Additive fabrication technologies applied to medicine and health care: a review
Tóm tắt
Additive fabrication (AF) and rapid prototyping (RP) technologies are mostly associated with applications in the product development and the design process as well as with small batch manufacturing. Due to their relatively high speed and flexibility, however, they have also been employed in various non-manufacturing applications. A field that attracts increasingly more attention by the scientific community is related to the application of AF technologies in medicine and health care. The associated research is focused both on the development of specifically modified or new methods and systems based on AF principles, as well as on the applications of existing systems assisting health care services. In this paper, representative case studies and research efforts from the field of AF medical applications are presented and discussed in detail. The case studies included cover applications like the fabrication of custom implants and scaffolds for rehabilitation, models for pre-operating surgical planning, anatomical models for the mechanical testing and investigation of human bones or of new medical techniques, drug delivery devices fabrication, as well as the development of new AF techniques specifically designed for medical applications.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Wohlers T (2004) Wohlers Report 2004: Rapid prototyping, tooling and manufacturing state of the industry report. Wohlers Ass., Oak Ridge-Colorado, USA
Giannatsis J, Dedoussis V, Karalekas D (2002) Architectural scale modeling using stereolithography. Rapid Prototyp J 8(3):200–207
Wai HW (2001) RP in art and conceptual design. Rapid Prototyp J 7(4):217–219
Winder J, Bibb R (2005) Medical rapid prototyping technologies: state of the art and current limitations for application in oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63(7):1006–1015
Gibson I (2005) Rapid prototyping: from product development to medicine and beyond. Virtual Phys Proto 1(1):31–42
Galantucci LM, Percoco G, Angelelli G, Lopez C, Introna F, Liuzzi C, De Donno A (2006) Reverse engineering techniques applied to a human skull, for CAD 3D reconstruction and physical replication by rapid prototyping. J Med Eng Technol 30(2):102–111
Petzold R, Zeilhofer H-F, Kalender WA (1999) Rapid prototyping technology in medicine - basics and applications. Comp Med Imag Graph 23:277–284
Choi J-Y, Choi J-H, Kim N-K, Kim Y, Lee J-K, Kim M-K, Lee J-H, Kim M-J (2002) Analysis of errors in medical rapid prototyping models. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 31:23–32
Santler G, Karcher H, Gaggl A, Kern R (1998) Stereolithography versus milled three-dimensional models: comparison of production method, indication, and accuracy. Comp Aid Surg 3:248–256
Webb PA (2000) A review of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques in the medical and biomedical sector. J Med Eng Technol 24(4):149–153
Sanghera B, Naique S, Papaharilaou Y, Amis A (2001) Preliminary study of rapid prototype medical models. Rapid Prototyp J 7(5):275–284
Lohfeld S, Barron V, McHugh PE (2005) Biomodels of bone: a review. Ann Biomed Eng 33(10):1295–1311
Bill JS, Reuther JF, Dittmann W, Kubler N, Meier JL, Pistner H, Wittenberg G (1995) Stereolithography in oral and maxillofacial operation planning. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 24:98–103
D’Urso PS, Atkinson RL, Lanigan MW, Earwaker WJ, Bruce IJ, Holmes A, Banker TM, Effeney DJ, Thompson RG (1998) Stereolithographic (SL) biomodelling in craniofacial surgery. Br J Plast Surg 51:522–530
Sailer HF, Haers PE, Zollikofer CP, Warnke T, Carls FR, Stucki P (1998) The value of stereolithographic models for preoperative diagnosis of craniofacial deformities and planning of surgical corrections. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 27(5):327–333
