Diffusion of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids through the blood–brain barrier: An in situ cerebral perfusion study

Alessandri, 2004, Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the central nervous system: evolution of concepts and nutritional implications throughout life, Reprod. Nutr. Dev., 44, 509, 10.1051/rnd:2004063 Bazinet, 2005, Chronic valproate does not alter the kinetics of docosahexaenoic acid within brain phospholipids of the unanesthetized rat, Psychopharmacology, 182, 180, 10.1007/s00213-005-0059-7 Bernoud, 1999, Preferential transfer of 2-docosahexaenoyl-1-lysophosphatidylcholine through an in vitro blood–brain barrier over unesterified docosahexaenoic acid, J. Neurochem., 72, 338, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0720338.x Bonate, 1995, Animal models for studying transport across the blood–brain barrier, J. Neurosci. Methods, 56, 1, 10.1016/0165-0270(94)00081-Q Bonen, 2007, Is membrane transport of FFA mediated by lipid, protein, or both? Mechanisms and regulation of protein-mediated cellular fatty acid uptake: molecular, biochemical, and physiological evidence, Physiology, 22, 15, 10.1152/physiologyonline.2007.22.1.15 Bourasset, 2003, Evidence for an active transport of morphine-6-beta-d-glucuronide but not P-glycoprotein-mediated at the blood–brain barrier, J. Neurochem., 86, 1564, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01990.x Bourre, 2006, Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 2: macronutrients, J. Nutr. Health Aging, 10, 386 Bousquet, 2008, Beneficial effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on toxin-induced neuronal degeneration in an animal model of Parkinson's disease, FASEB J., 22, 1213, 10.1096/fj.07-9677com Calon, 2007, Neuroprotective action of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids against neurodegenerative diseases: evidence from animal studies, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 77, 287, 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.019 Calon, 2005, Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid depletion activates caspases and decreases NMDA receptors in the brain of a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, Eur. J. Neurosci., 22, 617, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04253.x Calon, 2004, Docosahexaenoic acid protects from dendritic pathology in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model, Neuron, 43, 633, 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.013 Cecchelli, 2007, Modelling of the blood–brain barrier in drug discovery and development, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 6, 650, 10.1038/nrd2368 Chen, 2009, Rapid beta-oxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid in mouse brain: an in situ study, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 80, 157, 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.01.005 Chen, 2008, The low density lipoprotein receptor is not necessary for maintaining mouse brain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations, J. Lipid Res., 49, 147, 10.1194/jlr.M700386-JLR200 Cistola, 1988, Ionization and phase behavior of fatty acids in water: application of the Gibbs phase rule, Biochemistry, 27, 1881, 10.1021/bi00406a013 Contreras, 2000, Nutritional deprivation of alpha-linolenic acid decreases but does not abolish turnover and availability of unacylated docosahexaenoic acid and docosahexaenoyl-CoA in rat brain, J. Neurochem., 75, 2392, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0752392.x Dagenais, 2000, Development of an in situ mouse brain perfusion model and its application to mdr1a P-glycoprotein-deficient mice, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 20, 381, 10.1097/00004647-200002000-00020 Demant, 2002, Stopped-flow kinetic analysis of long-chain fatty acid dissociation from bovine serum albumin, Biochem. J., 363, 809, 10.1042/0264-6021:3630809 Edmond, 2001, Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and the barrier to the brain: the components of a model for transport, J. Mol. Neurosci., 16, 181, 10.1385/JMN:16:2-3:181 Fedorova, 2006, Omega-3 fatty acids and rodent behavior, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 75, 271, 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.07.006 Fenerty, 1989, Brain uptake of l-tryptophan and diazepam: the role of plasma protein binding, J. Neurochem., 53, 416, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07350.x Folch, 1957, A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues, J. Biol. Chem., 226, 497, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64849-5 Hamilton, 2007, A model for fatty acid transport into the brain, J. Mol. Neurosci., 33, 12, 10.1007/s12031-007-0050-3 Hawkins, 2008, Pathophysiology of the blood–brain barrier: animal models and methods, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol., 80, 277, 10.1016/S0070-2153(07)80007-X Hirsch, 1998, A family of fatty acid transporters conserved from mycobacterium to man, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95, 8625, 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8625 Jones, 1988, Brain uptake of benzodiazepines: effects of lipophilicity and plasma protein binding, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 245, 816 Julien, C., Tremblay, C., Phivilay, A., Berthiaume, L., Emond, V., Julien, P., Calon, F., in