A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: fear/anxiety and defensive distance

An, 1998, Prefrontal cortical projections to longitudinal columns in the midbrain periaqueductal gray in macaque monkeys, J Comp Neurol, 401, 455, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19981130)401:4<455::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-6 Antony, 1997, Response to hyperventilation and 5.5% CO2 inhalation of subjects with types of specific phobia, panic disorder, or no mental disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 154, 1089, 10.1176/ajp.154.8.1089 Argyropoulos, 2001, Brain function in social anxiety disorder, Psychiatric clinics of North America, 24, 707, 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70259-8 Bandler, 2000, Central circuits mediating patterned autonomic activity during active vs. passive emotional coping, Brain Res Bull, 53, 95, 10.1016/S0361-9230(00)00313-0 Bandler, 2000, Brain mediation of active and passive emotional coping, Prog Brain Res, 122, 331 Bandler, 1994, Columnar organization in the midbrain periaqueductal gray: modules for emotional expression?, Trends Neurosci, 17, 379, 10.1016/0166-2236(94)90047-7 Barch, 2001, Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict: Effects of response modality and processing domain, Cereb Cortex, 11, 837, 10.1093/cercor/11.9.837 Blampied, 1983, Defensive burying: Effects of diazepam and oxprenolol measured in extinction, Life Sci, 33, 695, 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90773-7 Blanchard, 1988, Ethoexperimental approaches to the biology of emotion, Annu Rev Psychol, 39, 43, 10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.000355 Blanchard, 1990, 188 Blanchard, 1990, Diazepam changes risk assessment in an anxiety/defense test battery, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 101, 511, 10.1007/BF02244230 Blanchard, 1989, Antipredator defensive behaviors in a visible burrow system, J Comp Psychol, 103, 70, 10.1037/0735-7036.103.1.70 Blanchard, 1990, 124 Blanchard, 1990, 89 Blanchard, 1997, Differentiation of anxiolytic and panicolytic drugs by effects on rat and mouse defense test batteries, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 21, 783, 10.1016/S0149-7634(96)00062-0 Blumberg, 2000, Increased anterior cingulate and caudate activity in bipolar mania, Biological Psychiatry, 48, 1045, 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00962-8 Botvinick, 1999, Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex, Nature, 402, 179, 10.1038/46035 Bussey, 1997, Dissociable effects of cingulate and medial frontal cortex lesions on stimulus-reward learning using a novel Pavlovian autoshaping procedure for the rat: Implications for the neurobiology of emotion, Behav Neurosci, 111, 908, 10.1037/0735-7044.111.5.908 Bussey, 1996, Dissociable effects of anterior and posterior cingulate cortex lesions on the acquisition of a conditional visual discrimination: facilitation of early learning vs. impairment of late learning, Behav Brain Res, 82, 45, 10.1016/S0166-4328(97)81107-2 Canteras, 1994, Organization of projections from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: A Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat, J Comp Neurol, 348, 41, 10.1002/cne.903480103 Carrive, 1991, Viscerotopic organization of neurons subserving hypotensive reactions within the midbrain periaqueductal grey: A correlative functional and anatomical study, Brain Res, 541, 206, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91020-2 Carrive, 1997, Conditioned fear to context is associated with increased fos expression in the caudal ventrolateral region of the midbrain periaqueductal gray, Neuroscience, 78, 165, 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)83047-3 Carter, 1998, Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance, Science, 280, 747, 10.1126/science.280.5364.747 Carter, 2000, Parsing executive processes: Strategic vs. evaluative functions of the anterior cingulate cortex, Proc Nat Acad Sci USA, 97, 1944, 10.1073/pnas.97.4.1944 Chang, 2001, A fMRI study of brain activations during non-noxious and noxious electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve of rats, Brain Res, 897, 71, 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02094-7 Coghill, 1994, Distributed processing of pain and vibration by the human brain, J Neurosci, 14, 4095, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-07-04095.1994 Coop, 1991, Buspirone affects hippocampal rhythmical slow activity through serotonin1A rather than dopamine D2 receptors, Neuroscience, 40, 169, 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90182-N Coop, 1992, Pindolol antagonizes