CAPRAM2.3: A Chemical Aqueous Phase Radical Mechanism for Tropospheric Chemistry

Amels, P., Elias, H., Götz, U., Steinges, U., and Wannowius, K. J., 1996: Kinetic investigation of the stability of peroxonitric acid and of its reaction with sulfur(IV) in aqueous solution, in P. Warneck (ed.), Heterogeneous and Liquid Phase Processes, Vol. 2 of Transport and Chemical Transformation in Pollutants in the Troposphere, (P. Borell, P. M. Borrell, T. Cvit?s, K. Kelly, and W. Seiler, Series Editors), Springer, Berlin, pp. 77-88.

Audiffren, N., Renard, M., Buisson, E., and Chaumerliac, N., 1998: Deviations from the Henry's law equilibrium during cloud events: A numerical approach of the mass transfer between phases and its specific numerical effects, Atmos. Res. 49, 139-161.

Baral, S., Lume-Pereira, C., Janata, E., and Henglein, A., 1986: Chemistry of colloidal manganese oxides. 3. Formation in the reaction of hydroxyl radical with Mn2+ ions, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 6025-6028.

Barker, G. C., Fowles, P., and Stringer, B., 1970: Pulse radiolytic inducted transient electrical conductance in liquid solutions of NO -3 , NO -2 and Fe(CN) 3-6 , Trans. Faraday Soc. 66, 1509-1519.

Barlow, S., Buxton, G. V., Murray, S. A., and Salmon, G. A., 1997: Oxidation of hydroxymethanesulfonate initiated by the hydroxyl radical, in P. M. Borrell, P. Borell, T. Cvitaš, K. Kelly, and W. Seiler (eds), Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere, Vol. 1, Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium '96: Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, U.K., pp. 361-365.

Baxendale, J. H., Ward, M. D., and Wardman, P., 1971: Heats of formation of HO2 and OH in aqueous solution, Trans. Faraday Soc. 67, 2532-2537.

Beckwith, R. C., Wang, T. X., and Margerum, D. W., 1996: Equilibrium and kinetics of bromine hydrolysis, Inorg. Chem. 35, 995-1000.

Beilke, S. and Gravenhorst, G., 1978: Heterogeneous SO2-oxidation in the droplet phase, Atmos. Environ. 12, 231-239.

Bell, R. P., 1966: The reversible hydration of carbonyl compounds, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 4, 1-29.

Bell, R. P. and Evans, P. G., 1966: Kinetics of the dehydration of methylene glycol in aqueous solution, Proc. R. Soc. London A 291, 297-323.

Bell, R. P., Rand, M. H., and Wynne-Jones, K. M. A., 1956: Kinetics of the hydration of acetaldehyde, Trans. Faraday Soc. 52, 1093-1102.

Benkelberg, H.-J., Schäfer, A., and Warneck, P., 1991: In K.-H. Becker (ed.), Air Pollution Research Report 33: Atmospheric Oxidation Processes, CEC, Brussels, pp. 130-133.

Benkelberg, H.-J. and Warneck, P., 1995: Photodecomposition of iron(III) hydroxo and sulfato complexes in aqueous solution: Wavelength dependence of OH and SO -4 quantum yields, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 5214-5221.

Berdnikov, V. M., 1973: Catalytic activity of the hydrated copper ion in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 47, 1060-1062.

Betterton, E. A., 1992: Henry's law constants of soluble and moderately soluble organic gases: Effects on aqueous phase chemistry, in J. O. Nriagu (ed.), Gaseous Pollutants: Characterization and Cycling, Wiley, New York, pp. 1-50.

Betterton, E. A. and Hoffmann, M. R., 1988a: Henry's law constants of some environmentally important ldehydes, Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 1415-1418.

Betterton, E. A. and Hoffmann, M. R., 1988b: Oxodation of aqueous SO2 by peroxymonosulfate, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 5962-5965.

Betterton, E. A., Erel, Y., and Hoffmann, M. R., 1988: Aldehyde-bisulfite adducts: Prediction of some of their thermodynamic and kinetic properties, Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 92-99.

Bielski, B. H. J., Cabelli, D. E., Arudi, R. L., and Ross, A. B., 1985: Reactivity of HO2/O ?2 radicals in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14, 1041-1100.

Bongartz, A., Schweighoefer, S., Roose, C., and Schurath, U., 1995: The mass accommodation coefficient of ammonia on water, J. Atm. Chem. 20, 35-58.

Bothe, E., Schuchmann, M. N., Schulte-Frohlinde, D., and von Sonntag, C., 1983: Hydroxyl radicalinduced oxidation of ethanol in oxygenated aqueous solutions. A pulse radiolysis and product study, Z. Naturforsch. 38b, 212-219.

