DIARRHEAL DISEASE

Altaie, 1994, Comparison of two commercially available enzyme immunoassays for detection of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens, J Clin Microbiol, 32, 51, 10.1128/JCM.32.1.51-53.1994 American Academy of Pediatrics, 1985, Use of oral fluid therapy and posttreatment feeding following enteritis in children in a developed country, Pediatrics, 75, 358, 10.1542/peds.75.2.358 Argenzio, 1993, Prostenoids inhibit intestinal NaCl absorption in experimental cryptosporidiosis, Gastroenterology, 104, 440, 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90412-6 Argenzio, 1990, Villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, cellular infiltration, and impaired glucose-Na absorption in enteric cryptosporidiosis of pigs, Gastroenterology, 98, 1129, 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90325-U Ashkenazi, 1989, Rapid method to detect shiga toxin and shiga-like toxin I based on binding to globotriosyl ceramide (Gb3), their natural receptor, J Clin Microbiol, 27, 1145, 10.1128/JCM.27.6.1145-1150.1989 Ashkenazi, 1988, Anti-cytotoxin neutralizing antibodies in immune globulin preparations: Potential use in hemolytic uremic syndrome, J Pediatr, 113, 1009, 10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80572-9 Belongia, 1993, Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Minnesota child daycare facilities, JAMA, 269, 883, 10.1001/jama.1993.03500070063030 Bendall, 1993, Diarrhoea associated with cyanobacterium-like bodies: A new coccidian enteritis of man, Lancet, 341, 590, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90352-H Besser, 1993, An outbreak of diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fresh-pressed apple cider, JAMA, 269, 2217, 10.1001/jama.1993.03500170047032 Bishop, 1993, Development of candidate rotavirus vaccines, Vaccine, 11, 247, 10.1016/0264-410X(93)90025-S Bishop, 1988, Bacterial gastroenteritis, Pediatr Clin North Am, 35, 69, 10.1016/S0031-3955(16)36400-8 Bishop, 1990, Clinical serological and intestinal immune responses to rotavirus infection of humans, 85 Blacklow, 1991, Viral gastroenteritis, N Engl J Med, 325, 252, 10.1056/NEJM199107253250406 Blake, 1980, A possible endemic focus of cholera in the United States, N Engl J Med, 302, 305, 10.1056/NEJM198002073020601 Bokete, 1993, Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Seattle children: A prospective study, Gastroenterology, 105, 1724, 10.1016/0016-5085(93)91069-T Butler, 1988, Risk factors for development of hemolytic-uremic syndrome during shigellosis, J Pediatr, 110, 894, 10.1016/S0022-3476(87)80405-5 Buts, 1993, Saccharomyces boulardii for Clostridium difficile–associated enteropathies in infants, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 16, 419, 10.1097/00005176-199305000-00013 Carter, 1987, A severe outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7-associated hemorrhagic colitis in a nursing home, N Engl J Med, 317, 1496, 10.1056/NEJM198712103172403 Chiba, 1993, Virological and serological aspects of immune resistance to rotavirus gastroenteritis, Clin Infect Dis, 16, S117, 10.1093/clinids/16.Supplement_2.S117 Cholera Working Group, 1993, Large epidemic of cholera-like disease in Bangladesh caused by Vibrio cholerae 0139 synonym Bengal, Lancet, 342, 387, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92811-7 Cimolai, 1990, Risk factors for the progression of Escherichia coli O157:H7 enteritis to hemolytic uremic syndrome, J Pediatr, 116, 589, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81609-9 Clark, 1990, Serotype I reassortant of bovine rotavirus WC3 strain W179-9 induces a polytypic antibody response in infants, Vaccine, 8, 327, 10.1016/0264-410X(90)90089-5 Cleary, 1988, Cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and the hemolytic uremic syndrome, Pediatr Clin North Am, 35, 485, 10.1016/S0031-3955(16)36467-7 Clemens, 1991, Biotypes as determinants of natural immunising effect of cholera, Lancet, 337, 883, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90207-6 Cohen, 1991, Hemorrhagic colitis associated with Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Adv