the effects on hippocampal rhythmical slow activity of clonidine, baclofen and 8-OH-DPAT, but not chlordiazepoxide and sodium amylobarbitone, Neuroscience, 46, 83, 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90010-Y Coop, 1990, Effects of ethanol and Ro 15-4513 in an electrophysiological model of anxiolytic action, Neuroscience, 35, 669, 10.1016/0306-4522(90)90337-4 Cooper, 2001, Finding your way in the dark: The retrosplenial cortex contributes to spatial memory and navigation without visual cues, Behav Neurosci, 115, 1012, 10.1037/0735-7044.115.5.1012 Cooper, 1999, Retrosplenial cortex inactivation selectively impairs navigation in darkness, Neuroreport, 10, 625, 10.1097/00001756-199902250-00033 Crestani, 1999, Decreased GABAA-receptor clustering results in enhanced anxiety and a bias for threat cues, Nat Neurosci, 2, 833, 10.1038/12207 Davis, 2000, The neural circuitry of pain as explored with functional MRI, Neurol Res, 22, 313, 10.1080/01616412.2000.11740676 Davis, 1995, fMRI of human somatosensory and cingulate cortex during painful electrical nerve stimulation, Neuroreport, 7, 321, 10.1097/00001756-199512000-00077 Davis, 1992, The role of the amygdala in fear-potentiated startle: implications for animal models of anxiety, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 13, 35, 10.1016/0165-6147(92)90014-W Davis, 1992, The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety, Annu Rev Neurosci, 15, 353, 10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.002033 Davis, 1993, Fear-potentiated startle: A neural and pharmacological analysis, Behav Brain Res, 58, 175, 10.1016/0166-4328(93)90102-V Davis, 1979, Noradrenergic agonists and antagonists: effects on conditioned fear as measured by the potentiated startle paradigm, Psychopharmacology, 65, 111, 10.1007/BF00433036 Davis, 1999, The extended amygdala: Are the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis differentially involved in fear versus anxiety?, Ann New York Acad Sci, 877, 281, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09273.x Davis, 2000, The amygdala, Curr Biol, 10, R131, 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00345-6 Deakin, 1999, 17 Deakin, 2003, Depression and antisocial personality disorder: two contrasting disorders of 5HT function, J Neural Transm, 64, 79, 10.1007/978-3-7091-6020-6_5 Deakin, 1991, 5-HT and mechanisms of defence, J Psychopharmacol, 5, 305, 10.1177/026988119100500414 Degroot, 2001, Septal GABAergic and hippocampal cholinergic systems modulate anxiety in the plus-maze and shock-probe tests, Pharmacol, Biochem Behav, 69, 391, 10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00541-X Derbyshire, 1998, Pain and Stroop interference tasks activate separate processing modules in anterior cingulate cortex, Exp Brain Res, 118, 52, 10.1007/s002210050254 Di Chiara, 1999, Reciprocal changes in prefrontal and limbic dopamine responsiveness to aversive and rewarding stimuli after chronic mild stress: Implications for the psychobiology of depression, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 1624, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00236-X Diehl, 2000, Evidence of cingulate motor representation in humans, Neurology, 55, 725, 10.1212/WNL.55.5.725 Dougherty, 1999, Anger in healthy men: A PET study using script-driven imagery, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 466, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00063-3 Drobes, 2001, Food deprivation and emotional reactions to food cues: implications for eating disorders, Biol Psychology, 57, 153, 10.1016/S0301-0511(01)00093-X Ebert, 1997, 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence for neuronal loss in the cingulate gyrus and the right striatum, Psychiatry Res: Neuroimag Sect, 74, 173, 10.1016/S0925-4927(97)00016-4 Fanselow, 1991, 151 Fendt, 1994, Lesions of the central gray block the sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats, Brain Res, 661, 163, 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91193-2 Floyd, 2000, Orbitomedial prefrontal cortical projections to distinct longitudinal columns of the periaqueductal gray in the rat, J Comp Neurol, 422, 556, 10.1002/1096-9861(20000710)422:4<556::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-U Floyd, 2001, Orbitomedial prefrontal cortical projections to hypothalamus in the rat, J Comp Neurol, 432, 307, 10.1002/cne.1105 Francis, 1999, The representation of pleasant touch in the brain and its relationship with taste and olfactory areas, Neuroreport, 10, 453, 10.1097/00001756-199902250-00003 Furmark, 2002, Common changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with social phobia treated with citalopram