Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: A literature review

Barrett, 1981 Bartley, 1997, Socio-economic determinants of health: health and the life course: why safety nets matter, BMJ, 314, 1194, 10.1136/bmj.314.7088.1194 Beier, 1998, Do habitat corridors provide connectivity?, Conserv. Biol., 12, 1241, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.98036.x Bengtsson, 2002, Slippin’ and slidin’ between the scales: the scaling components of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relations 1998 Bird, W., 2004. Natural Fit. Can green space and biodiversity increase levels of physical activity? R. Soc. Protect. Birds; s.l. Bixler, 1997, Nature is scary, disgusting and uncomfortable, Environ. Behav., 29, 443, 10.1177/001391659702900401 Bodin, 2003, Does the outdoor environment matter for psychological restoration gained through running?, Psychol. Sports Exercise, 4, 141, 10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00038-3 Bolund, 1999, Ecosystem services in urban areas, Ecol. Econ., 29, 293, 10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00013-0 Booth, 2000, Social-cognitive and perceived environment influences associated with physical activity in older Australians, Prev. Med., 3, 15, 10.1006/pmed.2000.0661 1990 Bratton, 1997, Alternative models of ecosystem health, 170 Brunner, 1997, Socio-economic determinants of health: stress and the biology of inequality, BMJ, 314, 1472, 10.1136/bmj.314.7092.1472 Brussard, 1998, Ecosystem management: what is it really?, Landscape Urban Plann., 40, 9, 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00094-7 Butler, 2006, Linking future ecosystem services and future human well-being, Ecol. Soc., 11, 30, 10.5751/ES-01602-110130 Cairns, 1995, The relationship between ecosystem health and delivery of ecosystem services, 273 Calow, 1992, Can ecosystems be healthy? Critical considerations of concepts, J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health, 1, 1, 10.1007/BF00044403 Collins, 2000, A new urban ecology, Am. Sci., 88, 416, 10.1511/2000.5.416 Costanza, 1992, Towards an operational definition of health, 239 Costanza, 1998, Predictors of ecosystem health, 140 Davey-Smith, 1997, Lifetime socio-economic position and mortality: prospective observational study, BMJ, 314, 547, 10.1136/bmj.314.7080.547 Davey-Smith, 1990, The magnitude and causes of socio-economic differentials in mortality: further evidence from the Whitehall study, J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health, 44, 260 de Groot, 2002, A typology for the classification, description and evaluation of ecosystem functions, goods and services, Ecol. Econ., 41, 393, 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00089-7 de Leo, 1997, The multifaceted aspects of ecosystem integrity, Conserv. Ecol., 1, 3, 10.5751/ES-00022-010103 de Vries, 2003, Natural environments—healthy environments?, Environ. Plann., 35, 1717, 10.1068/a35111 Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions, 2002 Department of Health, 2004. At least five a week: evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health. A Report from the Chief Medical Officer. Department of Health, London. 2001 Diez-Roux, 2002, Invited commentary: places, people and health, Am. J. Epidemiol., 155, 516, 10.1093/aje/155.6.516 Diez-Roux, 1999, Neighbourhood differences in diet: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health, 53, 55, 10.1136/jech.53.1.55 Diez-Roux, 1997, Neighbourhood environments and coronary heart disease: a multilevel analysis, Am. J. Epidemiol., 146, 48, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009191 Dunn, 2000, Social inequality, population health, and housing: a study of two Vancouver neighbourhoods, Soc. Sci. Med., 51, 563, 10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00496-7 EC, 2003. Communication from the Commission to the Council, The European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee: A European Environment and Health Strategy COM (2003) 338 final Brussels, 11.6.2003. Ehrlich, 2002, Human natures, nature conservation, and environmental ethics, BioScience, 52, 31, 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0031:HNNCAE]2.0.CO;2 