press. High-fat diet aggravates amyloid-beta and tau pathologies in the 3xTg-AD mouse model. Neurobiol. Aging (published on-line October 14). Jump, 2002, Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and regulation of gene transcription, Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 13, 155, 10.1097/00041433-200204000-00007 Kakee, 1996, Brain efflux index as a novel method of analyzing efflux transport at the blood–brain barrier, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 277, 1550 Kamp, 2006, How fatty acids of different chain length enter and leave cells by free diffusion, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 75, 149, 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.05.003 Kampf, 2007, Is membrane transport of FFA mediated by lipid, protein, or both? An unknown protein mediates free fatty acid transport across the adipocyte plasma membrane, Physiology, 22, 7, 10.1152/physiol.00011.2006 Lagarde, 2001, Lysophosphatidylcholine as a preferred carrier form of docosahexaenoic acid to the brain, J. Mol. Neurosci., 16, 201, 10.1385/JMN:16:2-3:201 Liebich, 1991, Analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in blood serum after fish oil administration, J. Chromatogr., 572, 1, 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80468-R Martinez, 2000, Therapeutic effects of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester in patients with generalized peroxisomal disorders, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71, 376S, 10.1093/ajcn/71.1.376s Namani, 2007, Vesicles from docosahexaenoic acid, Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces, 54, 118, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.05.022 Noy, 1989, The physical-chemical basis for sex-related differences in uptake of fatty acids by the liver, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1003, 125, 10.1016/0005-2760(89)90245-2 Pardridge, 1980, Palmitate and cholesterol transport through the blood–brain barrier, J. Neurochem., 34, 463, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb06621.x Parker, 2006, Omega-3 fatty acids and mood disorders, Am. J. Psychiatry, 163, 969, 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.6.969 Pifferi, 2007, n-3 Fatty acids modulate brain glucose transport in endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 77, 279, 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.011 Purdon, 1997, No evidence for direct incorporation of esterified palmitic acid from plasma into brain lipids of awake adult rat, J. Lipid Res., 38, 526, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37260-6 Rapoport, 2001, In vivo fatty acid incorporation into brain phosholipids in relation to plasma availability, signal transduction and membrane remodeling, J. Mol. Neurosci., 16, 243, 10.1385/JMN:16:2-3:243 Rapoport, 2007, Brain metabolism of nutritionally essential polyunsaturated fatty acids depends on both the diet and the liver, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 77, 251, 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.023 Rogiers, 1981, Long chain nonesterified fatty acid patterns in plasma of healthy children and young adults in relation to age and sex, J. Lipid Res., 22, 1, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)34734-9 Salem, 1989, Omega-3 fatty acids: molecular and biochemical aspects, 109 Seelig, 2007, The role of size and charge for blood–brain barrier permeation of drugs and fatty acids, J. Mol. Neurosci., 33, 32, 10.1007/s12031-007-0055-y Serth, 1991, The inhibition of the GTPase activating protein-Ha-ras interaction by acidic lipids is due to physical association of the C-terminal domain of the GTPase activating protein with micellar structures, EMBO J., 10, 1325, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07651.x Smith, 2003, A review of blood–brain barrier transport techniques, Methods Mol. Med., 89, 193 Smith, 2001, Fatty acid uptake and incorporation in brain: studies with the perfusion model, J. Mol. Neurosci., 16, 167, 10.1385/JMN:16:2-3:167 Spector, 2001, Plasma free fatty acid and lipoproteins as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acid for the brain, J. Mol. Neurosci., 16, 159, 10.1385/JMN:16:2-3:159 Stahl, 2008, The role of omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders, Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 9, 57 Thid, 2007, DHA-induced changes of supported lipid membrane morphology, Langmuir, 23, 5878, 10.1021/la700523x Triguero, 1990, Capillary depletion method for quantification of blood–brain barrier transport of circulating peptides and plasma proteins, J. Neurochem., 54, 1882, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04886.x Wada, 2007, Enzymes and receptors of prostaglandin pathways with arachidonic acid-derived versus eicosapentaenoic acid-derived substrates and products, J. Biol. Chem., 282, 22254, 10.1074/jbc.M703169200 Washizaki, 1994, Brain arachidonic acid incorporation and precursor pool specific activity during intravenous infusion of unesterified [3H]arachidonate in the anesthetized rat, J. Neurochem., 63, 727, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63020727.x Whelan, 2006, Innovative dietary sources of N-3 fatty acids, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 26, 75, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092605