Diagnosis and treatment of Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-associated staphylococcal pneumonia

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - Tập 30 - Trang 289-296 - 2007
M.S. Morgan1
1Royal Devon & Exeter Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK

Tài liệu tham khảo

Wiita, 1961, Staphylococcal pneumonia in adults. A review of 102 cases, Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med, 86, 1083 Ede, 1959, Staphylococci pneumonia, JAMA, 170, 638, 10.1001/jama.1959.03010060006002 Lina, 1999, Involvement of Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia, Clin Infect Dis, 29, 1128, 10.1086/313461 Gillet, 2002, Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton–Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients, Lancet, 59, 753, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07877-7 Panton, 1932, Staphylococcal toxin, Lancet, i, 506, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)24468-7 Crawford, 2005, Epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: modern times for an ancient pathogen, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 24, 459, 10.1097/01.inf.0000164170.67897.97 Holmes, 2005, Staphylococcus aureus isolates carrying Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes in England and Wales: frequency, characterisation and association with clinical disease, J Clin Microbiol, 43, 2384, 10.1128/JCM.43.5.2384-2390.2005 Zetola, 2005, Community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat, Lancet, 5, 275, 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70112-2 Klein, 2003, Severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Panton–Valentine leukocidin positive Staphylococcus aureus: first reported case in the United Kingdom, Intensive Care Med, 29, 1399, 10.1007/s00134-003-1844-6 Agwu, 2007, Cholera-like diarrhea and shock associated with community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (USA400 clone) pneumonia, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 26, 271, 10.1097/01.inf.0000256766.25247.d4 Adem, 2005, Staphylococcus aureus sepsis and the Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome in children, N Engl J Med, 353, 1245, 10.1056/NEJMoa044194 Banthia, 2005, A fatal case of necrotizing pneumonia caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Infect Dis Clin Pract, 13, 132, 10.1097/01.idc.0000161523.66158.25 Boussaud, 2003, Life-threatening hemoptysis in adults with community-acquired pneumonia due to Panton–Valentine leukocidin-secreting Staphylococcus aureus, Intensive Care Med, 292, 1840, 10.1007/s00134-003-1918-5 Chalumeau, 2005, Transmission of Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus to a physician during resuscitation of a child, Clin Infect Dis, 41, e29, 10.1086/431762 Conley, 2005, Rapidly progressive fatal necrotising pneumonitis (FNP) secondary to Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL)+ SCCmec type IVa community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CAMRSA)—a harbinger of the future?, Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol, 16, 109 Dufour, 2002, Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in France: emergence of a single clone that produces Panton–Valentine leukocidin, Clin Infect Dis, 35, 819, 10.1086/342576 Francis, 2005, Severe community-onset pneumonia in healthy adults caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes, Clin Infect Dis, 40, 100, 10.1086/427148 Garnier, 2006, Pneumonia and a new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone, Emerg Infect Dis, 12, 498, 10.3201/eid1203.051040 Gilbert, 2006, Outbreak in Alberta of community-acquired (USA300) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people with a history of drug use, homelessness or incarceration, CMAJ, 175, 149, 10.1503/cmaj.051565 Gonzalez, 2005, Pulmonary manifestations in children with invasive community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infection, Clin Infect Dis, 41, 583, 10.1086/432475 Hageman, 2006, Severe community-acquired pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus, 2003–04 influenza season, Emerg Infect Dis, 12, 894, 10.3201/eid1206.051141 Hsu, 2004, Panton–Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Singapore, Emerg Infect Dis, 10, 1509, 10.3201/eid1008.031088 Hyvernat, 2007, Fatal Staphylococcus aureus haemorrhagic pneumonia producing Panton–Valentine leucocidin, Scand J Infect Dis, 39, 183, 10.1080/00365540600818003 Janvier, 2006, Necrotising pneumonia secondary to community-associated methicillin-resistant S aureus (CA-MRSA) USA300 strain without evidence of antecedent viral respiratory tract infection, Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol, 17, 310 Joguet, 2003, Lethal necrotising pneumonia by Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus, Medec Mal Infectieuses, 5, 272, 10.1016/S0399-077X(03)00060-X Jones, 2006, Family outbreaks of invasive community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, Clin Infect Dis, 42, e76, 10.1086/503265 Kravitz, 2005, Purpura fulminans due to Staphylococcus aureus, Clin Infect Dis, 40, 941, 10.1086/428573 Laporte-Turpin, 2006, Necrotizing pneumonia and arthritis due to Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton and Valentine leukocidin in a 10-year-old boy, Arch Pediatr, 13 Linde, 