Brandt, C. and van Eldik, R., 1995: Transition metal-catalyzed oxidation of sulfur(IV) oxides. Atmospheric relevant processes and mechanisms, Chem. Rev. 95, 119-190.

Buxton, G. V., 1994: Mechanisms for chemical reactions in cloud droplets, in P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell, T. Cvitaš, and W. Seiler (eds), Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere, Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium '94: SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 978-983.

Buxton, G. V., Greenstock, C. L., Helman, W. P., and Ross, A. B., 1988a: Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals, (OH, O -2 ) in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17, 513-886.

Buxton, G. V., Wood, N. D., and Dyster, S., 1988b: Ionisation constants of OH and HO2 in aqueous solution up to 200 °C. A pulse radiolytic study, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 84, 1113-1121.

Buxton, G. V., Salmon, G. A., and Wood, N. D., 1990: A pulse radiolysis study of the chemistry of oxysulfur radicals in aqueous solution, in G. restelli and G. Angeletti (eds), Proceedings of the Fifth European Symposium: Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pullutants, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 245-250.

Boxton, G. V., McGowan, S., Salmon, G. A., Williams, J. E., and Wood, N. D., 1996a: A study of the spectra and reactivity of oxysulphur-radical anions involved in the chain oxidation of S (IV): A pulse and gamma-radiolysis study, Atmos. Environ. 30, 2483-2493.

Boxton, G. V., Malone, T. N., and Salmon, G. A., 1996b, Pulse radiolysis study of the reaction of SO -5 with HO2, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 92, 1287-1289.

Buxton, G. V., Malone, T. N., and Salmon, A., 1997: Reaction of SO -4 with Fe2+, Mn2+ and Cu+ in aqueous solution, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 93 (16), 2893-2897.

Cabelli, D. E., Bielski, B. H. J., and Holcman, J., 1987: Interaction between copper(II)-arginine complexes and HO2/O -2 -radicals, a pulse radiolytic study, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 3665-3669.

Chameides, W. L., 1984: The photochemistry of a Remote Marine Straaatiform Cloud, J. Geophys. Res. 89, 4739-4755.

Chawla, O. P. and Fessenden, R. W., 1975: Electron spin resonance and pulse radiolysis studies of some reactions of SO -4 , J. Phys. Chem. 79, 2693-2700.

Chin, M. and Wine, P. H., 1994: A temperature-dependent competitive kinetics study of the aqueousphase reactions of OH radicals with formate, formic acid, acetate, acetic acid and hydrated formaldehyde, in G. R. Helz, R. G. Zepp, and D. G. Crosby (eds), Aquatic and Surface Photochemistry, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 85-96.

Christensen, H. and Sehested, K., 1981: Pulse radiolysis at high temperatures and high pressures, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 18, 723-231.

Christensen, H., Sehested, K., and Corfitzen, H., 1982: Reactions of hydroxyl radicals with hydrogen peroxide at ambient and elevated temperatures, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 1588-1590.

Christensen, H., ehested, K., and Bjergbakke, E., 1989: Radiolysis of reactor water: Reaction of hydroxyl radicals with superoxide (O -2 ), Water Chem. Nucl. React. Syst. 5, 141-144.

Clegg, S. L. and Brimblecombe, P., 1990: Solubility of volatile electolytes in multicomponent solutions with atmospheric applications, ACS Symposium Series 416, 58-73.

Clifton, C. L. and Huie, R. E., 1989: Rate constants for hydrogen abstraction reactions of the sulfate radical SO -4 alcohols, Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 21, 677-687.

Cope, V. W., Hoffman, M. Z., and Chen, S., 1978: Reactivity of the carbonate radical toward metal complexes in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. 82, 2665-2669.

Damschen, D. E. and Martin, L. R., 1983: Aqueous aerosol oxidation of nitrous acid by O2, O3 and H2O2, Atmos. Environ. 17, 2005-2011.

Davidovits, M., Hu, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Zahniser, M. S., and Kolb, C. E., 1995: Entry of gas molecules into liquids, Faraday Discuss. 100, 65-82.

Davies, G., Kirschenbaum, L. J., and Kustin, K., 1968: The kinetics and stoichometry of the reaction between manganese(III) and hydrogen peroxide in acid perchlorate solution, Inorg. Chem. 7, 146-154.

Deister, U. and Warneck, P., 1990: Photooxidation of SO 2-3 in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 2191-2198.

Dentener, F. J. and Crutzen, P. J., 1993: Reaction of N2O5 on tropospheric aerosols: Impact on the global distributions of NOx, O3 and OH, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 7149-7163.

Diebler, H. and Sutin, N., 1964: The kinetics of some oxidation-reduction reactions involving manganese(III), J. Phys. Chem. 68, 174-180.