Kermer C, Lindner A, Friede I, Wagner A, Millesi W (1998) Preoperative stereolithographic model planning for primary reconstruction in craniomaxillofacial trauma surgery. J Craniomaxill Surg 26:136–139
Kermer C, Rasse M, Lagogiannis G, Undt G, Wagner A, Millesi W (1998) Colour Stereolithography for planning complex maxillofacial tumor surgery. J Craniomaxill Surg 26:360–362
D’Urso PS, Anderson RL, Weidmann MJ, Redmond MJ, Hall BI, Earwaker WJ, Thompson RG, Effeney DJ (1999) Biomodelling of skull base tumours. J Clin Neurosci 6(1):31–35
Muller A, Krishnan KG, Uhl E, Mast G (2003) The application of rapid prototyping techniques in cranial reconstruction and preoperative planning in neurosurgery. J Craniofac Surg 14(6):899–914
Fan X, Zhou H, Lin M, Fu Y, Li J (2007) Late reconstruction of the complex orbital fractures with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing technique. J Craniofac Surg 18(3):665–673
D’Urso PS, Thompson RG, Atkinson RL, Weidmann MJ, Redmond MJ, Hall BI, Jeavons SJ, Benson MD, Earwaker WJ (1999) Cerebrovascular biomodelling: a technical note. Surg Neurol 52(5):490–500
Wurm G, Tomancok B, Pogady P, Holl K, Trenkler J (2004) Cerebrovascular stereolithographic biomodeling for aneurysm surgery. Technical note. J Neurosurg 100(1):139–145
Binder TM, Moertl D, Mundigler G, Rehak G, Franke M, Delle-Karth G, Mohl W, Baumgartner H, Maurer G (2000) Stereolithographic biomodeling to create tangible hard copies of cardiac structures from echocardiographic data In vitro and in vivo validation. J Am Coll Cardiol 35(1):230–237
Wagner JD, Baack B, Brown GA, Kelly J (2004) Rapid 3-dimensional prototyping for surgical repair of maxillofacial fractures: a technical note. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62(7):898–901
D’Urso PS, Hall BI, Atkinson RL, Weidmann MJ, Redmond MJ (1999) Biomodel-guided stereotaxy. Neurosurgery 44(5):1084-1093
D’Urso PS, Williamson OD, Thompson RG (2005) Biomodeling as an aid to spinal instrumentation. Spine 30(24):2841-2845
Ngan EM, Rebeyka IM, Ross DB, Hirji M, Wolfaardt JF, Seelaus R, Grosvenor A, Noga ML (2006) The rapid prototyping of anatomic models in pulmonary atresia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 132(2):264-269
Starly B, Piatt JH, Sun W, Faerber E (2005) Virtual and medical prototype assisted craniofacial reconstructive surgery. In Virtual Prototyping and Rapid Manufacturing - Advanced research in virtual and Rapid Prototyping, Taylor & Francis, London, pp 103–107
Sarment DP, Sukovic P, Clinthorne N (2003) Accuracy of implant placement with a stereolithographic surgical guide. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 18(4):571–577
Di Giacomo GA, Cury PR, de Araujo NS, Sendyk WR, Sendyk CL (2005) Clinical application of stereolithographic surgical guides for implant placement: preliminary results. J Periodontol 76(4):503–507
De Beer D, Truscott M, Booysen G, Barnard L, van der Walt J (2005) Rapid manufacturing of patient-specific shielding masks using RP in parallel with metal spraying. Rapid Prototyp J 11(5):298–303
Zemnick C, Woodhouse SA, Gewanter RM, Raphael M, Piro JD (2007) Rapid prototyping technique for creating a radiation shield. J Prosthet Dent 97(4):236–241
Johnson EAC, Young PG (2005) On the use of a patient-specific rapid-prototyped model to simulate the response of the human head to impact and comparison with analytical and finite element models. J Biomech 38(1):39–45
Bibb R, Sisias G (2002) Bone structure models using stereolithography: a technical note. Rapid Prototyp J 8(1):25–29
Peters P, Langlotz F, Nolte L-P (2002) Computer-assisted screw insertion into real 3D rapid prototyping pelvis models. Clin Biomech 17(5):376–382