or cognitive behaviour therapy, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 59, 425, 10.1001/archpsyc.59.5.425 Gabriel, 1990, Functions of anterior and posterior cingulate cortex during avoidance learning in rabbits, Prog Brain Res, 85, 467, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62695-3 Graeff, 1994, Neuroanatomy and neurotransmitter regulation of defensive behaviors and related emotions in mammals, Braz J Med Biol Res, 27, 811 Graeff, 1996, Role of 5-HT in stress, anxiety and depression, Pharmacol, Biochem Behav, 54, 129, 10.1016/0091-3057(95)02135-3 Gray, 1981, Effect of septal lesions on conditioned defensive burying, Physiol Behav, 27, 1051, 10.1016/0031-9384(81)90369-3 Gray, 1970, The psychophysiological basis of introversion- extraversion, Behav Res Ther, 8, 249, 10.1016/0005-7967(70)90069-0 Gray, 1975 Gray, 1976, 3 Gray, 1977, Drug effects on fear and frustration: possible limbic site of action of minor tranquilizers, vol. 8, 433 Gray, 1982 Gray, 1987 Gray, 1991, The neuropsychology of schizophrenia, Behav Brain Sci, 14, 1, 10.1017/S0140525X00065055 Gray, 1996, 61 Gray, 2000 Harkin, 2002, Impaired spatial performance in rats with retrosplenial lesions: importance of the spatial problem and the rat strain in identifying lesion effects in a swimming Pool, J Neurosci, 22, 1155, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-03-01155.2002 Harris, 1995, Effects of benzodiazepine microinjection into the amygdala or periaqueductal gray on the expression of conditioned fear and hypoalgesia in rats, Behav Neurosci, 109, 295, 10.1037/0735-7044.109.2.295 Heidbreder, 2003, The medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: evidence for a dorso-ventral distinction based upon functional and anatomical characteristics, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 27, 555, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.09.003 Helmstetter, 1994, Lesions of the periaqueductal gray and rostral ventromedial medulla disrupt antinociceptive but not cardiovascular aversive conditional responses, J Neurosci, 14, 7099, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-11-07099.1994 Hirono, 1998, Hypofunction in the posterior cingulate gyrus correlates with disorientation for time and place in Alzheimer's disease, J Neurol, Neurosurg, Psychiatry, 64, 552, 10.1136/jnnp.64.4.552 Holstege, 1989, Anatomical study of the final common pathway for vocalization in the cat, J Comp Neurol, 284, 242, 10.1002/cne.902840208 Holt, 1990 Ikemoto, 1999, The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in motivated behavior: a unifying interpretation with special reference to reward-seeking, Brain Res Rev, 31, 6, 10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00023-5 Ishii, 1997, Demonstration of decreased posterior cingulate perfusion in mild Alzheimer's disease by means of H215O positron emission tomography, Eur J Nuclear Med, 24, 670 Joyce, 1994, Decreased cingulate and precuneate glucose utilization in alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome, Psychiatry Res, 54, 225, 10.1016/0165-1781(94)90017-5 Katayama, 1999, Pure topographical disorientation due to right posterior cingulate lesion, Cortex, 35, 279, 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70801-3 Keay, 2002, Parallel circuits mediating distinct emotional coping reactions to different types of stress, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 25, 669, 10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00049-5 Kermadi, 2000, Do bimanual motor actions involve the dorsal premotor (PMd), cingulate (CMA) and posterior parietal (PPC) cortices? Comparison with primary and supplementary motor cortical areas, Somatosens Motor Res, 17, 255, 10.1080/08990220050117619 Kimble, 1961 Knight, 1999, Functional MRI of human Pavlovian fear conditioning: patterns of activation as a function of learning, Neuroreport, 10, 3665, 10.1097/00001756-199911260-00037 Koyama, 1998, Nociceptive neurons in the macaque anterior cingulate activate during anticipation of pain, Neuroreport, 9, 2663, 10.1097/00001756-199808030-00044 Kubota, 1996, Stimulus-related and movement-related single-unit activity in rabbit cingulate cortex and limbic thalamus during performance of discriminative avoidance behavior, Brain Res, 721, 22, 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00091-1 Kwan, 2000, An fMRI study of the anterior cingulate cortex and surrounding medial wall activations evoked by noxious cutaneous heat and cold stimuli, Pain, 85, 359, 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00287-0 LeDoux, 1994, Emotion, memory and the brain, Sci Am, 270, 50, 10.1038/scientificamerican0694-50 LeDoux, 1995, Emotion: clues from the brain, Annu Rev Psychol, 46, 209, 10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001233 LeDoux, 2000, Emotion circuits in the brain, Annu Rev Neurosci, 23, 155, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 MacDonald, 2000, Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control, Science, 288, 1835, 10.1126/science.288.5472.1835 Maddock, 1997, Activation of left posterior cingulate gyrus by the auditory presentation of threat-related words: an fMRI study, Psychiatry Res: Neuroimag Sect, 75, 1, 10.1016/S0925-4927(97)00018-8 Maddock, 2002, Remembering familiar people: the posterior cingulate cortex and autobiographical memory retrieval, Neuroscience, 104, 667, 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00108-7 Marcourakis, 1993, Clomipramine, a better reference drug for panic/agoraphobia. II. Psychomotor and cognitive effects, J Psychopharmacol, 7, 325, 10.1177/026988119300700403 McNaughton, 1993, 1, 191 McNaughton, 1997, Cognitive dysfunction resulting from hippocampal hyperactivity—a possible cause of anxiety disorder, Pharmacol, Biochem Behav, 56, 603, 10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00419-4 McNaughton, 2001, 126 McNaughton, 2002, 895 McNaughton, 1991, Neurochemically dissimilar anxiolytic drugs have common effects on hippocampal rhythmic slow activity, Neuropharmacology, 30, 855, 10.1016/0028-3908(91)90119-V McNaughton, 1983, Pavlovian counterconditioning is unchanged by chlordiazepoxide or by septal lesions, Q J Exp Psychol, 35B, 221, 10.1080/14640748308400907 McNaughton, 1980, The neuropsychology and neuropharmacology of the dorsal ascending noradrenergic bundle—a review, Prog Neurobiol, 14, 157, 10.1016/0301-0082(80)90021-0 McNaughton, 1987, Chlordiazepoxide, an anxiolytic benzodiazepine, impairs place navigation in rats, Behav Brain Res, 24, 39, 10.1016/0166-4328(87)90034-9 McNaughton, 1992, Buspirone produces a dose-related impairment in spatial navigation, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 43, 167, 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90653-W McNaughton, 1996, The pituitary-adrenal axis and the different behavioral effects of buspirone and chlordiazepoxide, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 54, 51, 10.1016/0091-3057(95)02129-9 McNaughton, 2003, Hebb, pandemonium and catastrophic hypermnesia: the hippocampus as a suppressor of inappropriate associations, Cortex, 39, 1139, 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70882-7 McNish, 1997, Evidence of contextual fear after lesions of the hippocampus: A disruption of freezing but not fear-potentiated startle, J Neurosci, 17, 9353, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09353.1997 Melia, 1996, Hippocampal-dependent learning and experience-dependent activation of the hippocampus are preferentially disrupted by ethanol, Neuroscience, 74, 313, 10.1016/0306-4522(96)00138-8 Menard, 1996, Does tolerance develop to the anxiolytic effects of septal lesions, Physiol Behav, 59, 311, 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02095-0 Menard, 1996, Lateral and medial septal lesions reduce anxiety in the plus-maze and probe-burying tests, Physiol Behav, 60, 845, 10.1016/0031-9384(96)00138-2 Menard, 1999, Effects of centrally administered anxiolytic compounds in animal models of anxiety, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 23, 591, 10.1016/S0149-7634(98)00056-6 Meunier, 1997, Effects of radiofrequency versus neurotoxic cingulate lesions on spatial reversal learning in mice, Hippocampus, 7, 355, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1997)7:4<355::AID-HIPO1>3.0.CO;2-I Milani, 1987, GABA-Benzodiazepine modulation of aversion in the medial hypothalamus of the rat, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 28, 21, 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90005-0 Miller, 1944 Milne, 2001, Ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions in humans eliminate implicit gender stereotyping, J Neurosci, 21, NIL1, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-j0001.2001 Minoshima, 1997, Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer's disease, Ann Neurol, 42, 85, 10.1002/ana.410420114 Money, 1992, Alzheimer's dementia produces a loss of discrimination but no increase in rate of memory decay in delayed matching to sample, Neuropsychologia, 30, 133, 10.1016/0028-3932(92)90023-F Neave, 1994, Lack of effect of lesions in the anterior cingulate cortex and retrosplenial cortex on certain tests of spatial memory in the rat, Behav Brain Res, 65, 89, 10.1016/0166-4328(94)90077-9 Neave, 1996, The effects of discrete cingulum bundle lesions in the rat on the acquisition and performance of