Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: review of a growing medical problem

Ludwig, 1980, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease, Mayo Clin. Proc., 55, 434 Angulo, 2002, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, N. Engl. J. Med., 346, 1221, 10.1056/NEJMra011775 Clark, 2002, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Gastroenterology, 122, 1649, 10.1053/gast.2002.33573 Marrero, 2002, NAFLD may be a common underlying liver disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States, Hepatology, 36, 1349, 10.1053/jhep.2002.36939 Neuschwander Tetri, 2003, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference, Hepatology, 37, 1202, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50193 Reid, 2001, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Gastroenterology, 121, 710, 10.1053/gast.2001.27126 Chitturi, 2002, NASH and insulin resistance: insulin hypersecretion and specific association with the insulin resistance syndrome, Hepatology, 35, 373, 10.1053/jhep.2002.30692 Marchesini, 2003, Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome, Hepatology, 37, 917, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50161 Pagano, 2002, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: further evidence for an etiologic association, Hepatology, 35, 367, 10.1053/jhep.2002.30690 DeFronzo, 1997, Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis, Neth. J. Med., 50, 191, 10.1016/S0300-2977(97)00012-0 de Knegt, 2001, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: clinical significance and pathogenesis, Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 234, 88, 10.1080/003655201753265505 Youssef, 2002, Steatohepatitis in obese individuals. Best practice and research, Clin. Gastroenterol., 16, 733 Chitturi, 2002, Serum leptin in NASH correlates with hepatic steatosis but not fibrosis: a manifestation of lipotoxicity?, Hepatology, 36, 403, 10.1053/jhep.2002.34738 Bugianesi, 2002, Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma, Gastroenterology, 123, 134, 10.1053/gast.2002.34168 Seidell, 2000, Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes—a worldwide epidemic, Br. J. Nutr., 83, S5, 10.1017/S000711450000088X Seidell, 1997, Assessing obesity: classification and epidemiology, Br. Med. Bull., 53, 238, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011611 Visscher, 2002, Long-term and recent time trends in the prevalence of obesity among Dutch men and women, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 26, 1218, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802016 Allison, 1999, Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States, JAMA, 282, 1530, 10.1001/jama.282.16.1530 Bender, 1998, Assessment of excess mortality in obesity, Am. J. Epidemiol., 147, 42, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009365 Must, 1999, The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity, JAMA, 282, 1523, 10.1001/jama.282.16.1523 Diehl, 1988, Alcohollike liver disease in nonalcoholics. A clinical and histologic comparison with alcohol-induced liver injury, Gastroenterology, 95, 1056, 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90183-7 Bacon, 1994, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity, Gastroenterology, 107, 1103, 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90235-6 Powell, 1990, The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years, Hepatology, 11, 74, 10.1002/hep.1840110114 Lee, 1989, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a study of 49 patients, Hum. Pathol., 20, 594, 10.1016/0046-8177(89)90249-9 Tsushima, 2000, Spleen enlargement in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver: correlation between degree of fatty infiltration in liver and size of spleen, Dig. Dis. Sci., 45, 196, 10.1023/A:1005446418589 Mehta, 2002, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathogenesis and the role of antioxidants, Nutr. Rev., 60, 289, 10.1301/002966402320387224 Sumida, 2003, Serum thioredoxin levels as a predictor of steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, J. Hepatol., 38, 32, 10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00331-8 Hasegawa, 2001, Plasma transforming growth factor-beta1 level and efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 15, 1667, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01083.x Joy, 2003, Diagnosis of fatty liver disease: is biopsy necessary?, Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 15, 539 Saadeh, 2002, The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Gastroenterology, 123, 745, 10.1053/gast.2002.35354 Jacobs, 1998, Diagnostic criteria for fatty infiltration of the liver on contrast-enhanced helical CT, Am. J. Roentgenol., 171, 659, 10.2214/ajr.171.3.9725292 Bravo, 2001, Currents concepts: liver biopsy, N. Engl. J. Med., 344, 495, 10.1056/NEJM200102153440706 Sonsuz, 2000, Relationship between aminotransferase levels and histopathological