Draganic, Z. D., Negron-Mendoza, A., Sehested, K., Vujosevic, S. I., Navarro-Gonzales, R., Albarran-Sanchez, M. G., and Draganic, I. G., 1991: Radiolysis of aqueous solution of ammonium bicarbonate over a large dose range, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 38, 317-321.

Elliot, A. J., 1989: A pulse radiolysis study of the temperature dependence of reactions involving H, OH and e -aq in aqueous solution, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 34, 753-758.

Elliot, A. J. and Buxton, G. V., 1992: Temperature dependence of the reactions OH + O -2 and OH + HO –2 in water up to 200 °C, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 88, 2465-2470.

Elliot, A. J. and McCracken, D. R., 1989: Effect of temperature on O? reactions and equilibria: A pulse radiolytic study, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 33, 69-74.

Elliot, A. J. and Simsons, A. S., 1984: Rate constants for reactions of hydroxyl radicals as a function of temperature, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 24, 229-231.

Eriksen, T. E., Lind, J., and Merenyi, G., 1985: On the acid-base equilibrium of the carbonate radical, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 26, 197-199.

Exner, M., 1990: Diploma Thesis, Bildung und Reaktionen von Radikalen und Radikalanionen in wäßriger Phase, Georg-August-University Göttingen.

Exner, M., 1992: PhD Thesis, Laserspektrometrische Untersuchungen von Reaktionen des NO3-Radikals in wäßriger Lösung, Georg-August-University Göttingen.

Exner, M., Herrmann, H., and Zellner, R., 1990: A laser photolysis study of reactions of the carbonate radical anion (CO -3 in aqueous solution, in K. H. Becker (ed.), Air Pollution Research Report 33: Atmospheric Oxidation Processes, Office for official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, pp. 134-138.

Exner, M., Herrmann, H., and Zellner, R., 1992: Laser-based studies of reactions of the nitrate radical in aqueous solution, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 96, 470-477.

Exner, M., Herrmann, H., Michel, J. W., and Zellner, R., 1993: Laser pulse initiated measurements of NO3 reactions with S(IV) and organic compounds in aqueous solutions, in P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell, T. Cvitaš, and W. Seiler (eds), Photo-oxidants: Precursors and Products, Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium '92, SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 615-618.

Exner, M., Herrmann, H., and Zellner, R., 1994: Rate constants for the reactions of the NO3 radical with HCOOH/HCOO? and CH3COOH/CH3COO? in aqueous solution between 278 and 328 K, J. Atmos. Chem. 18, 359-378.

Fisher, M. M. and Hamill, W. H., 1973: Electronic processes in pulse-irradiated aqueous and alcoholic systems, J. Phys. Chem. 77, 171-177.

Fornier de Violet, Ph., 1981: Polyhalide anions as intermediates in chemistry, Rev. Chem. Intermed. 4, 121-169.

Fuller, E. N., Diffusion coefficients for binary gas systems at low pressures: Empirical correlations, in C. Reid et al. (eds), Properties of Gases and Liquids, Mc Graw Hill, New York, p. 587.

Gardner, J. A., Watson, L. R., Adewuyi, Y. G., Davidovits, P., Zahniser, M. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Kolb, C. E., 1987: Measurement of the mass accommodation coefficient of SO2(g) on water droplets, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 10887-10895.

George, C., Ponche, J. L., Mirabel, Ph., Behnke, W., Scheer, V., and Zetzsch, C., 1994: Study of the uptake of N2O5 by water and NaCl solutions, J. Phys. Chem. 98, 8780-8784.

Gilbert, B. C., Larkin, J. P., and Norman, R. O. C., 1972: Electron spin resonance studies, part XXXIV. The use of the aci-anion from nitromethane as a spin trap for organic radicals in aqueous solution, J. Chem. soc. Perkin Trans. II, 1272-1279.

Goldstein, S., Czapski, G., Cohen, H., and Meyerstein, D., 1992: Deamination of ?-alanine induced by hydroxyl radicals and monovalent copper ions. A pulse radiolytic study, Inorg. Chim. Acta 192, 87-93.

Graedel, T. E. and Weschler, C. J., 1981: Chemistry within aqueous atmospheric aerosols and raindrops, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 19, 505-539.

Graedel, T. E., Mandich, M. L., and Weschler, C. J., 1986: Kinetic model studies of atmospheric droplet chemistry 2. Homogeneous transition metal chemistry in raindrops, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 5205-5221.

Grigor'ev, A. E., Makarov, I. E., and Pikaev, A. K., 1987: Formation of Cl -2 in the bulk solution during the radiolysis of concentrated aqueous solutions of chlorides, High Energy Chem. 21, 99-102.

Hanson, D., 1992: Measurement of OH and HO2 radical uptake coefficients on water and sulfuric acid surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 4979.

