Nitrate and nitrite contamination in drinking water and cancer risk: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Environmental Research - Tập 210 - Trang 112988 - 2022
Roberto Picetti1, Megan Deeney1, Silvia Pastorino1, Mark R. Miller2, Anoop Shah3, David A. Leon3,4, Alan D. Dangour1, Rosemary Green1
1Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
2Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
3Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
4Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

Tài liệu tham khảo

Barrett, 1998, Nitrate in drinking water and the incidence of gastric, esophageal, and brain cancer in Yorkshire, England, Cancer Causes Control, 9, 153, 10.1023/A:1008878126535 Barry, 2020, Ingested nitrate and nitrite and bladder cancer in Northern New England, Epidemiology, 31, 136, 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001112 Beeckman, 2018, Nitrification in agricultural soils: impact, actors and mitigation, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 50, 166, 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.01.014 Boeing, 1993, Dietary carcinogens and the risk for glioma and meningioma in Germany, Int. J. Cancer, 53, 561, 10.1002/ijc.2910530406 Brody, 2006, Breast cancer risk and drinking water contaminated by wastewater: a case control study, Environ. Health, 5, 28, 10.1186/1476-069X-5-28 Carlstrom, 2020, Microbiota, diet and the generation of reactive nitrogen compounds, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 161, 321, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.025 CASP. CASP Appraisal Checklists [Online]. Available: https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/. Chang, 2010, Nitrates in drinking water and the risk of death from rectal cancer: does hardness in drinking water matter?, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 73, 1337, 10.1080/15287394.2010.490178 Chang, 2010, Nitrates in municipal drinking water and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: an ecological cancer case-control study in Taiwan, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 73, 330, 10.1080/15287390903421243 Chiu, 2012, Effect modification by drinking water hardness of the association between nitrate levels and gastric cancer: evidence from an ecological study, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 75, 684, 10.1080/15287394.2012.688486 Chiu, 2011, Does calcium in drinking water modify the association between nitrate in drinking water and risk of death from colon cancer?, J. Water Health, 9, 498, 10.2166/wh.2011.006 Chiu, 2010, Colon cancer and content of nitrates and magnesium in drinking water, Magnes. Res., 23, 81 Chiu, 2007, Nitrate in drinking water and risk of death from bladder cancer: an ecological case-control study in Taiwan, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 70, 1000, 10.1080/15287390601171801 Cocco, 2003, Nitrate in community water supplies and incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Sardinia, Italy, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 57, 510, 10.1136/jech.57.7.510 Coss, 2004, Pancreatic cancer and drinking water and dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite, Am. J. Epidemiol., 159, 693, 10.1093/aje/kwh081 Crowe, 2019, A review of the in vivo evidence investigating the role of nitrite exposure from processed meat consumption in the development of colorectal cancer, Nutrients, 11, 10.3390/nu11112673 Davies, 1998, When can odds ratios mislead?, BMJ, 316, 989, 10.1136/bmj.316.7136.989 De Roos, 2003, Nitrate in public water supplies and the risk of colon and rectum cancers, Epidemiology, 14, 640, 10.1097/01.ede.0000091605.01334.d3 Deeks, 2019, Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses Diana, 2019, Disinfection byproducts potentially responsible for the association between chlorinated drinking water and bladder cancer: a review, Water Res., 162, 492, 10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.014 Dieter, 2018 Downes, 2016, Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS), BMJ Open, 6, 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011458 2018 Espejo-Herrera, 2015, Nitrate in drinking water and bladder cancer risk in