Intern Med, 37, 173 Combee, 1986, Cryptosporidiosis in a hospital-associated day care center, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 5, 528, 10.1097/00006454-198609000-00008 1990, Community outbreaks of shigellosis—United States, MMWR, 39, 509 Dagan, 1992, Safety and immunogenicity of oral tetravalent human-rhesus reassortant vaccine in neonates, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 11, 991, 10.1097/00006454-199211120-00001 Downes, 1989, Development and evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of shiga-like toxin I and shiga-like toxin II, J Clin Microbiol, 27, 1292, 10.1128/JCM.27.6.1292-1297.1989 Dudley, 1986, Oral bacitracin vs vancomycin therapy for Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea: A randomized double-blind trial, Arch Int Med, 146, 1101, 10.1001/archinte.1986.00360180083015 Edelman, 1987, Perspective on the development and deployment of rotavirus vaccines, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 6, 704, 10.1097/00006454-198708000-00002 Edwards, 1993, Troubled waters in Milwaukee, ASM News, 59, 342 Estes, 1989, Rotavirus gene structure and function, Microbiol Rev, 38, 1 Evans, 1984, Administration of purified colonization factor antigens (CFA/I, CFA/II) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to volunteers: Response to challenge with virulent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Gastroenterology, 87, 934, 10.1016/0016-5085(84)90091-X Fasano, 1991, Vibrio cholerae produces a second enterotoxin, which affects intestinal tight junctions, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88, 5242, 10.1073/pnas.88.12.5242 FDA recommends cooking ground beef to 155 degrees to prevent illness from E. coli. FDA Medical Bulletin, June 1993, pp 5–6 Fekety, 1993, Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis, JAMA, 269, 71, 10.1001/jama.1993.03500010081036 Flores, 1987, Protection against severe rotavirus diarrhoea by rhesus rotavirus vaccine in Venezuelan infants, Lancet, 1, 882, 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92858-3 Formal, 1989, Shigella vaccines, Rev Infect Dis, 11, S547, 10.1093/clinids/11.Supplement_3.S547 Formal, 1965, Protection of monkeys against experimental shigellosis with attenuated vaccines, J Bacteriol, 90, 63, 10.1128/JB.90.1.63-68.1965 Garcia, 1987, Fluorescence detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human fecal specimens by using monoclonal antibodies, J Clin Microbiol, 25, 119, 10.1128/JCM.25.1.119-121.1987 Gerding, 1993, Optimal methods for identifying Clostridium difficile infections, Clin Infect Dis, 16, S439, 10.1093/clinids/16.Supplement_4.S439 Glass, 1991, Cholera in Africa: Lessons on transmission and control for Latin America, Lancet, 338, 791, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90673-D Gorbach, 1987, Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG, Lancet, 2, 1519, 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92646-8 Gotuzzo, 1993, Safety, immunogenicity, and excretion pattern of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in Peruvian adults of high and low socioeconomic levels, Infect Immun, 61, 3994, 10.1128/IAI.61.9.3994-3997.1993 Grandsen, 1986, Further evidence associating hemolytic-uremic syndrome with infection by vero-toxin producing Escherichia coli 0157:H7, J Infect Dis, 154, 522, 10.1093/infdis/154.3.522 Griffen, 1988, Illnesses associated with Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infections: A broad clinical spectrum, Ann Intern Med, 109, 705, 10.7326/0003-4819-109-9-705 Guarino, 1994, Enterotoxic effect of stool supernatant of Cryptosporidium-infected calves on human jejunum, Gastroenterology, 106, 28, 10.1016/S0016-5085(94)94093-2 Guerrant, 1991, Bacterial and protozoal gastroenteritis, N Engl J Med, 325, 327, 10.1056/NEJM199108013250506 Guyon-Gruaz, 1986, Oral immunization with a synthetic peptide of cholera toxin B subunit. Obtention of neutralizing antibodies, Eur J Biochem, 159, 525, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09918.x Hamilton, 1988, Viral enteritis, Pediatr Clin North Am, 35, 89, 