Harned, H. S. and Owen, B. B., 1958: The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions, 3rd edn, Reinhold, New York.

Hart, E. J., Thomas, J. K., and Gordon, S., 1964: A review of the radiation chemistry of single-carbon compounds and some reactions of the hydrated electron in aqueous solution, Radiat. Res. Suppl. 4, 74-88.

Hemmes, P., Rich, L. D., Cole, D. L., and Eyring, E. M., 1971: Kinetics of hydrolysis of ferric ion in dilute aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. 75, 929-932.

Herrmann, H., Exner, M. and Zellner, R., 1994: Reactivity trends in reactions of the nitrate radical (NO3) with inorganic and organic cloudwater constituents, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 3239-3244.

Herrmann, H., Reese, A., and Zellner, R., 1995: Time-resolved UV/VIS diode array absorption spectroscopy of SO -x (x = 3, 4, 5) radical anions in aqueous solution, J. Mol. Struct. 348, 183-186.

Herrmann, H., Jacobi, H.-W., Raabe, G., Reese, A., and Zellner, R., 1996: Laser-spectrocopic laborabory studies of atmospheric aqueous phase free radical chemistry, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 355, 343-344.

Herrmann, H., Jacobi, H.-W., Reese, A., and Zellner, R., 1997: Laboratory studies of small radicals and radical anions of interest for tropospheric aqueous phase chemistry: The reactivity of SO -4 , in P. M. Borrell, T. Cvitaš, K. Kelly, and W. Seiler (eds), Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere, Vol. 1, Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium '96, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, U.K., pp. 407-411.

Herrmann, H. and Zellner, R., 1998: Reactions of NO3 radicals in aqueous solution, in Z. B. Alfassi, N-Centered Radicals, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

Herrmann, H., Ervens, B., Nowacki, P., Wolke, R., and Zellner, R., 1999a: A chemical aqueous phase radical mechanism for tropospheric chemistry, Chemosphere 38, 1223-1232.

Herrmann, H., Reese, A., Ervens, B., Wicktor, F., and Zellner, R., 199b: Laboratory and modelling studies of tropospheric multiphase conversions involving some C1 and C2 peroxyl radicals, Phys. Chem. Earth 24, 287-290.

Hindmarsh, A. C., 1980: LSODE and LSODI, two initial value ordinary differential equation solver, ACM-SIGNUM Newsl. 15, 10-11.

Hoffmann, M. R., 1986: On the kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of aquated sulfur dioxide by ozone, Atmos. Environ. 20, 1145-1154.

Hoigné, J., Bader, H., Haag, W. R., and Staehelin, J., 1985: Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water-III inorganic compounds and radicals, Water Res. 19, 993-1004.

Holdren, M. W., Spicer, C. W., and Hales, J. M., 1984: Peroxyacetyl nitrate solubility and decomposition rate in acidic water, Atmos. Environ. 18, 1171-1173.

Huie, R. E. and Clifton, C. L., 1990: Temperature dependence of the rate constants for reactions of the sulfate radical, SO -4 , with anions, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 8561-8567.

Huie, R. E., Shoute, L. C. T., and Neta, P., 1991a: Temperature dependence of the rate constants for reactions of the carbonate with organic and inorganic reductants, Int. J. Chem. Kin. 23, 541-542.

Huie, R. E., Clifton, C. L., and Neta, P., 1991b: Electron transfer reaction rates and equilibria of the carbonate and sulfate radical anions, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 38, 477-481.

Jacob, D. J., 1986: Chemistry of OH in remote clouds and its role in the production of formic acid and peroxymonosulfate, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 9807-9826.

Jacob, D. J., Gottlieb, E.W., and Prather, M. J., 1989: Chemistry of a polluted cloud boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 12975-13002.

Jacobi, H.-W., 1996: Kinetische Untersuchungen und Modellrechnungen zur troposphärischen Chemie von Radikalanionen und Ozon in wäßriger Phase, PhD Thesis, University-GH-Essen, Germany.

Jacobi, H.-W., Herrmann, H., and Zellner, R., 1996: Kinetic investigation of the Cl -2 radical in the aqueous phase, in Ph. Mirabel (ed.), Air Pollution Research Report 57: Homogenous and Heterogenous Chemical Processes in the Troposphere, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, pp. 172-176.

Jacobi, H.-W., Herrmann, H., and Zellner, R., 1997: A laser flash photolysis study of the decay of Cl-atoms and Cl -2 -radical anions in aqueous solution at 298 K, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 101, 1909-1913.

Jacobi, H.-W., Wicktor, F., Herrmann, H., and Zellner, R., 1999: A laser flash photolysis kinetic study of the Cl ?2 -radical anion with oxygenated hydrocarbons in aqueous solution, Int. J. Chem. Kin. 31, 169-181.