two tests of spatial working memory, Behav Brain Res, 80, 75, 10.1016/0166-4328(96)00022-8 Nelson, 1993, Visual attention in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Psychiatry Res, 49, 183, 10.1016/0165-1781(93)90104-O Nutt, 1998, Brain mechanisms of social anxiety disorder, J Clin Psychiatry, 59, 4 O'Doherty, 2001, Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex, Nat Neurosci, 4, 95, 10.1038/82959 Ochsner, 2001, Deficits in visual cognition and attention following bilateral anterior cingulotomy, Neuropsychologia, 39, 219, 10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00114-7 Okaichi, 1994, Effects of fimbria-fornix lesions on avoidance tasks with temporal elements in rats, Physiol Behav, 56, 759, 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90239-9 Pan, 1997, The medial supramammillary nucleus, spatial learning and the frequency of hippocampal theta activity, Brain Res, 764, 101, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00431-9 Papp, 1995, Rebreathing tests in panic disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 38, 240, 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00296-F Parkinson, 2000, Disconnection of the anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens core impairs Pavlovian approach behavior: Further evidence for limbic cortical-ventral striatopallidal systems, Behav Neurosci, 114, 42, 10.1037/0735-7044.114.1.42 Peterson, 1999, An fMRI study of Stroop word-color interference: Evidence for cingulate subregions subserving multiple distributed attentional systems, Biol Psychiatry, 45, 1237, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00056-6 Poucet, 1997, Searching for spatial unit firing in the prelimbic area of the rat medial prefrontal cortex, Behav Brain Res, 84, 151, 10.1016/S0166-4328(96)00144-1 Powell, 1981, 65 Pratt, 2001, Neurons in rat medial prefrontal cortex show anticipatory rate changes to predictable differential rewards in a spatial memory task, Behav Brain Res, 123, 165, 10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00204-2 Procyk, 2001, Characterization of serial order encoding in the monkey anterior cingulate sulcus, Eur J Neurosci, 14, 1041, 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01738.x Rainville, 1997, Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex, Science, 277, 968, 10.1126/science.277.5328.968 Rapoport, 1989, The biology of obsessions and compulsions, Sci Am, 63 Reinvang, 1998, Electrophysiological localization of brain regions involved in perceptual memory, Exp Brain Res, 123, 481, 10.1007/s002210050592 Riekkinen, 1995, Effects of scopolamine infusions into the anterior and posterior cingulate on passive avoidance and water maze navigation, Brain Res, 685, 46, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00422-M Rilling, 2001, Neural correlates of maternal separation in Rhesus monkeys, Biological Psychiatry, 49, 146, 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00977-X Risold, 1996, Structural evidence for functional domains in the rat hippocampus, Science, 272, 1484, 10.1126/science.272.5267.1484 Rizvi, 1991, Connections between the central nucleus of the amygdala and the midbrain periaqueductal gray: topography and reciprocity, J Comp Neurol, 303, 121, 10.1002/cne.903030111 Sanderson, 1994, Alprazolam blockade of CO2-provoked panic in patients with panic disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 151, 1220, 10.1176/ajp.151.8.1220 Sartory, 1990, Effects of diazepam on approach, self-reported fear and psychophysological responses in snake phobics, Behav Res Ther, 28, 273, 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90078-W Shin, 2000, Activation of anterior paralimbic structures during guilt-related script-driven imagery, Biol Psychiatry, 48, 43, 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00251-1 Shipley, 1991, 417 Simpson, 2001, Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex: II. During anticipatory anxiety, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 688, 10.1073/pnas.98.2.688 Simpson, 2001, Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex: I. During cognitive task performance, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 683, 10.1073/pnas.98.2.683 Soubrié, 1986, Reconciling the role of central serotonin neurons in human and clinical behavior, Behav Brain Sci, 9, 319, 10.1017/S0140525X00022871 Stein, 2004, Pharmacotherapy of phobias, vol. 7 Stein, 1994, Autonomic responsivity in generalized social phobia, J Affective Disord, 31, 211, 10.1016/0165-0327(94)90031-0 Stotz-Potter, 1996, Effect of microinjection of muscimol into the dorsomedial or paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus on air