10.1016/S0031-3955(16)36401-X Hanlon, 1987, Trial of an attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine (RIT 4237) in Gambian infants, Lancet, 1, 1342, 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90649-0 Harari, 1988, Synthetic peptides of Shiga toxin B subunit induces antibodies which neutralize its biological activity, Infect Immun, 56, 1618, 10.1128/IAI.56.6.1618-1624.1988 Harel, 1993, A reporter transgene indicates renal-specific induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by Shiga-like toxin: Possible involvement of TNF in hemolytic uremic syndrome, J Clin Invest, 92, 2110, 10.1172/JCI116811 Hayes, 1989, Large community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to contamination of a filtered public water supply, N Engl J Med, 320, 1372, 10.1056/NEJM198905253202103 Herrington, 1988, Toxin, toxin-coregulated pili, and the toxR regulon are essential for Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis in humans, J Exp Med, 168, 1487, 10.1084/jem.168.4.1487 Hoge, 1993, Epidemiology of diarrhoeal illness associated with coccidian-like organism among travellers and foreign residents in Nepal, Lancet, 341, 1175, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91002-4 Holmgren, 1983, Cholera and the immune response, Progress in Allergy, 33, 106 Holmgren, 1987, An oral B subunit whole cell vaccine against cholera: From concept to successful field trial, 1649 1993, Imported cholera associated with a newly described toxigenic Vibrio cholerae 0139 strain—California, MMWR, 42, 501 Jacob, 1986, Induction of rat secretory IgA antibodies against cholera toxin by a synthetic peptide, Immunology, 59, 129 Johnson, 1991, Identification of a mannose-binding pilus on Vibrio cholerae EI Tor, Microb Pathog, 11, 433, 10.1016/0882-4010(91)90039-D Kapikian, 1990, Rotaviruses, 1353 Karmali, 1985, The association between idiopathic, hemolytic-uremic syndrome and infection by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli, J Infect Dis, 151, 775, 10.1093/infdis/151.5.775 Kelly, 1994, Clostridium difficile colitis, N Engl J Med, 330, 257, 10.1056/NEJM199401273300406 Klipstein, 1986, Immunization of volunteers with a synthetic peptide vaccine for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Lancet, 1, 471, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92930-2 Kocoshis, 1984, Intestinal and pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in an infant with severe combined immune deficiency, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 3, 149, 10.1097/00005176-198401000-00028 Koopman, 1989, The Tecumseh study XV: Rotavirus infection and pathogenicity, Am J Epidemiol, 130, 750, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115396 Kotloff, 1992, Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in monkeys and humans of invasive Escherichia coli K-12 hybrid vaccine candidates expressing Shigella flexneri 2a somatic antigen, Infect Immun, 60, 2218, 10.1128/IAI.60.6.2218-2224.1992 Kuhl, 1993, Diagnosis and monitoring of Clostridium difficile infections with the polymerase chain reaction, Clin Infect Dis, 16, S234, 10.1093/clinids/16.Supplement_4.S234 Levenson, 1988, Parenteral immunization with Shigella ribosomal vaccine elicits local IgA response and primes for mucosal memory, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 87, 25, 10.1159/000234644 Levenson, 1991, Protective ribosomal preparation from Shigella sonnei as a parenteral candidate vaccine, Infect Immun, 59, 3610, 10.1128/IAI.59.10.3610-3618.1991 Levine, 1990, Modern vaccines: Enteric infections, Lancet, 335, 958, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91013-Z Levine, 1981, The quality and duration of infection-derived immunity to cholera, J Infect Dis, 143, 818, 10.1093/infdis/143.6.818 Levine, 1988, Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of recombinant live oral cholera vaccines CVD 103 and CVD 103 HgR, Lancet, 2, 467, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)90120-1 Long, 1990, Alga associated with diarrhea in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in travelers, J Clin Microbiol, 28, 