rubin, D. C. (Ed.) (1996).Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rubin, D. C., &Schulkind, M. D. (1997a). The distribution of autobiographical memories across the lifespan.Memory & Cognition,25, 859–866.
Rubin, D. C., &Schulkind, M. D. (1997b). The distribution of important and word-cued autobiographical memories in 20-, 35-, and 70-year-old adults.Psychology & Aging,12, 524–535.
Rubin, D. C., &Wenzel, A. E. (1996). One hundred years of forgetting: A quantitative description of retention.Psychological Review,103, 734–760.
Rubin, D. C., Wetzler, S. E., &Nebes, R. D. (1986). Autobiographical memory across the adult lifespan. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.),Autobiographical memory (pp. 202–221). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Salthouse, T. A. (1991). Mediation of adult age differences in cognition by reductions in working memory and speed of processing.Psychological Science,2, 179–183.
Salthouse, T. A. (1994a). Aging associations: Influence of speed on adult age differences in associative learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory, & Cognition,20, 1486–1503.
Salthouse, T. A. (1994b). The nature of the influence of speed on adult age differences in cognition.Developmental Psychology,30, 240–259.
Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition.Psychological Review,103, 403–428.
Schuman, H., Belli, R. F., &Bischoping. (1997). The generational basis of historical knowledge. In J.W. Pennebaker, D. Paez, & B. Rime (Eds.),Collective memories of political events (pp. 47–77). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Schuman, H., &Rieger, C. (1992). Collective memory and collective memories. In M. A. Conway, D. C. Rubin, H. Spinnler, & W. A. Wagenaar (Eds.),Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory (pp. 323–336). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Schuman, H., Rieger, C., &Gaidys, V. (1994). Collective memories in the United States and Lithuania. In N. Schwartz & S. Sudman (Eds.),Autobiographical memory and the validity of retrospective reports (pp. 313–333). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Schuman, H., &Scott, J. (1989). Generations and collective memories.American Sociological Review,54, 359–381.
Sehulster, J. R. (1996). In my era: Evidence for the perception of a special period of the past.Memory,4, 145–158.
Stewart, A. J., &Healy, J. M., Jr. (1989). Linking individual development and social changes.American Psychologist,44, 30–42.
Storandt, M., Grant, E. A., &Gordon, B. C. (1978). Remote memory as a function of age and sex.Experimental Aging Research,4, 365–375.
Terry, R. D., DeTeresa, R., &Hansen, L. A. (1987). Neocortical cell counts in normal human adult aging.Annals of Neurology,21, 530–539.
Tulving, E., &Pearlstone, Z. (1966). Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words.Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior,5, 381–391.
Tulving, E., &Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.Psychological Review,80, 352–373.
Tversky, A., &Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability.Cognitive Psychology,5, 207–232.
Warrington, E. K., &Sanders, H. I. (1971). The fate of old memories.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,23, 432–442.
Wechsler, D. (1987).Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised: Manual. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
Wickens, D. D. (1970). Encoding categories of words: An empirical approach to meaning.Psychological Review,77, 1–15.
Woodcock, R. W., &Johnson, M. B. (1991).Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery—Revised: Tests of cognitive ability. Allen, TX: DLM Teaching Resources.
Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology Monograph Supplements,9(2, Pt. 2), 1–27.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.American Psychologist,35, 151–175.