Spain, Environ. Res., 137, 299, 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.034 Espejo-Herrera, 2016, Colorectal cancer risk and nitrate exposure through drinking water and diet, Int. J. Cancer, 139, 334, 10.1002/ijc.30083 Espejo-Herrera, 2016, Ingested nitrate and breast cancer in the Spanish multicase-control study on cancer (MCC-Spain), Environ. Health Perspect., 124, 1042, 10.1289/ehp.1510334 Essien, 2020, Drinking-water nitrate and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Arch. Environ. Occup. Health, 1 Evans, 2019, The nitrogen cost of photosynthesis, J. Exp. Bot., 70, 7, 10.1093/jxb/ery366 Fan, 2019, Health, exposure and regulatory implications of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water 2015 Fathmawati, 2017, Nitrate in drinking water and risk of colorectal cancer in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 80, 120, 10.1080/15287394.2016.1260508 Freedman, 2000, A case-control study of nitrate in drinking water and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Minnesota, Arch. Environ. Health, 55, 326, 10.1080/00039890009604024 Gulis, 2002, An ecologic study of nitrate in municipal drinking water and cancer incidence in Trnava District, Slovakia, Environ. Res., 88, 182, 10.1006/enrs.2002.4331 Hansen, 2019, Mitigating the risk of atrazine exposure: identifying hot spots and hot times in surface waters across Nebraska, USA, J. Environ. Manag., 250, 109424, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109424 Higgins, 2002, Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis, Stat. Med., 21, 1539, 10.1002/sim.1186 Ho, 2011, Nitrates in drinking water and the risk of death from brain cancer: does hardness in drinking water matter?, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 74, 747, 10.1080/15287394.2011.539143 Hosseini, 2020, Nitrate-nitrite exposure through drinking water and diet and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, Clin. Nutr. 2010, Ingested nitrate and nitrite, and cyanobacterial peptide toxins 2015, Red meat and processed meat Infante-Rivard, 2001, Drinking water contaminants and childhood leukemia, Epidemiology, 12, 13, 10.1097/00001648-200101000-00004 Inoue-Choi, 2015, Nitrate and nitrite ingestion and risk of ovarian cancer among postmenopausal women in Iowa, Int. J. Cancer, 137, 173, 10.1002/ijc.29365 2011 Ioannidis, 2007, The appropriateness of asymmetry tests for publication bias in meta-analyses: a large survey, CMAJ (Can. Med. Assoc. J.), 176, 1091, 10.1503/cmaj.060410 Jones, 2019, Ingested nitrate, disinfection by-products, and risk of colon and rectal cancers in the Iowa Women's Health Study cohort, Environ. Int., 126, 242, 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.010 Jones, 2016, Nitrate from drinking water and diet and bladder cancer among postmenopausal women in Iowa, Environ. Health Perspect., 124, 1751, 10.1289/EHP191 Jones, 2017, Ingested nitrate, disinfection by-products, and kidney cancer risk in older women, Epidemiology, 28, 703, 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000647 Key, 2020, Diet, nutrition, and cancer risk: what do we know and what is the way forward?, BMJ, 368, m511, 10.1136/bmj.m511 Kobayashi, 2018, Effect of diet and gut environment on the gastrointestinal formation of N-nitroso compounds: a review, Nitric Oxide, 73, 66, 10.1016/j.niox.2017.06.001 Kuo, 2007, Nitrates in drinking water and risk of death from rectal cancer in Taiwan, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 70, 1717, 10.1080/15287390701457704 Law, 1999, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and nitrate in drinking water: a study in Yorkshire, United Kingdom, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 53, 383, 10.1136/jech.53.6.383 Leclerc, 1991, [Nitrates in drinking water and cancer], Bull. Acad. Natl. Med., 175, 651 Liao, 2013, Magnesium in drinking water modifies the association between nitrate ingestion and risk of death from esophageal cancer, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 76, 192, 10.1080/15287394.2013.752324 Lundberg, 2018, Metabolic effects of dietary nitrate in health and disease, Cell Metabol., 28, 9, 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.007 Marchevsky, 