1101, 10.1128/JCM.28.6.1101-1104.1990 Long, 1991, Morphologic and staining characteristics of a cyanobacterium-like organism associated with diarrhea, J Infect Dis, 164, 199, 10.1093/infdis/164.1.199 Lucas, 1991, Protection of rat intestine against a cholera toxin challenge by monoclonal anti-idiotypic immunization via enteral and parenteral routes, Infect Immun, 59, 3651, 10.1128/IAI.59.10.3651-3658.1991 Ma, 1983, Three step stool examination for cryptosporidiosis in 10 homosexual men with protracted watery diarrhea, J Infect Dis, 147, 824, 10.1093/infdis/147.5.824 March, 1986, Sorbitol-MacConkey medium for detection of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 associated with hemorrhagic colitis, J Clin Microbiol, 23, 869, 10.1128/JCM.23.5.869-872.1986 McIver, 1977, Immunization with Shigella dysenteriae type 1: Evaluation of antitoxic immunity in prevention of experimental disease in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), J Infect Dis, 136, 416, 10.1093/infdis/136.3.416 Meitert, 1984, Vaccine strain Sh. flexneri T32-Istrati: Studies in animals and immunotherapy by live vaccine Vadizen (Sh. flexneri T32-Istrati), Arch Roum Path Exp Microbiol, 43, 251 Mezoff, 1990, Mechanisms of increased susceptibility of immature and weaned pigs to Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin, Pediatr Res, 29, 424, 10.1203/00006450-199105010-00003 Midthun, 1985, Reassortant rotaviruses as potential live rotavirus vaccine candidates, J Virol, 53, 949, 10.1128/JVI.53.3.949-954.1985 Miles, 1988, Evaluation of a commercial latex test for Clostridium difficile for reactivity with C. difficile and cross-reactions with other bacteria, J Clin Microbiol, 26, 2452, 10.1128/JCM.26.11.2452-2455.1988 Morris, 1985, Cholera and other vibrioses in the United States, N Engl J Med, 312, 343, 10.1056/NEJM198502073120604 Neill, 1987, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 as the predominant pathogen associated with the hemolytic uremic syndrome: A prospective study in the Pacific Northwest, Pediatrics, 80, 37, 10.1542/peds.80.1.37 Obrig, 1988, Direct cytotoxic action of Shiga toxin on human vascular endothelial cells, Infect Immun, 56, 2373, 10.1128/IAI.56.9.2373-2378.1988 Ortega, 1993, Cyclospora species—a new protozoan pathogen of humans, N Engl J Med, 328, 1308, 10.1056/NEJM199305063281804 Ostroff, 1989, Infections with Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in Washington State, JAMA, 262, 355, 10.1001/jama.1989.03430030043031 1986, Outbreak of gastrointestinal disease in Sarnia, Ontario, Ontario Disease Surveillance Report, 7, 604 Payne, 1983, Identification of cryptosporidium in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, N Engl J Med, 309, 613, 10.1056/NEJM198309083091014 Perez-Schael, 1990, Clinical studies of a quadrivalent rotavirus vaccine in Venezuelan infants, J Clin Microbiol, 28, 553, 10.1128/JCM.28.3.553-558.1990 Pichichero, 1993, A comparative evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of unbuffered oral rhesus rotavirus serotype 3, rhesus/human reassortant serotypes 1, 2 and 4 combined (tetravalent) vaccines in healthy infants, Vaccine, 11, 747, 10.1016/0264-410X(93)90260-5 Pierce, 1982, Oral immunization of dogs with purified cholera toxin, crude cholera toxin, or B subunit: Evidence for synergistic protection by antitoxic and antibacterial mechanisms, Infect Immun, 37, 687, 10.1128/IAI.37.2.687-694.1982 Pothoulakis, 1993, Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits Clostridium difficile toxin A binding and enterotoxicity in rat ileum, Gastroenterology, 104, 1108, 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90280-P Proulx, 1992, Randomized, controlled trial of antibiotic therapy for Escherichia coli 0157:H7 enteritis, J Pediatr, 121, 299, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81209-0 Reid, 1993, Preclinical evaluation of microencapsulated CFA/II oral vaccine against enterotoxigenic E. coli, Vaccine, 11, 159, 10.1016/0264-410X(93)90013-N Riley, 1983, Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype, N Engl J Med, 308, 681, 10.1056/NEJM198303243081203 Ryan, 