Jayson, G. G., Parson, B. J., and Swallow, A. J., 1973a: Same simple, highly reactive, inorganic chlorine derivatives in aqueous solution, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 69, 1597-1607.

Jayson, G. G., Parson, B. J., and Swallow, A. J., 1973b, Oxidation of ferrous ions by per hydroxyl radicals, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 69, 236-242.

Jiang, P.-Y., Katsumura, Y., Nagaishi, R., Domae, M., Ishikawa, K., Ishigure, K., and Yoshida, Y., 1992: Pulse radiolysis study of concentrated sulfuric acid solutions, Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 88, 1653-1658.

Khan, I. and Brimblecombe, P., 1992: Henry's law constants of low molecular weight (< 130) organic acids, J. Aerosol Sci. 23 (Suppl. 1), S897-S900.

Kirchner, W., Welter, F., Bongartz, A., Kames, J., Schweighoefer, S., and Schurath, U., 1990: Trace gas exchange at the air/water interface: Measurements of mass accommodation coefficients, J. Atmos. Chem. 10, 427-449.

Kläning, U. K. and Wolff, T., 1985: Laser flash photolysis of HClO, ClO?, HBrO and BrO? in aqueous solution, reactions of Cl-and Br-atoms, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 89, 243-245.

Kläning, U. K., Sehested, K., and Holcman, J., 1985: Standard gibbs free energy of formation of the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution; rate constants for the reaction ClO -2 + O3 ⇄ O -3 + ClO2, J. Phys. Chem. 89, 760-763.

Kok, G. L., Gitlin, S. N., and Lazrus, A. L., 1986: Kinetics of the formation and decomposition of hydroxymethanesulfonate, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2801-2804.

Kosak-Channing, L. E. and Helz, G. R., 1983: Solubility of ozone in aqueous solutions of 0-0.6 M Ionic Strength at 5-30 °C, Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 145-149.

Kozlov, Y. N. and Berdnikov, V. M., 1973: Photodecomposition of hydogen peroxide in the presence of copper ions. IV. Determinations of rate constants of elementary reactions, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 47, 338-340.

Kuz'min, V. A., 1972: Reactions of the CO -3 and SiO -3 radical anions, High Energy Chem. 6, 338-339.

Lammel, G., Perner, D., and Warneck, P., 1990: Decomposition of pernitric acid in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 6141-6144.

Laurence, G. S. and Thornton, A. T., 1973: Kinetics of oxidation of transition-metal ions by halogen radical anions. Part III, the oxidation of manganese(II) by dibromide and dichloride ions generated by flash photolysis, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1637-1644.

Leibrock, E. and Slemr, J., 1996: Determination of oxygenated hydrocarbons in air by GC/MS, in P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell, Y. Cvitaš, K. Kelly, and W. Seiler (eds), Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere, Vol. 1, Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium '96, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, U.K., pp. 377-381.

Lelieveld, J. and Crutzen, P. J., 1990: Influences of cloud photochemical processes on tropospheric ozone, Nature, 343, 227-233.

Lelieveld, J. and Crutzen, P. J., 1991: The role of clouds in tropospheric photochemistry, J. Atmos. Chem. 12, 229-268.

Lind, J. A., Lazrus, A. L., and Kok, G. L., 1987, Aqueous phase oxidation of sulfur(IV) by hydrogen peroxide, methylhydroperoxide and peroxyacetic acid, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 4171-4177.

Lind, J. A. and Kok, G. L., 1994: Correction to ‘Henry's law determinations for aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide, methylhydroperoxide and peroxyacetic acid', J. Geophys. Res. 99, 21119.

Logager, T., Sehested, K., and Holcman, J., 1993: Rate constants of the equilibrium reactions SO ▪-4 + HNO3 ⇄ HSO -4 + NO ▪-3 and SO ▪-4 + NO -3 ⇄ SO 2-4 + NO ▪-3 , Radiat. Phys. Chem. 41, 539-543.

Loomis, A. G., 1928: International Critical Tables Vol. III: Solubilities of Gases in Water, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 255-261.

Mackay, D. and Shiu, W. Y., 1981: A critical review of Henry's law constants for chemicals of environmental interest, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 10, 1175-1199.

Marsh, A. R. W. and McElroy, W. J., 1985: The dissociation constant and Henry's law constant of HCl in aqueous solution, Atmos. Environ. 19, 1075-1080.

Maruthamuthu, P. and Neta, P., 1977: Radiolytic chain decomposition of peroxomonophosphoric and peroxomonosulphuric acids, J. Phys. Chem. 81, 937-940.

