Pembrolizumab’s non-cross resistance mechanism of action successfully overthrown ipilimumab

Ascierto, 2015, The year of anti-PD-1/PD-L1s against melanoma and beyond, EBiomedicine, 2, 92, 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.01.011 Biedler, 1970, Cellular resistance to actinomycin D in Chinese hamster cells in vitro: cross-resistance, radioautographic, and cytogenetic studies, Cancer Res., 30, 1174 Chapman, 2011, Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation, New Engl. J. Med., 364, 2507, 10.1056/NEJMoa1103782 Cooper, 2014, Response to BRAF inhibition in melanoma is enhanced when combined with immune checkpoint blockade, Cancer Immunol. Res., 7, 643, 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-13-0215 Fanoni, 2011, New monoclonal antibodies against B-cell antigens: possible new strategies for diagnosis of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas, Immunol. Lett., 134, 157, 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.09.022 Fife, 2008, Control of peripheral T-cell tolerance and autoimmunity via the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways, Immunol. Rev., 224, 166, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00662.x Grossman, 2001, Drug resistance in melanoma: mechanisms, apoptosis, and new potential therapeutic targets, Cancer Metastasis Rev., 20, 3, 10.1023/A:1013123532723 Hamid, 2013, Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (Anti–PD-1) in melanoma, N. Engl. J. Med., 369, 134, 10.1056/NEJMoa1305133 Hauschild, 2012, Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 380, 358, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60868-X Krummel, 1995, CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation, J. Exp. Med., 182, 2459, 10.1084/jem.182.2.459 Luke, 2015, PD-1 pathway inhibitors: the next generation of immunotherapy for advanced melanoma, Oncotarget, 6, 3479, 10.18632/oncotarget.2980 Parry, 2005, CTLA-4 and PD-1 receptors inhibit T-cell activation by distinct mechanisms, Mol. Cell. Biol., 25, 9543, 10.1128/MCB.25.21.9543-9553.2005 Peggs, 2008, Cell intrinsic mechanisms of T-cell inhibition and application to cancer therapy, Immunol. Rev., 224, 141, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00649.x 2016 Reslan, 2009, Understanding and circumventing resistance to anticancer monoclonal antibodies, MAbs, 1, 222, 10.4161/mabs.1.3.8292 Riordan, 1985, Genetic and biochemical characterization of multidrug resistance, Pharmacol. Ther., 28, 51, 10.1016/0163-7258(85)90082-8 Robert, 2015, Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma, N. Engl. J. Med., 372, 2521, 10.1056/NEJMoa1503093 Spagnolo, 2015, BRAF-mutant melanoma: treatment approaches, resistance mechanisms, and diagnostic strategies, OncoTargets Ther., 8, 157, 10.2147/OTT.S39096 Terme, 2011, IL-18 induces PD-1-dependent immunosuppression in cancer, Cancer Res., 71, 5393, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0993 Velu, 2009, Enhancing SIV-specific immunity in vivo by PD-1 blockade, Nature, 458, 206, 10.1038/nature07662 Walunas, 1994, CTLA-4 can function as a negative regulator of T cell activation, Immunity, 1, 405, 10.1016/1074-7613(94)90071-X Weber, 2011, Pharmacodynamic and predictive markers of ipilimumab on melanoma patients’ T-cells Zou, 2008, Inhibitory B7-family molecules in the tumour microenvironment, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 8, 467, 10.1038/nri2326