Faber-Taylor, 2001, Coping with ADD. The surprising connection to green play settings, Environ. Behav., 33, 54, 10.1177/00139160121972864 Flores, 1998, Adopting a modern ecological view of the metropolitan landscape: the case of a green space system for the New York City region, Landscape Urban Plann., 39, 295, 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00084-4 1984 Grimm, 2000, Integrated approaches to long-term studies of urban ecological systems, BioScience, 50, 571, 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0571:IATLTO]2.0.CO;2 1994 Haddad, 2005, Low-quality habitat corridors as movement conduits for two butterfly species, Ecol. Appl., 15, 250, 10.1890/03-5327 Haeuber, 1998, Ecology, the social sciences, and environmental policy, Ecol. Appl., 8, 330, 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0330:ETSSAE]2.0.CO;2 Haila, 1998, Assessing ecosystem health across spatial scales, 81 Hartig, 2003, Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings, J. Environ. Psychol., 23, 109, 10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00109-3 Hartig, 1991, Restorative effects of natural environment experiences, Environ. Behav., 23, 3, 10.1177/0013916591231001 Henwood, 2002 Hobbs, 1992, The role of corridors in conservation: solution or bandwagon?, Trends Ecol. Evol., 7, 389, 10.1016/0169-5347(92)90010-9 Horwitz, 2001, Biodiversity, endemism, sense of place, and public health: Inter-relationships for Australian inland aquatic systems, Ecosyst. Health, 7, 253, 10.1046/j.1526-0992.2001.01044.x Humpel, 2002, Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity, Am. J. Prev. Med., 22, 188, 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00426-3 Humpel, 2004, Associations of location and perceived environmental attributes with walking in neighbourhoods, Am. J. Health Promot., 18, 239, 10.4278/0890-1171-18.3.239 Jongman, 2004 Kaplan, 1989 Kaplan, 1995, The restorative effects of nature: towards an integrative framework, J. Environ. Psychol., 16, 169, 10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2 Karr, J.R., Fausch, K.D., Angermeier, P.L., Yany, P.R., Schlosser, I.J., 1986. Assessment of biological integrity in running water: a method and its rationale. Publication 5. Champaign, Illinois. 1993 Kim, 2004, Physical and psychological factors in sense of community. New Urbanist Kentlands and Nearby Orchard Village, Environ. Behav., 36, 313, 10.1177/0013916503260236 Kinzig, 2001, Urban-suburban ecology, Encyclopaedia Biodivers., 5, 733, 10.1006/rwbd.1999.0340 Korpela, 1989, Place-identity as a product of environmental self-regulation, J. Environ. Psychol., 9, 241, 10.1016/S0272-4944(89)80038-6 Korpela, 1992, Adolescents” favourite places and environmental self-regulation, J. Environ. Psychol., 12, 249, 10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80139-2 Korpela, 2003, Negative mood and adult place preference, Environ. Behav., 35, 331, 10.1177/0013916503035003002 Korpela, 1996, Restorative qualities of favourite places, J. Environ. Psychol., 16, 221, 10.1006/jevp.1996.0018 Korpela, 2001, Restorative experience and self-regulation in favourite places, Environ. Behav., 33, 572, 10.1177/00139160121973133 Korpela, 2006, Perceived health is associated with visiting natural favourite places in the vicinity, Health Place Kuo, 2003, The role of arboriculture in a healthy social ecology, J. Arboric., 29, 148 Kuo, 2001, Coping with poverty: Impacts of environment and attention in the inner city, Environ. Behav., 33, 5, 10.1177/00139160121972846 Kuo, 1998, Transforming inner city landscapes: trees, sense of place and preference, Environ. Behav., 42, 462 Kuo, 2001, Aggression and violence in the inner city. Effects of environment via mental fatigue, Environ. Behav., 33, 543, 10.1177/00139160121973124 Lackey, 1998, Seven pillars of ecosystem management, Landscape Urban Plann., 40, 21, 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00095-9 Levin, 1992, Orchestrating environmental research assessment, Ecol. Appl., 2, 103, 10.2307/1941764 Li, 2005, Comprehensive concept planning of urban greening based on ecological principles: a case study in Beijing, China, Landscape Urban Plann., 72, 325, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.04.002 Loreau, 2002, A new look at the relationship between diversity and stability, 79 Lu, 2003, A model of ecosystem health and its application, Ecol. Modell., 170, 55, 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00300-4 Macintyre, 2002, Place effects on health: how can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them?, Soc. Sci. Med., 55, 125, 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00214-3 Macintyre, 1993, Area, class and health: should we be focussing on places or people?, J. Soc. Policy, 99, 353 Mageau, 1995, The development and initial testing of a quantitative assessment of ecosystem health, Ecosyst. Health, 1, 201 Massa, I., 1991. Suunnistus ympäristösosiologiaan, in: Massa, I., Sairinen, R. (Eds.), Ympäristökysymys: ympäristöuhkien haaste aste yhteiskunnalle. Gaudeamus, Helsinki, pp. 66–92 (in Finnish). Mayer, 2004, The connectedness to nature scale: a measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature, J. Environ. Psychol., 24, 503, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001 Millennium Assessment, 2003 Moss, 2000, Interdisciplinarity, landscape ecology and the ‘transformation of agricultural landscape’, Landscape Ecol., 15, 303, 10.1023/A:1008144402408 Naeem, 1996, Biodiversity and plant productivity in a model assemblage of plant species, Oikos, 76, 259, 10.2307/3546198 Newell, 1997, A cross-cultural examination of favourite places, Environ. Behav., 29, 495, 10.1177/001391659702900403 Noss, 1993, Wildlife corridors, 43 O’Campo, 2003, Invited Commentary: advancing theory and methods for multilevel studies of residential neighbourhoods and health, Am. J. Epidemiol., 157, 9, 10.1093/aje/kwf171 Odum, 1985, Trends expected in stressed ecosystems, BioScience, 29, 349, 10.2307/1307690 Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2004. The English Indices of Deprivation 2004 (revised). Neighbourhood Renewal Unit, London. Opdam, 2006, Ecological networks: a spatial concept for multi actor planning of sustainable landscape, Landscape Urban Plann., 75, 322, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.015 Paton, 2005, Settings, systems and organisation development: the Healthy Living and Working Model, Health Promot. Int., 1 Patz, 2004, Land use change and human health, Ecosyst. Land Use Change, 153, 159, 10.1029/153GM13 Payne, 1998, Local parks and the health of older adults: results from an exploratory study, Parks Recreat., 33, 64 Pickett, 1997, A conceptual framework for the study of human ecosystems in urban areas, Urban Ecosyst., 1, 185, 10.1023/A:1018531712889 Pickett, 2001, Urban ecological systems: Linking terrestrial ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 32, 127, 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114012 Pikora, 2003, Developing a framework for assessment of the environmental determinants of walking and cycling, Soc. Sci. Med., 56, 1693, 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00163-6 Pretty, J., Griffin, M, Sellens, M., Pretty, C., 2003. Green exercise: complementary roles of nature, exercise, diet in physical and emotional well-being and implications for public health policy. CES Occasional Paper 2003-1. University of Essex (www2.essex.ac.uk/ces). Rapport, 1989, What constitutes ecosystem health?, Perspect. Biol. Med., 33, 120, 10.1353/pbm.1990.0004 Rapport, 1995, Ecosystem health: more than metaphor?, Environ. Values, 4, 287, 10.3197/096327195776679439 Rapport, 1998, Assessing ecosystem health, Trends Ecol. Evol., 13, 397, 10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01449-9 Rapport, 1992, What is clinical ecology?, 144 Rioux, 2005, The well-being of ageing people living in their own homes, J. Environ. Psychol., 25, 231, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.05.001 Ross, 2000, Walking, exercising and smoking: Does neighbourhood matter?, Soc. Sci. Med., 51, 265, 10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00451-7 Rudlin, 1999 Sallis, 1999, vol. 3 Sandström, 2002, Green Infrastructure planning in urban Sweden, Plann. Pract. Res., 17, 373, 10.1080/02697450216356 Schrijnen, 2000, Infrastructure networks and red-green patterns in city