Matthijsen, J., Builtjes, P. J. H., and Sedlak, D. H., 1995: Cloud model experiments of the effect of iron and copper on tropospheric ozone under marine and continental conditions, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 57, 43-60.

McElroy, W. J. and Waygood, S. J., 1990: Kinetics of the reactions of the SO -4 Radical with SO -4 , S2O2 2-8 , H2O and Fe2+, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86, 2557-2564.

McElroy, W. J., 1997: The interactions of gases with aqueous aerosol particles, central Electr. Gen. Board, Part IV.

Merényi G. and Lind, J., 1994: Reaction mechanism of hydrogen abstraction by the bromine atom in water, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 7872-7876.

Mirabel, P., 1996: Investigations of the uptake rate of some atmospheric trace gases, RINOXA Final Report.

Möller, D. and Mauersberger, G., 1992: Cloud chemistry effects on tropospheric photo-oxidants in polluted atmosphere-model results, J. Atmos. Chem. 14, 153-165.

Möller, D. and Mauersberger, G., 1995: Aqueous phase chemical reaction system used in cloud chemistry modelling, in A. Flossmann, T. Cvitaš, D. Möller, and G. Mauersberger (eds), Clouds: Models and Mechanisms, ISS, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, pp. 77-93.

National Bureau of Standards, 1971: JANAF thermodynamic tables, 2nd edn, NSDRS-NBS 37, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

Neta, P. and Huie, R. E., 1986: Rate constants for reactions of NO3 radicals in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 4644-4648.

Norman, R. O. C., Storey, P. M., and West, P. R., 1970: Electron spin resonance studies. Part XXV. Reactions of the sulphate radical anion with organic compounds, J. Chem. Soc. B., 1087-1095.

Nowacki, P., 1998: Modeling of size-resolved multi-phase chemical processes in clouds under polluted atmospheric conditions, PhD Thesis in preparation, BTU Cottbus.

Olson, T. M. and Hoffmann, M. R., 1989: Hydroxyalkylsulfonate formation: Its role as a S(IV) reservoir in atmospheric water droplets, Atmos. Environ. 23, 985-997.

O'Sullivan, D. W., Lee, M., Noone, B. C., and Heikes, B. G., 1996: Henry's law constant determinations for hydrogen peroxide, ethyl hydroperoxide and peroxyacetic acid, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 3241-3247.

Park, J.-Y. and Lee, Y. N., 1988: Solubility and decomposition kinetics of nitrous acid in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 6294-6302.

Pick-Kaplan, M. and Rabani, J., 1976: Pulse radiolytic studies of aqueous Mn(ClO4)2 solutions, J. Phys. Chem. 80, 1840-1843.

von Piechowski, M., Nauser, T., Hoignè, J., and Bühler, R. E., 1993: O -2 Decay catalysed by Cu2+ and Cu+ ions in aqueous solutions: A pulse radiolysis study for atmospheric chemistry, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 97, 762-771.

Pikaev, A. K., Sibirskaya, G. K., Shirshov, E. M., Glazunov, P. Y., and Spitsyn, V. I., 1974: Pulsed radiolysis of concentrated aqueous solutions of nitric acid, Dokl. Phys. Chem., Proc. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., 215, 328-331.

Ponche, J. L., George, C., and Mirabel, P., 1993: Mass transfer at the air/water interface: Mass accommodation coefficients of SO2, HNO3, NO2, J. Atmos. Chem. 16, 1-21.

Raabe, G., 1996: Eine laserphotolytische Studie zur Kinetik der Reaktionen des NO3-Radikals in wäßriger Lösung, Cuvillier, Göttingen, Germany.

Rafi, A. and Sutton, H. C., 1965: Radiolysis of aerted solutions of potassium bromide, Trans. Faraday Soc. 61, 877-890.

Redlich, O., 1946: The dissociation of strong electrolytes, Chem. Rev. 39, 333-356.

Redlich, O. and Hood, G. C., 1957: Ionic interaction, dissociation and molecular structure, Faraday Discuss. 24, 87-93.

Reese, A., 1992: Diploma Thesis, Untersuchungen zur Spektroskopie und Kinetik der Radikalanionen SO -x (x =3, 4, 5) in wäßriger Lösung, University Essen, Germany.

Reese, A., 1997: PhD Thesis, UV/VIS-spektrometrische und kinetische Untersuchungen von Radikalen und Radikalanionen in wäßriger Lösung, University Essen, Germany.

Reese, A., Herrmann, H., and Zellner, R., 1997: Kinetics and spectroscopy of organic peroxyl radicals (RO2) in aqueous solution, in P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell, T. Cvitaš, K. Kelly, and W. Seiler (eds), Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere, Vol. 1, Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium '96, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southhampton, U.K., pp. 377-381.