1986, Escherichia coli O157:H7 diarrhea in a nursing home: Clinical, epidemiological, and pathological findings, J Infect Dis, 154, 631, 10.1093/infdis/154.4.631 Sanchez, 1993, Safety and immunogenicity of the oral, whole cell/recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine in North American volunteers, J Infect Dis, 167, 1446, 10.1093/infdis/167.6.1446 Shlim, 1991, An alga-like organism associated with an outbreak of prolonged diarrhea among foreigners in Nepal, J Trop Med Hyg, 45, 383, 10.4269/ajtmh.1991.45.383 Simanjuntak, 1993, Safety, immunogenicity, and transmissibility of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine strain CVD 103-HgR in 24–59-month-old Indonesian children, J Infect Dis, 168, 1169, 10.1093/infdis/168.5.1169 Soave, 1988, Cryptosporidium and Isospora belli infections, J Infect Dis, 157, 225, 10.1093/infdis/157.2.225 Sorry, 1990, Oral immunization of mice with a live recombinant Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9 that produces the cholera toxin B subunit, Infect Immun, 58, 2420, 10.1128/IAI.58.8.2420-2428.1990 Spika, 1986, Hemolytic-uremic syndrome and diarrhea associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a day care center, J Pediatr, 109, 287, 10.1016/S0022-3476(86)80386-9 Suharyono, 1992, Safety and immunogenicity of single-dose, live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in 5–9-year old Indonesian children, Lancet, 340, 689, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92231-4 Surawicz, 1993, Saccharomyces boulardii prevents recurrent C. difficile pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea: A multicenter controlled trial [abstract], Gastroenterology, 104, A786 Swerdlow, 1992, A waterborne outbreak in Missouri of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with bloody diarrhea and death, Ann Intern Med, 117, 812, 10.7326/0003-4819-117-10-812 Tacket, 1990, Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy against cholera challenge in man of a typhoid-cholera hybrid vaccine derived from S. typhi Ty21a, Infect Immun, 58, 1620, 10.1128/IAI.58.6.1620-1627.1990 Tarr, 1992, Bacterial ileocecitis caused by Escherichia coli 0157:H7, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 14, 261, 10.1097/00005176-199204000-00004 Taylor, 1993, Synthesis, characterization, and clinical evaluation of conjugate vaccines composed of the O-specific polysaccharides of Shigella dysenteriae type 1, Shigella flexneri type 2a, and Shigella sonnei (Plesiomonas shigelloides) bound to bacterial toxoids, Infect Immun, 61, 3678, 10.1128/IAI.61.9.3678-3687.1993 Teasley, 1983, Prospective randomized trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis, Lancet, 2, 1043, 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)91036-X Tvede, 1989, Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in six patients, Lancet, 1, 1156, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)92749-9 Ungar, 1988, Seroepidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in two Latin American populations, J Infect Dis, 157, 551, 10.1093/infdis/157.3.551 1993, Update: Multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infections from hamburgers—western United States, 1992–1993, MMWR, 42, 258 Vargas, 1993, Azithromycin for treatment of severe Cryptosporidium diarrhea in two children with cancer, J Pediatr, 123, 154, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81562-8 Vesikari, 1993, Clinical trials of live oral rotavirus vaccines: The Finnish experience, Vaccine, 11, 255, 10.1016/0264-410X(93)90026-T Wanke, 1989, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 253 Ward, 1992, Evidence that protection against rotavirus diarrhea after natural infection is not dependent on serotype-specific neutralizing antibody, J Infect Dis, 166, 1251, 10.1093/infdis/166.6.1251 Wittenberg, 1989, Spiramycin is not effective in treating Cryptosporidium diarrhea in infants: Results of a double-blind randomized trial, J Infect Dis, 159, 131, 10.1093/infdis/159.1.131 World Health Organization, 1993, Epidemic diarrhea due to Vibrio cholerae non-O1, Weekly Epidemiological Record, 68, 141