findings in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 95, 1370, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02046.x Mofrad, 2003, Clinical and histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with normal ALT values, Hepatology, 37, 1286, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50229 Brunt, 2002, Pathology of steatohepatitis. Best practice and research, Clin. Gastroenterol., 16, 691 Brunt, 1999, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 94, 2467, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01377.x Van Ness, 1989, Is liver biopsy useful in the evaluation of patients with chronically elevated liver enzymes?, Ann. Intern. Med., 111, 473, 10.7326/0003-4819-111-6-473 Day, 2002, Pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. Best practice and research, Clin. Gastroenterol., 16, 663 Castro Cabezas, 2002, Vrije vetzuren: mediatoren van insulineresistentie en atherosclerose, Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd., 146, 103 Fruhbeck, 2001, The adipocyte: a model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism regulation, Am. J. Physiol., Endocrinol. Metab., 280, E827, 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.6.E827 Haque, 2002, The metabolic abnormalities associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Best Pract. Res., Clin. Gastroenterol., 16, 709, 10.1053/bega.2002.0325 Parks, 2002, Dietary carbohydrate's effects on lipogenesis and the relationship of lipogenesis to blood insulin and glucose concentrations, Br. J. Nutr., 87, S247, 10.1079/BJN/2002544 Schwarz, 2003, Hepatic de novo lipogenesis in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic subjects consuming high-fat, low-carbohydrate and low-fat, high-carbohydrate isoenergetic diets, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77, 43, 10.1093/ajcn/77.1.43 van Steenbergen, 1999, Niet-alcoholische steatohepatitis: een oorzaak van levercirrose bij obesitas en diabetes mellitus, Tijdschr. Geneeskd., 55, 1419, 10.2143/TVG.55.20.5000563 Misra, 2003, Clinical and pathophysiological consequences of abdominal adiposity and abdominal adipose tissue depots, Nutrition, 19, 457, 10.1016/S0899-9007(02)01003-1 Shulman, 2000, Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance, J. Clin. Invest., 106, 171, 10.1172/JCI10583 Arner, 2003, The adipocyte in insulin resistance: key molecules and the impact of the thiazolidinediones, Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 14, 137, 10.1016/S1043-2760(03)00024-9 Li, 2003, Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibit inflammatory activity and improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Hepatology, 37, 343, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50048 Phillips, 2003, Modulation of circulating and adipose tissue adiponectin levels by antidiabetic therapy, Diabetes, 52, 667, 10.2337/diabetes.52.3.667 Uysal, 1997, Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-alpha function, Nature, 389, 610, 10.1038/39335 Cassader, 2001, Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism and insulin sensitivity in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients, Lipids, 36, 1117, 10.1007/s11745-001-0822-5 de Almeida, 2002, Plasma total and free fatty acids composition in human non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Clin. Nutr., 21, 219, 10.1054/clnu.2001.0529 Musso, 2003, Dietary habits and their relations to insulin resistance and postprandial lipemia in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 37, 909, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50132 Sanyal, 2001, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities, Gastroenterology, 120, 1183, 10.1053/gast.2001.23256 Charlton, 2002, Apolipoprotein synthesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 35, 898, 10.1053/jhep.2002.32527 Bernard, 2000, Association between microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene polymorphism and the biological features of liver steatosis in patients with type II diabetes, Diabetologia, 43, 995, 10.1007/s001250051481 Sugden, 1995, The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: nutrient control and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, J. Nutr., 125, 1746s Benzie, 1996, Lipid peroxidation: a review of causes, consequences, measurement and dietary influences, Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 47, 233, 10.3109/09637489609012586 Loguercio, 2001, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in an area of southern Italy: main clinical, histological, and pathophysiological aspects, J. Hepatol., 35, 568, 10.1016/S0168-8278(01)00192-1 Lee, 2003, Minireview: lipid metabolism, metabolic diseases, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, Endocrinology, 144, 2201, 10.1210/en.2003-0288 Robertson, 2001, Nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis: II. Cytochrome P-450 enzymes and oxidative