Reese, A., Herrmann, H., and Zellner, R., 1999: Kinetic and spectroscopic investigations of the Br -2 radical in aqueous solution, in P. M. Borrell and P. Borrell (eds), Proceedings of the EUROTRAC-2 '98 Symposium, WIT Press, Southampton, pp. 714-718.

Rettich, T. R., 1978: Some photochemical reactions of aqueous nitric acid, Diss. Abstr. Int. B 38, 5968.

Röth, E.-P., 1992: A fast algorithm to calculate the photonflux in optically dense media for use in photochemical models, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 96, 417-420.

Rohrer, F. and Brüning, D., 1992: Surface NO and NO2 mixing ratios measured between 30°N and 30°S in the Atlantic region, J. Atmos. Chem. 15, 253-267.

Rudich, Y., Talukdar, R. K., Ravishankara, A. R., and Fox, R. W., 1996: Reactive uptake of NO3 on pure water and ionic solutions, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 21023-21031.

Ruggaber, A., Dlugi, R., Bott, A., Forkel, R., Herrmann, H., and Jacobi, H.-W., 1997: Modelling of radiation quantities and photolysis frequencies in the aqueous phase in the troposhere, Atmos. Environ. 31, 3137-3150.

Rush, J. D. and Bielski, B. H. J., 1985: Pulse radiolytic studies of the reactions of HO2/O ?2 with Fe(II)/FE(III) ions. The reactivity of HO2/O ?2 with ferric ions and its implication on the occurrence of the Haber-Weiss-reaction 89, 5062-5066.

Sander, R. and Crutzen, P. J., 1996: Model study indicating halogen activation and ozone destruction in polluted air masses transported to the sea, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 9121-9138.

Saxena, P. and Hildemann, L. M., 1996: Water-soluble organics in atmospheric particles: A critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds, J. Atmos. Chem. 24, 57-109.

Schuchmann, M. N. and von Sonntag, C., 1988: The rapid hydration of the acetyl radical. A pulse radiolysis study of acetaldehyde in aqueous solution, J. Am. Soc. 110, 5698-5701.

Schwartz, S. E., 1986: Mass transport considerations pertinent to aqueous phase reactions of gases in liquid water clouds, in W. Jaeschke (ed.), Chemistry of Multiphase Atmospheric Systems, NATO ASI Series, Vol. 6, Springer, Berlin, pp. 415-471.

Schwartz, S. E. and White, W. H., 1983: Kinetics of reactive dissolution of nitrogen oxides into aqueous solution, Adv. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12, 1-115.

Schwarz, H. A. and Bielski, B. H. J., 1986: Reactions of HO2 and O -2 with iodine and bromine and the I -2 and I atom reduction potentials, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 1445-1448.

Schweitzer, F., Magi, L., George, C., and Mirabel, P., 1998: Uptake rate measurements of methanesulfonic acid and glyoxal by aqueous droplets, J. Phys. Chem. 102, 593-600.

Sedlak, D. L. and Hoigné, J., 1993: The role of copper and oxalate in the redox cycling of iron in atmospheric waters, Atmos. Environ. 27A, 2173-2185.

Sehested, K., Holcman, J., and Hart, T. J., 1983: J. Phys. Chem. 87, 1951-1954.

Sehested, K., Logager, T., Holcman, J., and Nielsen, O. J., 1994: Formation and reactions of the NO3 radical in aqueous solution, in P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell, T. Cvitaš, and W. Seiler (eds), Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere, Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium '94, SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 999-1004.

Shoute, L. C. T., Alfassi, Z. B., Neta, P., and Huie, R. E., 1991: Temperature Dependence of the rate constants for reaction of dihalide and azide radicals with inorganic reductances, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 3238-3242.

Sirs, J. A., 1958, Electronic stopped flow measurements of rapid reactions in solution. Part 2. Glass electrode pH measurements, Trans. Faraday Soc. 54, 207-212.

von Sonntag, C., 1987: The Chemical Basis of Radiation Biology, Taylor & Francis.

Stanbury, D. M., 1989, Reduction potentials involving inorganic free radicals in aqueous solution, Adv. Inorg. Chem. 33, 69-138.

Stockwell, W. R., Middleton, P., Chang, J. S., and Tang, X., 1990: The second generation regional acid deposition model. Chemical mechanism for regional air quality modeling, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 16343-16367.

Stockwell, W. R., Kirchner, F., Kuhn, M., and Seefeld, S., 1997: A new mechanism for regional atmospheric chemistry modeling, J. Geophys. Res. 102 (D22), 25847-25879.

Tang, Y., Thorn, R. P., Mauldin III, R. L., and Wine, P. H., 1988: Kinetics and spectroscopy of the SO -4 radical in aqueous solution, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 44, 243-258.