Clinkenbeard RE, Johnson DL, Parthasarathy R, Altan MC, Tan KH, Park SM, Crawford RH (2002) Replication of human tracheobronchial hollow airway models using a selective laser sintering rapid prototyping technique. AIHA J 63(2):141–150
Zhang W, Zhang S, Huang X, Wang C (2005) 3D treatment planning and simulating for craniofacial skeleton. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 26:1043–1047
He Y, Ye M, Wang C (2006) A method in the design and fabrication of exact-fit customized implant based on sectional medical images and rapid prototyping technology. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 28:504–508
Truscott M, De Beer D, Vicatos G, Hosking K, Barnard L, Booysen G, Campbell IR (2007) Using RP to promote collaborative design of customised medical implants. Rapid Prototyp J 13(2):107–114
Winder J, Cooke RS, Gray J, Fannin T, Fegan T (1999) Medical rapid prototyping and 3D CT in the manufacture of custom made cranial titanium plates. J Med Eng Technol 23(1):26–28
D’Urso PS, Earwaker WJ, Barker TM, Redmond MJ, Thompson RG, Effeney DJ, Tomlinson FH (2000) Custom cranioplasty using stereolithography and acrylic. Br J Plast Surg 53(3):200–204
Singare S, Dichen L, Bingheng L, Yanpu L, Zhenyu G, Yaxiong L (2004) Design and fabrication of custom mandible titanium tray based on rapid prototyping. Med Eng Phys 26(8):671–676
Singare S, Yaxiong L, Dichen L, Bingheng L, Sanhu H, Gang L (2006) Fabrication of customised maxillo-facial prosthesis using computer-aided design and rapid prototyping techniques. Rapid Prototyp J 12(4):206–213
He J, Li D, Lu B (2006) Custom fabrication of a composite hemi-knee joint based on rapid prototyping. Rapid Prototyp J 12(4):198–205
Liu Q, Leu MC, Schmitt SM (2006) Rapid prototyping in dentistry: technology and application. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 29:317–335
Chang CC, Lee MY, Wang SH (2006) Digital denture manufacturing-An integrated technologies of abrasive computer tomography, CNC machining and rapid prototyping. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 31:41–49
Eggbeer D, Bibb R, Williams R (2005) The computer-aided design and rapid prototyping fabrication of removable partial denture frameworks. Proc Inst Mech Eng 219(3):195–202
Wu M, Tinschert J, Augthun M, Wagner I, Schadlich-Stubenrauch J, Sahm PR, Spiekermann H (2001) Application of laser measuring, numerical simulation and rapid prototyping to titanium dental castings. Dent Mater 17(2):102–108
Kruth J-P, Vandenbroucke B, Van Vaerenbergh J, Naert I (2005) Digital manufacturing of biocompatible metal frameworks for complex dental prostheses by means of SLS/SLM. In Virtual Prototyping and Rapid Manufacturing - Advanced research in virtual and Rapid Prototyping, Taylor & Francis, London, pp 139–146
Bibb R, Eggbeer D, Williams R (2006) Rapid manufacture of removable partial denture frameworks. Rapid Prototyp J 12(2):95–99
Vandenbroucke B, Kruth J-P (2007) Selective laser melting of biocompatible metals for rapid manufacturing of medical parts. Rapid Prototyp J 13(4):196–203
Hollander DA, Von Walter M, Wirtz T, Sellei R, Schmidt-Rohlfing B, Paar O, Erli H-J (2006) Structural, mechanical and in vitro characterization of individually structured Ti-6Al-4V produced by direct laser forming. Biomaterials 27(7):955–963
Li X, Wang J, Shaw LL (2005) Laser densification of extruded dental porcelain bodies in multi-material laser densification process. Rapid Prototyp J 11(1):52–58
Ciocca L, Scotti R (2004) CAD-CAM generated ear cast by means of a laser scanner and rapid prototyping machine. J Prosthet Dent 92(6):591–595
Al Mardini M, Ercoli C, Graser GN (2005) A technique to produce a mirror-image wax pattern of an ear using rapid prototyping technology. J Prosthet Dent 94(2):195–198
Bens A, Seitz H, Bermes G, Emons M, Pansky A, Roitzheim B, Tobiasch E, Tille C (2007) Non-toxic flexible photopolymers for medical stereolithography technology. Rapid Prototyp J 13(1):38–47