stress, Am. J. Physiol.: Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 281, G1135 Tilg, 2000, Cytokines in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, N. Engl. J. Med., 343, 1467, 10.1056/NEJM200011163432007 Cortez Pinto, 1999, Alterations in liver ATP homeostasis in human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study, JAMA, 282, 1659, 10.1001/jama.282.17.1659 Angulo, 2001, Insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities in NASH: a cool look into a burning issue, Gastroenterology, 120, 1281, 10.1053/gast.2001.23591 Pessayre, 2002, Nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis: V. Mitochondrial dysfunction in steatohepatitis, Am. J. Physiol.: Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 282, G193, 10.1152/ajpgi.00426.2001 Anzenbacher, 2001, Cytochromes P450 and metabolism of xenobiotics, Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 58, 737, 10.1007/PL00000897 Chalasani, 2003, Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 activity in nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 37, 544, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50095 Perlemuter, 2003, Increase of liver anti-oxidant enzyme activities in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a defense against an oxidative stress, J. Hepatol., 38, 199, 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)80065-X Sreekumar, 2003, Hepatic gene expression in histologically progressive nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 38, 244, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50290 Lefkowitch, 2002, Kupffer cell aggregation and perivenular distribution in steatohepatitis, Mod. Pathol., 15, 699, 10.1097/01.MP.0000019579.30842.96 Susca, 2001, Liver inflammatory cells, apoptosis, regeneration and stellate cell activation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Dig. Liver Dis., 33, 768, 10.1016/S1590-8658(01)80694-0 Diehl, 2002, Nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis: IV. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease abnormalities in macrophage function and cytokines, Am. J. Physiol.: Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 282, G1, 10.1152/ajpgi.00384.2001 Crespo, 2001, Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and TNF-receptors, p55 and p75, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients, Hepatology, 34, 1158, 10.1053/jhep.2001.29628 Poli, 2000, Pathogenesis of liver fibrosis: role of oxidative stress, Mol. Aspects Med., 21, 49, 10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00004-2 Galli, 2002, Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones inhibit collagen synthesis and hepatic stellate cell activation in vivo and in vitro, Gastroenterology, 122, 1924, 10.1053/gast.2002.33666 Paradis, 2001, High glucose and hyperinsulinemia stimulate connective tissue growth factor expression: a potential mechanism involved in progression to fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 34, 738, 10.1053/jhep.2001.28055 Leclercq, 2002, Leptin is essential for the hepatic fibrogenic response to chronic liver injury, J. Hepatol., 37, 206, 10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00102-2 Chitturi, 2002, HFE mutations, hepatic iron, and fibrosis: ethnic-specific association of NASH with C282Y but not with fibrotic severity, Hepatology, 36, 142, 10.1053/jhep.2002.33892 Clouston, 2002, Interaction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with other liver diseases. Best practice and research, Clin. Gastroenterol., 16, 767 Fargion, 2001, Hyperferritinemia, iron overload, and multiple metabolic alterations identify patients at risk for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 96, 2448, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04052.x Mendler, 1999, Insulin resistance-associated hepatic iron overload, Gastroenterology, 117, 1155, 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70401-4 Willner, 2001, Ninety patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: insulin resistance, familial tendency, and severity of disease, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 96, 2957, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04667.x Valenti, 2002, Tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter polymorphisms and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Gastroenterology, 122, 274, 10.1053/gast.2002.31065 Mensenkamp, 2001, Hepatic steatosis and very low density lipoprotein secretion: the involvement of apolipoprotein E, J. Hepatol., 35, 816, 10.1016/S0168-8278(01)00249-5 Tremblay, 1999, Physical activity and obesity. Bailliere's best practice and research, Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 13, 121 Stone, 2000, Effects of dietary modification and treatment of obesity. Emphasis on improving vascular outcomes, Med. Clin. North Am., 84, 95, 10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70209-1 Angulo, 2002, Treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Best