Epidemiology and Effects of Bacterial Infections in Patients With Cirrhosis Worldwide

Jalan, 2014, Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a position statement based on the EASL Special Conference 2013, J Hepatol, 60, 1310, 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.01.024 Bajaj, 2014, Survival in infection-related acute-on-chronic liver failure is defined by extrahepatic organ failures, Hepatology, 60, 250, 10.1002/hep.27077 Dionigi, 2017, Bacterial infections change natural history of cirrhosis irrespective of liver disease severity, Am J Gastroenterol, 112, 588, 10.1038/ajg.2017.19 Fernández, 2018, Bacterial and fungal infections in acute-on-chronic liver failure: prevalence, characteristics and impact on prognosis, Gut, 67, 1870, 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314240 Nahon, 2017, Bacterial infection in compensated viral cirrhosis impairs 5-year survival (ANRS CO12 CirVir prospective cohort), Gut, 66, 330, 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310275 Schmidt, 2015, Decreasing mortality among patients hospitalized with cirrhosis in the United States from 2002 through 2010, Gastroenterology, 148, 967, 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.032 Dellinger, 2004, Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, Crit Care Med, 32, 858, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000117317.18092.E4 World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/193736/1/9789241509763_eng.pdf. Published 2015. Fernández, 2012, Prevalence and risk factors of infections by multiresistant bacteria in cirrhosis: a prospective study, Hepatology, 55, 1551, 10.1002/hep.25532 Ariza, 2012, Risk factors for resistance to ceftriaxone and its impact on mortality in community, healthcare and nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, J Hepatol, 56, 825, 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.11.010 Bajaj, 2012, Second infections independently increase mortality in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis: The North American Consortium for the Study of End-Stage Liver Disease (NACSELD) experience, Hepatology, 56, 2328, 10.1002/hep.25947 Merli, 2015, The spread of multi drug resistant infections is leading to an increase in the empirical antibiotic treatment failure in cirrhosis: a prospective survey, PLoS One, 10, e0127448, 10.1371/journal.pone.0127448 Tandon, 2012, High prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections among patients with cirrhosis at a US liver center, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 10, 1291, 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.08.017 Cheong, 2009, Clinical significance and outcome of nosocomial acquisition of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis, Clin Infect Dis, 48, 1230, 10.1086/597585 Harris, 2009, Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support, J Biomed Inform, 42, 377, 10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010 Magiorakos, 2012, Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance, Clin Microbiol Infect, 18, 268, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x Moreau, 2013, Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis, Gastroenterology, 144, 1426, 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.042 Angeli, 2015, Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites, J Hepatol, 62, 968, 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.029 Nadim, 2016, Management of the critically ill patient with cirrhosis: a multidisciplinary perspective, J Hepatol, 64, 717, 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.019 Ginès, 2012, Management of critically-ill cirrhotic patients, J Hepatol, 56, S13, 10.1016/S0168-8278(12)60003-8 Molton, 2013, The global spread of healthcare-associated multidrug-resistant bacteria: a perspective from Asia, Clin Infect Dis, 56, 1310, 10.1093/cid/cit020 Laxminarayan, 2016, Antibiotic resistance in India: drivers and opportunities for action, PLoS Med, 13, e1001974, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001974 Boeckel, 2014, Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data, Lancet Infect Dis, 14, 742, 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70780-7 Laxminarayan, 2016, Access to effective antimicrobials: a worldwide challenge, Lancet, 387, 168, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00474-2 Moreau, 2018, Effects of long-term norfloxacin therapy in patients with advanced cirrhosis, Gastroenterology, 155, 1816, 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.026 Angeli, 2018, EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis, J Hepatol, 69, 406, 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.024 Umgelter, 2009, Failure of current antibiotic first-line regimens and mortality in hospitalized patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Infection, 37, 2, 10.1007/s15010-008-8060-9 Piano, 2016, The empirical antibiotic treatment of nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial, Hepatology, 63, 1299, 10.1002/hep.27941 Piano, 2018, Assessment of Sepsis-3 criteria and quick SOFA in patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infections, Gut, 67, 1892, 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314324 Kerremans, 2008, Rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing reduce antibiotic use and accelerate pathogen-directed antibiotic use, J Antimicrob Chemother, 61, 428, 10.1093/jac/dkm497 Pancholi, 2018, Multicenter evaluation of the Accelerate PhenoTest BC Kit for rapid identification and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing using morphokinetic cellular analysis, J Clin Microbiol, 56, 10.1128/JCM.01329-17 Avesar, 2017, Rapid phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing using nanoliter arrays, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114, E5787, 10.1073/pnas.1703736114 Richter, 2016, Screening for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: who, when, and how?, Virulence, 8, 417, 10.1080/21505594.2016.1255381 Rimola, 2000, Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. International Ascites Club, J Hepatol, 32, 142, 10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80201-9 Horan, 2008, CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting, Am J Infect Control, 36, 309, 10.1016/j.ajic.2008.03.002 Moreau, 2013, Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis, Gastroenterology, 144, 1426, 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.042 Angeli, 2015, Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites, J Hepatol, 62, 968, 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.029 Singer, 2016, The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3), JAMA, 315, 801, 10.1001/jama.2016.0287