Curodeau A, Sachs E, Caldarise S (2000) Design and fabrication of cast orthopedic implants with freeform surface textures from 3-D printed ceramic shell. J Biomed Mater Res 53:525–535
Hunt JA, Callaghan JT, Sutcliffe CJ, Morgan RH, Halford B, Black RA (2005) The design and production of Co-Cr alloy implants with controlled surface topography by CAD-CAM method and their effects on osseointegration. Biomaterials 26(29):5890–5897
Hutmacher DW, Sittinger M, Risbud MV (2004) Scaffold-based tissue engineering: rationale for computer-aided design and solid free-form fabrication systems. Trends Biotech 22(7):354–362
Kim BS, Mooney DJ (1998) Development of biocompatible synthetic extracellular matrices for tissue engineering. Trends Biotech 16(5):224–230
Chen Z, Li D, Lu B, Tang Y, Sun M, Wang Z (2004) Fabrication of artificial bioactive bone using rapid prototyping. Rapid Prototyp J 10(5):327–333
Woesz A, Rumpler M, Stampfl J, Varga F, Fratzl-Zelman N, Roschger P, Klaushofer K, Fratzl P (2005) Towards bone replacement materials from calcium phosphates via rapid prototyping and ceramic gelcasting. Mat Sci Eng:C 25(2):181–186
Xu S, Li D, Lu B, Tang Y, Wang C, Wang Z (2007) Fabrication of a calcium phosphate scaffold with a three-dimensional channel network and its application to perfusion culture of stem cells. Rapid Prototyp J 13(2):99–106
Sachlos E, Reis N, Ainsley C, Derby B, Czernuszka JT (2003) Novel collagen scaffolds with predefined internal morphology made by solid freeform fabrication. Biomaterials 24(8):1487–1497
Yeong W-Y, Chua C-K, Leong K-F (2006) Indirect fabrication of collagen scaffold based on inkjet printing technique. Rapid Prototyp J 12(4):229–237
Taylor PM, Sachlos E, Dreger SA, Chester AH, Czernuszka JT, Yacoub MH (2006) Interaction of human valve interstitial cells with collagen matrices manufactured using rapid prototyping. Biomaterials 27:2733–2737
Chen VJ, Smith LA, Ma PX (2006) Bone regeneration on computer-designed nano-fibrous scaffolds. Biomaterials 27:3973–3979
Seitz H, Rieder W, Irsen S, Leukers B, Tille C (2005) Three-dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 74(2):782–788
Leukers B, Gulkan H, Irsen SH, Milz S, Tille C, Schieker M, Seitz H (2005) Hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering made by 3D printing. J Mater Sci Mater Med 16(12):1121–1124
Chim H, Hutmacher DW, Chou AM, Oliveira AL, Reis RL, Lim TC, Schantz J-T (2006) A comparative analysis of scaffold material modifications for load-bearing applications in bone tissue engineering. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 35:928–934
Dellinger JG, Eurell JAC, Jamison RD (2006) Bone response to 3D periodic hydroxyapatite scaffolds with and without tailored microporosity to deliver bone morphogenetic protein. J Biomed Mater Res 76A:366–376
Miranda P, Saiz E, Gryn K, Tomsia AP (2006) Sintering and robocasting of β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for orthopaedic applications. Acta Biomat 2:457–466
Williams JM, Adewunmi A, Schek RM, Flanagan CL, Krebsbach PH, Feinberg SE, Hollister SJ, Das S (2005) Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering. Biomaterials 26(23):4817–4827
Tan KH, Chua CK, Leong KF, Cheah CM, Cheang P, Abu Bakar MS, Chua SW (2003) Scaffold development using selective laser sintering of polyetheretherketone-hydroxyapatite biocomposite blends. Biomaterials 24(18):3115–3123
Huang H, Oizumi S, Kojima N, Niino T, Sakai Y (2007) Avidin-biotin binding-based cell seeding and perfusion culture of liver-derived cells in a porous scaffold with a three-dimensional interconnected flow-channel network. Biomaterials 28:3815–3823
Chua CK, Leong KF, Cheah CM, Chua SW (2003) Development of a tissue engineering scaffold structure library for rapid prototyping. Part 1: Investigation and classification. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 21:291–301