stress-induced neuroendocrine and cardiovascular changes in rats, Brain Res, 742, 219, 10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01011-6 Stotz-Potter, 1996, Muscimol acts in dorsomedial but not paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus to suppress cardiovascular effects of stress, J Neurosci, 16, 1173, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-03-01173.1996 Sutherland, 1988, Contributions of cingulate cortex to two forms of spatial learning and memory, J Neurosci, 8, 1863, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-06-01863.1988 Swanson, 1998, What is the amygdala?, Trends Neurosci, 21, 323, 10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01265-X Takenouchi, 1999, Emotional and behavioral correlates of the anterior cingulate cortex during associative learning in rats, Neuroscience, 93, 1271, 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00216-X Tan, 1989, Effects of the NMDA antagonists, CPP and MK-801 on delayed conditional discrimination, Psychopharmacology, 98, 556, 10.1007/BF00441959 Tan, 1990, Chlordiazepoxide reduces discriminability but not rate of forgetting in delayed conditional discrimination, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 101, 550, 10.1007/BF02244236 Tan, 1990, Chlordiazepoxide reduces discriminability but not rate of forgetting in delayed conditional discrimination, Psychopharmacology, 101, 550, 10.1007/BF02244236 Treit, 1988, A comparison of buspirone and chlordiazepoxide in the shock- probe/burying test for anxiolytics, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 30, 1071, 10.1016/0091-3057(88)90141-4 Treit, 1993, Anxiolytic effects of serotonergic interventions in the shock-probe burying test and the elevated plus mase, Behav Brain Res, 54, 23, 10.1016/0166-4328(93)90045-R Van der Linden, 2000, Functional brain imaging and pharmacotherapy in social phobia: single photon emission computed tomography before and after treatment with the selective serotoninreuptake inhibitor citalopram, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 24, 419, 10.1016/S0278-5846(99)00109-8 Veening, 1991, 387 Warburton, 1998, Comparing the effects of selective cingulate cortex lesions and cingulum bundle lesions on water maze performance by rats, Eur J Neurosci, 10, 622, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00074.x Watanabe, 2002, Coding and monitoring of motivational context in the primate prefrontal cortex, J Neurosci, 22, 2391, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-06-02391.2002 Whalen, 1998, The emotional counting Stroop paradigm: a functional magnetic resonance imaging probe of the anterior cingulate affective division, Biol Psychiatry, 44, 1219, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00251-0 Wheatley, 1990, 163 Woodnorth, 2002, Similar effects of medial supramammillary or systemic injections of chlordiazepoxide on both theta frequency and fixed-interval responding, Cognit Affect Behav Neurosci, 2, 76, 10.3758/CABN.2.1.76 Zhang, 1990, Interactions of corticotropin-releasing factor with antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs: behavioural studies with pigeons, Biol Psychiatry, 27, 953, 10.1016/0006-3223(90)90033-X Zhu, 1991, Effects of long-term administration of anxiolytics on reticular-elicited hippocampal rhythmical slow activity, Neuropharmacology, 30, 1095, 10.1016/0028-3908(91)90138-2 Zhu, 1991, Effects of long-term administration of imipramine on reticular-elicited hippocampal rhythmical slow activity, Psychopharmacology, 105, 433, 10.1007/BF02244441 Zhu, 1994, A comparison of the acute effects of a tricyclic and a MAOI antidepressant on septal driving of hippocampal rhythmical slow activity, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 114, 337, 10.1007/BF02244857 Zhu, 1994, Effects of long-term administration of antidepressants on septal driving of hippocampal RSA, Int J Neurosci, 79, 91, 10.3109/00207459408986070 Zhu, 1994, The interaction of serotonin depletion with anxiolytics and antidepressants on reticular-elicited hippocampal RSA, Neuropharmacology, 33, 1597, 10.1016/0028-3908(94)90135-X Zhu, 1995, Minimal changes with long-term administration of anxiolytics on septal driving of hippocampal rhythmical slow activity, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 118, 93, 10.1007/BF02245254 Zhu, 1995, Effects of long-term administration of phenelzine on reticular- elicited hippocampal rhythmical slow activity, Neurosci Res, 21, 311, 10.1016/0168-0102(94)00866-E Zhu, 1995, Similar effects of buspirone and chlordiazepoxide on a fixed interval schedule with long-term, low-dose administration, J Psychopharmacol, 9, 326, 10.1177/026988119500900406