2000, Critical appraisal of different study designs Mateo-Sagasta, 2018, More people, more food, worse water? McElroy, 2008, Nitrogen-nitrate exposure from drinking water and colorectal cancer risk for rural women in Wisconsin, USA, J. Water Health, 6, 399, 10.2166/wh.2008.048 McKenzie, 2020, Detecting effects of herbicide runoff: the use of Cassiopea maremetens as a biomonitor to hexazinone, Aquat. Toxicol., 221, 105442, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105442 Morales-Suarez-Varela, 1995, Impact of nitrates in drinking water on cancer mortality in Valencia, Spain, Eur. J. Epidemiol., 11, 15, 10.1007/BF01719941 Mueller, 2001, Residential water source and the risk of childhood brain tumors, Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 551, 10.1289/ehp.01109551 Mueller, 2004, Household water source and the risk of childhood brain tumours: results of the SEARCH International Brain Tumor Study, Int. J. Epidemiol., 33, 1209, 10.1093/ije/dyh215 Orsini, 2006, Generalized least squares for trend estimation of summarized dose–response data, STATA J., 6, 40, 10.1177/1536867X0600600103 Ouedraogo, 2016, Mapping the groundwater vulnerability for pollution at the pan African scale, Sci. Total Environ., 544, 939, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.135 Page, 2021, The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews, BMJ, 372, n71, 10.1136/bmj.n71 Powlson, 2008, When does nitrate become a risk for humans?, J. Environ. Qual., 37, 291, 10.2134/jeq2007.0177 Prakasa Rao, 2017, Assessment of nitrate threat to water quality in India Quist, 2018, Ingested nitrate and nitrite, disinfection by-products, and pancreatic cancer risk in postmenopausal women, Int. J. Cancer, 142, 251, 10.1002/ijc.31055 Rademacher, 1992, Gastric cancer mortality and nitrate levels in Wisconsin drinking water, Arch. Environ. Health, 47, 292, 10.1080/00039896.1992.9938364 Rhoades, 2013, Atrazine and nitrate in public drinking water supplies and non-hodgkin lymphoma in Nebraska, USA, Environ. Health Insights, 7, 15, 10.4137/EHI.S10629 Ryberg, 2015, Trends in pesticide concentrations and use for major rivers of the United States, Sci. Total Environ., 538, 431, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.095 Sandor, 2001, Association between gastric cancer mortality and nitrate content of drinking water: ecological study on small area inequalities, Eur. J. Epidemiol., 17, 443, 10.1023/A:1013765016742 Schullehner, 2018, Nitrate in drinking water and colorectal cancer risk: a nationwide population-based cohort study, Int. J. Cancer, 143, 73, 10.1002/ijc.31306 Sengupta, 2013, Potential health impacts of hard water, Int. J. Prev. Med., 4, 866 Shukla, 2020, Sources and leaching of nitrate contamination in groundwater, Curr. Sci., 118, 883, 10.18520/cs/v118/i6/883-891 Stare, 2016, Odds ratio, hazard ratio and relative risk, Metodoloski zvezki, 13, 59 Steindorf, 1994, Nitrate in drinking water. A case-control study on primary brain tumours with an embedded drinking water survey in Germany, Int. J. Epidemiol., 23, 451, 10.1093/ije/23.3.451 STROBE. STROBE Statement [Online]. Available: https://strobe-statement.org/index.php?id=available-checklists. Sung, 2021, Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries, CA A Cancer J. Clin., 10.3322/caac.21660 Sutton, 2013, Our Nutrient World: the challenge to produce more food and energy with less pollution Taneja, 2017, The risk of cancer as a result of elevated levels of nitrate in drinking water and vegetables in Central India, J. Water Health, 15, 602, 10.2166/wh.2017.283 Thorpe, 2005, Herbicides and nitrates in groundwater of Maryland and childhood cancers: a geographic information systems approach, J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev., 23, 261, 10.1080/10590500500235001 Tirado, 2007 Townsend, 2003, Human health effects of a changing global nitrogen cycle, Front. Ecol. Environ., 1, 240, 10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0240:HHEOAC]2.0.CO;2 Valentine, 2010, How many studies do you need?:A primer on statistical power for meta-analysis, J. Educ. Behav. Stat., 35, 215, 10.3102/1076998609346961 Van Leeuwen, 1999, Associations between stomach cancer incidence and drinking water contamination