Naing MW, Chua CK, Leong KF, Wang Y (2005) Fabrication of customised scaffolds using computer-aided design and rapid prototyping techniques. Rapid Prototyp J 11(4):249–259
Lee S-J, Kang H-W, Kang T-Y, Kim B, Lim G, Rhie J-W, Cho D-W (2007) Development of a scaffold fabrication system using an axiomatic approach. J Micromechan Microeng 17:147–153
Landers R, Pfister A, Hubner U, John H, Schmelzeisen R, Mulhaupt R (2002) Fabrication of soft tissue engineering scaffolds by means of rapid prototyping techniques. J Mater Sci 37(15):3107–3116
Moroni L, Schotel R, Sohier J, De Wijn JR, Van Blitterswijk CA (2006) Polymer hollow fiber three-dimensional matrices with controllable cavity and shell thickness. Biomaterials 27(35):5918–5926
Moroni L, De Wijn JR, Van Blitterswijk CA (2006) 3D fiber-deposited scaffolds for tissue engineering: influence of pores geometry and architecture on dynamic mechanical properties. Biomaterials 27(7):974–985
Li JP, De Wijn JR, Van Blitterswijk CA, De Groot K (2006) Porous Ti6Al4V scaffold directly fabricating by rapid prototyping: preparation and in vitro experiment. Biomaterials 27(8):1223–1235
Xiong Z, Yan Y, Zhang R, Wang X (2005) Organism manufacturing engineering based on rapid prototyping principles. Rapid Prototyp J 11(3):160–166
Yan Y, Wu R, Zhang R, Xiong Z, Lin F (2003) Biomaterial forming research using RP technology. Rapid Prototyp J 9(3):142–149
Yan Y, Wang X, Pan Y, Liu H, Cheng J, Xiong Z, Lin F, Wu R, Zhang R, Lu Q (2005) Fabrication of viable tissue-engineered constructs with 3D cell-assembly technique. Biomaterials 26:5864–5871
Vozzi G, Flaim C, Ahluwalia A, Bhatia S (2003) Fabrication of PLGA scaffolds using soft lithography and microsyringe deposition. Biomaterials 24:2533–2540
Khalil S, Nam J, Sun W (2005) Multi-nozzle deposition for construction of 3D biopolymer tissue scaffolds. Rapid Prototyp J 11(1):9–17
Xu T, Gregory CA, Molnar P, Cui X, Jalota S, Bhaduri SB, Boland T (2006) Viability and electrophysiology of neural cell structures generated by the inkjet printing method. Biomaterials 27:3580–3588
Razzacki SZ, Thwar PK, Yanga M, Ugaz VM, Burns MA (2004) Integrated microsystems for controlled drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56:185–198
Ikuta K, Takahashi A, Maruo S (2001) In-chip cell-free protein synthesis from DNA by using biochemical IC chips. Proc 14th IEEE Int Conf MEMS 2001, pp 455–458
Kýzýlel S, Sawardecker E, Teymour F, Pérez-Luna VH (2006) Sequential formation of covalently bonded hydrogel multilayers through surface initiated photopolymerization. Biomaterials 27(8):1209–1215
Lu Y, Chen SC (2004) Micro and nano-fabrication of biodegradable polymers for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56(11):1621–1633
Matsuda T, Mizutani M (2002) Liquid acrylate-endcapped biodegradable poly(ɛ-caprolactone-co-trimethylene carbonate) II. Computer-aided stereolithographic microarchitectural surface photoconstructs. J Biomed Mater Res 62(3):395–403
Itoga K, Kobayashi J, Yamato M, Kikuchi A, Okano T (2006) Maskless liquid-crystal-display projection photolithography for improved design flexibility of cellular micropatterns. Biomaterials 27(15):3005–3009
Cheng Y-L, Lin J-H (2007) Manufacture of three-dimensional valveless micropump. J Mater Process Technol 192–193:229–236
Rowe CW, Katstra WE, Palazzolo RD, Giritlioglu B, Teung P, Cima MJ (2000) Multimechanism oral dosage forms fabricated by three dimensional printing. J Control Release 66:11–17
Low KH, Leong KF, Chua CK, Du ZH, Cheah CM (2001) Characterization of SLS parts for drug delivery devices. Rapid Prototyp J 7(5):262–268
Leong KF, Chua CK, Gui WS, Verani (2006) Building porous biopolymeric microstructures for controlled drug delivery devices using selective laser sintering. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 31:483–489