regions, Landscape Urban Plann., 48, 191, 10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00042-6 Simberloff, 1995, Movement corridors: conservation bargains or poor investments?, 58 St Leger, 2003, Health and nature—new challenges for health promotion, Health Promot. Int., 18, 173, 10.1093/heapro/dag012 Stokols, 2003, Increasing the health promotive capacity of human environments, Am. J. Health Promot., 18, 4, 10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.4 Suter, G.W., I. 1993. A critique of ecosystem health concepts and indexes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12; 1533–1539. Takano, 2002, Urban residential environments and senior citizens’ longevity in mega-city areas: the importance of walk-able green space, J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health, 56, 913, 10.1136/jech.56.12.913 Tanaka, 1996, Health levels influenced by urban residential conditions in a megacity – Tokyo, Urban Studies, 33, 879, 10.1080/00420989650011645 Tilman, 1997, Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, 93 Troyer, 2002, A spatial approach for integrating and analysing indicators of ecological and human condition, Ecol. Indicators, 2, 211, 10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00044-4 Turner, 2005, Plant communities of selected urbanised areas of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Landscape Urban Plann., 71, 191, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.03.003 Turner, 1996 Ulrich, 1984, View through a window may influence recovery from surgery, Science, 224, 420, 10.1126/science.6143402 Ulrich, 1993, Biophilia—Biophobia and natural landscapes Ulrich, 1991, Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments, J. Environ. Psychol., 11, 201, 10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7 United Nations, 2001. World Urbanisation Prospects: The 1999 Revision. New York, [online]. Urban Observatory and Statistics Unit. Available at: http://www.unhabitat.org/habrdd/conditions/world.htm (accessed 3.10.05). van der Ryn, 1996 van Kamp, 2003, Urban environmental quality and human well-being: Towards a conceptual framework and demarcation of concepts; a literature review., Landscape Urban Plann., 65, 5, 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00232-3 Walmsley, 2006, Greenways: multiplying and diversifying in the 21st century, Landscape Urban Plann., 76, 252, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.036 Wells, 2000, At home with nature. Effects of “greenness” on children's cognitive functioning, Environ. Behav., 32, 775, 10.1177/00139160021972793 Westphal, 2003, Social aspects of urban forestry; urban greening and social benefits: a study of empowerment outcomes, J. Arboric, 29, 137 Whitford, 2001, City form and natural processes: indicators for the ecological performance of urban areas and their application to Merseyside, UK, Landscape Urban Plann., 20, 91, 10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00192-X WHO, 1948. Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. WHO, 1998. City Health Profiles: A review of progress. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; s.l. Wicklum, 1995, Ecosystem health and integrity?, Can. J. Botany, 73, 997, 10.1139/b95-108 Wilson, 2001, Nature matters, Am. J. Prev. Med., 20, 241, 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00318-4 Yli-Pelkonen, V., Kohl, J., 2005. The role of local ecological knowledge in sustainable urban planning: perspectives from Finland. Sustainability: Sci. Pract. Policy 1 (1). http://ejournal.nbii.org/archives/vol1iss1/0410-007.yli-pelkonen.html (online). Yli-Pelkonen, 2005, Linking ecological and social systems in cities: urban planning in Finland as a case, Biodivers. Conserv., 14, 1947, 10.1007/s10531-004-2124-7 Zielhuis, 2001, Social epidemiology? No way, Int. J. Epidemiol., 30, 43, 10.1093/ije/30.1.43 Zielinski-Gutierrez, 2006, A model for defining West Nile Virus risk perception based on ecology and proximity, EcoHealth, 3, 28, 10.1007/s10393-005-0001-9 Zipperer, 2000, The application of ecological principles to urban and urbanizing landscapes, Ecol. Appl., 10, 685, 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0685:TAOEPT]2.0.CO;2