with atrazine and nitrate in Ontario (Canada) agroecosystems, 1987-1991, Int. J. Epidemiol., 28, 836, 10.1093/ije/28.5.836 van Loon, 1997, Nitrate intake and gastric cancer risk: results from The Netherlands cohort study, Cancer Lett., 114, 259, 10.1016/S0304-3835(97)04677-6 van Loon, 1998, Intake of nitrate and nitrite and the risk of gastric cancer: a prospective cohort study, Br. J. Cancer, 78, 129, 10.1038/bjc.1998.454 Volkmer, 2005, Influence of nitrate levels in drinking water on urological malignancies: a community-based cohort study, BJU Int., 95, 972, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05450.x Wang, 2012, Nitrate in drinking water and bladder cancer: a meta-analysis, J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. Med. Sci., 32, 912, 10.1007/s11596-012-1057-8 Ward, 2003, Nitrate in public water supplies and risk of bladder cancer, Epidemiology, 14, 183, 10.1097/01.EDE.0000050664.28048.DF Ward, 2006, Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and nitrate and nitrite from drinking water and diet, Epidemiology, 17, 375, 10.1097/01.ede.0000219675.79395.9f Ward, 2005, Workgroup report: drinking-water nitrate and health--recent findings and research needs, Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 1607, 10.1289/ehp.8043 Ward, 2008, Adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus and drinking water and dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite, Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health, 14, 193, 10.1179/oeh.2008.14.3.193 Ward, 2005, Drinking water and dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite and risk of glioma, J. Occup. Environ. Med., 47, 1260, 10.1097/01.jom.0000184879.67736.ae Ward, 2018, Drinking water nitrate and human health: an updated review, Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health, 15, 1557, 10.3390/ijerph15071557 Ward, 2010, Nitrate intake and the risk of thyroid cancer and thyroid disease, Epidemiology, 21, 389, 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181d6201d Ward, 1996, Drinking water nitrate and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Epidemiology, 7, 465, 10.1097/00001648-199609000-00003 Ward, 2007, Nitrate in public water supplies and the risk of renal cell carcinoma, Cancer Causes Control, 18, 1141, 10.1007/s10552-007-9053-1 Weng, 2011, Nitrates in drinking water and the risk of death from childhood brain tumors in Taiwan, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 74, 769, 10.1080/15287394.2011.567951 Weyer, 2001, Municipal drinking water nitrate level and cancer risk in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study, Epidemiology, 12, 327, 10.1097/00001648-200105000-00013 WHO, 2016 World Cancer Research Fund & American Institute for Cancer Research, 2007, Sistematic literature review. Specification manual - version 15 Yang, 1998, Calcium, magnesium, and nitrate in drinking water and gastric cancer mortality, Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 89, 124, 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00539.x Yang, 1997, Gastric cancer mortality and drinking water qualities in Taiwan, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 33, 336, 10.1007/s002449900262 Yang, 2009, Nitrate in drinking water and risk of death from pancreatic cancer in Taiwan, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 72, 397, 10.1080/15287390802647229 Yang, 2007, Nitrate in drinking water and risk of death from colon cancer in Taiwan, Environ. Int., 33, 649, 10.1016/j.envint.2007.01.009 Yu, 2020, The relationship between consumption of nitrite or nitrate and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Sci. Rep., 10 Zeegers, 2006, Nitrate intake does not influence bladder cancer risk: The Netherlands cohort study, Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 1527, 10.1289/ehp.9098 Zhang, 2012, Association of nitrogen compounds in drinking water with incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Shexian, China, Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 226, 11, 10.1620/tjem.226.11 Zumel-Marne, 2019, Environmental factors and the risk of brain tumours in young people: a systematic review, Neuroepidemiology, 53, 121, 10.1159/000500601