Thomas, J. K., 1965: Rates of reaction of the hydroxyl radical, Trans. Faraday Soc. 61, 702-707.

Thomas, K., Volz-Thomas, A., Mihelcic, D., Smit, H. G. J., and Kley D., 1998: On the exchange of NO3 radicals with aqueous solutions: Solubility and sticking coefficient, J. Atmos. Chem. 29, 17-43.

Thornton, A. T. and Laurence, G. S., 1973: Kinetics of oxidation of transition-metal ions by halogen radical anions. I. The oxidation of iron(II) by dibromide and dichloride ions generated by flash photolysis, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 804-813.

Wagner, I. and Strehlow, H., 1987: On the flash photolysis of bromide ions in aqueous solution, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 91, 1317-1321.

Wagner, I., Strehlow, H., and Busse, G., 1980: Flash photolysis of nitrate ions in aqueous solution, Z. Phys. Chem 123, 1-33.

Walling, C. and Goosen, A., 1973: Mechanism of the ferric ion catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Effect of organic substrates, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95 (9), 2987-2991.

Walling, C., 1975: Fenton's reagent revisited, Acc. Chem. Res. 8, 125-131.

Walcek, C. J., Yuan, H. H., and Stockwell, W. R., 1997: The influence of aqueous-phase chemical reactions on ozone formation in polluted and nonpolluted clouds, Atmos. Environ. 31 (8), 1221-1237.

Wang, T. X. and Margerum, D. W., 1994: Kinetics of reversible chlorine hydrolysis: Temperature dependence and general-acid/base-assisted mechanisms, Inorg. Chem. 33, 1050-1055.

Warneck, P. (ed)., 1996: Heterogeneous and Liquid-Phase Processes, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany.

Warneck, P. and Wurzinger, C., 1988: Product quantum yields for the 305 nm photodecomposition of NO -3 in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 6278-6283.

Weinstein-Lloyd, J. and Schwartz, S. E., 1991: Low-intensity radiolysis study of free-radical reactions in cloudwater: H2O2 production and destruction, Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 791-800.

Welch, M. J., Lifton, J. F., and Seck, J. A., 1969: Tracer studies with radioactive Oxygen-15. Exchange between carbon dioxide and water, J. Phys. Chem. 73, 3351-3356.

Weschler, C. J., Mandich, M. L., and Graedel, T. E., 1986: Speciation, photosensitivity and reactions of transition metal ions in atmospheric droplets, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 5189-5204.

Wicktor, F., Reese, A., Herrmann, H., and Zellner, R., 1996: Lasergestützte kinetische und spektroskopische Untersuchungen des Br -2 -Radikalanions in wäßriger Lösung, GDCh Umwelt und Chemie, Umwelttagung 1996.

Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R. J., 1977: Low-pressure solubility of gases in liquid water, Chem. Rev. 77, 219-262.

Wolke, R. and Knoth, O., 1966: Numerical solution of air pollution models: Aqueous chemistry, Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, Special Issues: ICIAM95, Issue 5: Applied Sciences, especially Mechanics, 551-552.

Zehavi, D. and Rabani, J., 1972: The oxidation of aqueous bromide ions by hydroxyl radicals. A pulse radiolysis investigation, J. Phys. Chem. 76, 312-319.

Zellner, R., Exner, M., and Herrmann, H., 1990: Absolute OH quantum yields in the laser photolysis of nitrate, nitrite and dissolved H2O2 at 308 and 351 nm in the temperature range of 278–353 K, J. Atmos. Chem. 10, 411-425.

Zellner, R., Herrmann, H., Exner, M., Jacobi, H.-W., Raabe, G., and Reese, A., 1994: Bildung und Reaktionen von Oxidantien in flüssiger Phase, Final Report, University-GH-Essen, Förderkennzeichen FK 07EU7801.

Zellner, R. and Herrmann, H., 1995: Free radical chemistry of the aqueous atmospheric phase, in R. J. H. Clark and R. E. Hester (eds), Advances in Spectroscopy, Spectroscopy in Environmental Science, Wiley, London, Vol. 3, pp. 381-451.

Zellner, R., Herrmann, H., Exner, M., Jacobi, H.-W., Raabe, G., and Reese, A., 1996: Formation and Reactions of Oxidants in the Aqueous Phase, in P. Warneck (ed.), Heterogeneous and Liquid Phase Processes, Springer, Berlin, pp. 146-152.

Ziajka, J., Beer, F., and Warneck, P., 1994: Iron-catalysed oxidation of bisulphite aqueous solution: Evidence for a free radical chain mechanism, Atmos. Environ. 28, 2549-2552.

Zimmermann, J. and Poppe, D., 1996: A supplement for the RADM2 chemical mechanism: The photooxidation of isoprene,Atmos. Environ. 30, 1255-1269.