practice and research, Clin. Gastroenterol., 16, 797 Hardman, 1999, Physical activity, obesity and blood lipids, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 23, S64, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800886 Riccardi, 2000, Dietary treatment of the metabolic syndrome—the optimal diet, Br. J. Nutr., 83, S143, 10.1017/S0007114500001082 Astrup, 2000, The role of dietary fat in body fatness: evidence from a preliminary meta-analysis of ad libitum low-fat dietary intervention studies, Br. J. Nutr., 83, S25, 10.1017/S0007114500000921 Facchini, 2002, Effect of iron depletion in carbohydrate-intolerant patients with clinical evidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Gastroenterology, 122, 931, 10.1053/gast.2002.32403 Guma, 1997, Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a prospective clinical controlled trial, Hepatology, 26, 387A Ceriani, 1998, Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid plus diet in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 28, 386A Bagci, 2003, Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, J. Hepatol., 38, 195, 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)80051-X Laurin, 1996, Ursodeoxycholic acid or clofibrate in the treatment of non-alcohol-induced steatohepatitis: a pilot study, Hepatology, 23, 1464, 10.1002/hep.510230624 Mendez-Sanchez, 2002, Weight reduction and ursodeoxycholic acid in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Hepatology, 36, 412A Zangeneh, 2003, Insulin sensitizers, Mayo Clin. Proc., 78, 471, 10.4065/78.4.471 Marchesini, 2001, Metformin in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Lancet, 358, 893, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06042-1 Uygun, 2003, Metformin in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, J. Hepatol., 38, 195, 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)80052-1 Oruc, 2003, Beneficial effects of insulin sensitizing agents on fatty liver disease; preliminary results, J. Hepatol., 38, 198, 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)80064-8 Picard, 2002, PPAR (gamma) and glucose homeostasis, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 22, 167, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.010402.102808 Tordjman, 2003, Thiazolidinediones block fatty acid release by inducing glyceroneogenesis in fat cells, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 18785, 10.1074/jbc.M206999200 Boden, 2003, Effect of thiazolidinediones on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes, Metab. Clin. Exp., 52, 753, 10.1016/S0026-0495(03)00055-6 Diamant, 2003, Thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes mellitus: current clinical evidence, Drugs, 63, 1373, 10.2165/00003495-200363130-00004 Neuschwander Tetri, 2003, Interim results of a pilot study demonstrating the early effects of the PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone on insulin sensitivity, aminotransferases, hepatic steatosis and body weight in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, J. Hepatol., 38, 434, 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00027-8 Azuma, 2002, A pilot study of a thiazolidinedione, pioglitazone, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 36, 406A Yakaryilmaz, 2003, Vitamin E treatment for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study, J. Hepatol., 38, 203, 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)80079-X Sanyal, 2002, A randomized controlled pilot study of pioglitazone and vitamin E versus vitamin E for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 36, 382A Gulbahar, 2000, Treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with N-acetyl cystein, Gastroenterology, 118, A1444, 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)81671-6 Basaranoglu, 1999, A controlled trial of gemfibrozil in the treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, J. Hepatol., 31, 384, 10.1016/S0168-8278(99)80243-8 Merat, 2003, Probucol in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an open-labeled study, J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 36, 266, 10.1097/00004836-200303000-00015 Abdelmalek, 2001, Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 96, 2711, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04129.x Miglio, 2000, Efficacy and safety of oral betaine glucuronate in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled prospective clinical study, ArzneimittelForschung, 50, 722 Harrison, 2003, Orlistat in the treatment of NASH: a case series, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 98, 926, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07375.x Popescu, 2003, Preliminary results of the treatment with an endothelin receptor antagonist (ET-RA) in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) associating metabolic disorders, J. Hepatol., 38, 199, 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)80066-1