2005, Healthcare-associated outbreaks and community-acquired infections due to MRSA carrying the Panton–Valentine leucocidin gene in south-eastern Germany, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 24, 419, 10.1007/s10096-005-1341-7 Lopez-Aguilar, 2007, Association between the presence of the Panton–Valentine leukocidin-encoding gene and a lower rate of survival among hospitalized pulmonary patients with staphylococcal disease, J Clin Microbiol, 45, 274, 10.1128/JCM.02032-06 Ma, 2005, Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Uruguay, Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 973, 10.3201/eid1106.041059 From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus—Minnesota and North Dakota 1997–1999. JAMA 1999; 282:1123–1125. Mongkolrattanothal, 2003, Severe Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by clonally related community-acquired methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant isolates, Clin Infect Dis, 37, 1050, 10.1086/378277 Obed, 2006, Fatal pneumonia caused by Panton–Valentine leucocidine-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (PVL-MRSA) transmitted from a healthy donor in living-donor liver transplantation, Transplantation, 81, 121, 10.1097/01.tp.0000187886.18720.8a Osterlund, 2002, Intrafamilial spread of highly virulent Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying the gene for Panton–Valentine leukocidin, Scand J Infect Dis, 34, 763, 10.1080/00365540260348554 Peleg, 2005, Life-threatening community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Australia, Eur J Infect Dis, 24, 384, 10.1007/s10096-005-1329-3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Severe methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus community-acquired pneumonia associated with influenza—Louisiana and Georgia, December 2006–January 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007; 56:325–329. Ek, 2007, PVL positive Staph aureus as the cause of necrotizing pneumonia. Description of three severe cases in earlier healthy young persons, Lakartidningen, 7, 509 Tseng, 2005, Fatal sepsis and necrotizing pneumonia in a child due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: case report and literature review, Scand J Infect Dis, 37, 504, 10.1080/00365540510037849 van der Flier, 2003, Fatal pneumonia in an adolescent due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus positive for Panton–Valentine-leukocidin, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 147, 1076 Al-Tawfiq, 2005, Community-acquired MRSA bacteremic necrotizing pneumonia in a patient with scrotal ulceration, J Infect, 51, e241, 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.08.028 Enayet, 2006, Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causes chronic pneumonia, Clin Infect Dis, 42, e57, 10.1086/501125 Fortunov, 2006, Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infection in term and near-term previously healthy neonates, Pediatrics, 118, 874, 10.1542/peds.2006-0884 Hampson, 2006, Disseminated sepsis due to a Panton–Valentine leukocidin producing strain of community acquired meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, Arch Dis Child, 91, 201, 10.1136/adc.2005.075028 Hsu, 2005, Community associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Singapore, Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 341, 10.3201/eid1102.040782 Jeyaratnam, 2006, Community-associated MRSA: an alert to paediatricians, Arch Dis Child, 91, 511, 10.1136/adc.2006.094029 Laifer, 2006, Necrotising pneumonia complicating a nasal furuncle, Lancet, 9522, 1628, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68702-3 Le Thomas, 2001, Breast milk transmission of Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing strain causing infantile pneumonia, J Clin Microbiol, 39, 728, 10.1128/JCM.39.2.728-729.2001 Martin, 2005, Severe childhood pneumonitis caused by the Queensland strain of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Med J Aust, 182, 249, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06678.x Micek, 2005, Pleuropulmonary complications of Panton–Valentine leukocidin-positive community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: importance of treatment with antimicrobials inhibiting exotoxin production, Chest, 128, 2732, 10.1378/chest.128.4.2732 Mijklaevics, 2004, Report on the first PVL-positive community acquired MRSA strain in Latvia, Euro Surveill, 9, 29 Monaco, 2005, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia, Emerg Infect Dis, 10, 1647, 10.3201/eid1110.050776 Miyashita, 2002, Destructive pulmonary embolism in a patient with community-acquired staphylococcal bacteremia, J Infect Chemother, 8, 99, 10.1007/s101560200014 Nimmo, 2003, Community-acquired MRSA bacteraemia: four additional cases including one associated with severe pneumonia, Med J Aust, 178, 245, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05175.x Petros, 1998, Severe community acquired pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus, Intensive Care Med, 28, 189, 10.1007/s001340050544 Salliot, 2006, Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus infections: report of 4 French cases, Scand J Infect Dis, 38, 192, 10.1080/00365540500388776 Torrell, 2005, Community-acquired pneumonia and bacteraemia in a healthy young woman caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carrying the genes encoding Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL), Scand J infect Dis, 7, 902, 10.1080/00365540500348945 Tronci, 2007, A CA MRSA strain with decreased vancomycin susceptibility as a cause of serious invasive infection in an immunocompetent adolescent Diep, 2006, Complete genome sequence of USA300, an epidemic clone of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Lancet, 367, 731, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68231-7 Ramdani-Bougessa, 2006, Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to multiple antibiotics and carrying the Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes in an Algiers hospital, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50, 1083, 10.1128/AAC.50.3.1083-1085.2006 de Bentzmann, 2004, Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with necrotizing pneumonia bind to basement membrane type IV and laminin, J Infect Dis, 190, 1506, 10.1086/424521 Seeger, 1990, Staphylococcal alpha-toxin-induced vascular leakage in isolated perfused rabbit lungs, Lab Invest, 63, 341 Voyich, 2006, Is Panton–Valentine leukocidin the major virulence determinant in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease?, J Infect Dis, 1, 761 Labandeira-Rey, 2007, Staphylococcus aureus Panton–Valentine leukocidin causes necrotising pneumonia, Science, 315, 1130, 10.1126/science.1137165 Etienne, 2006, Panton–Valentine leukocidin: a mark of severity for Staphylococcus aureus infection?, Clin infect Dis, 41, 591, 10.1086/432481 Musher, 1981, Staphylococcal pneumonia. A new perspective, Chest, 79, 172, 10.1378/chest.79.2.172 Chickering, 1919, Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, JAMA, 72, 617, 10.1001/jama.1919.02610090001001 Stevens, 2007, Impact of antibiotics on expression of virulence-associated exotoxin genes in methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, J Infect Dis, 195, 202, 10.1086/510396 Scheetz, 2006, Potential impact of vancomycin pulmonary distribution on treatment outcomes in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, Pharmacotherapy, 26, 539, 10.1592/phco.26.4.539 Graber, 2007, Intermediate vancomycin susceptibility in community associated MRSA clone, Emerg Infect Dis, 13, 491, 10.3201/eid1303.060960 Francis, 2005, Authors’ reply, Clin Infect Dis, 40, 1378, 10.1086/429517 Wargo, 2005, Appropriate antimicrobial therapy for community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes, Clin Infect Dis, 40, 1376, 10.1086/429509 Shelbourne, 2004, In vitro killing of community associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with drug combinations, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 48, 4016, 10.1128/AAC.48.10.4016-4019.2004 Dumitrescu, 2007, Effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton–Valentine leukocidin, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 51, 1515, 10.1128/AAC.01201-06 Bernardo, 2004, Subinhibitory concentrations of linezolid reduce Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor expression, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 48, 546, 10.1128/AAC.48.2.546-555.2004 Van Langeveldes, 1997, Combination of flucloxacillin and gentamicin inhibits toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 production by Staphylococcus aureus in both logarithmic and stationary phases of growth, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 41, 1682, 10.1128/AAC.41.8.1682 Ohlsen, 1998, Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on alpha-toxin (hla) gene expression of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42, 2817, 10.1128/AAC.42.11.2817 Chavez-Bueno, 2005, Inducible clindamycin resistance and molecule epidemiologic trends of pediatric community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dallas, Texas, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49, 2283, 10.1128/AAC.49.6.2283-2288.2005 Silverman, 2005, Inhibition of daptomycin by pulmonary surfactant: in vitro modelling and impact, J Infect Dis, 191, 2149, 10.1086/430352 Von Freyberg, 2006, Activity of moxifloxacin against community-acquired MRSA and other quinolone-susceptible MRSA isolates McAleese, 2005, Use of ribotyping to retrospectively identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from phase 3 clinical trials for tigecycline that are genotypically related to community isolates, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49, 4521, 10.1128/AAC.49.11.4521-4529.2005 Moise, 2000, Vancomycin treatment failure in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 16, 3231, 10.1016/S0924-8579(00)00303-4 Gaudauchon, 2004, Neutralization of Staphylococcus aureus Panton Valentine leukocidin by intravenous immunoglobulin in vitro, J Infect Dis, 189, 346, 10.1086/380909 Darenberg, 2004, Differences in potency of intravenous polyspecific immunoglobulin G against streptococcal and staphylococcal superantigens: implications and therapy of toxic shock syndrome, Clin Infect Dis, 38, 826, 10.1086/381979 Werdan, 2001, Intravenous immunoglobulin for prophylaxis and therapy of sepsis, Curr Opin Crit Care, 7, 354, 10.1097/00075198-200110000-00007 Coyle, 2003, Targeting bacterial virulence: the role of protein synthesis inhibitors in severe infection, Pharmacotherapy, 5, 638, 10.1592/phco.23.5.638.32191 Bell, 2006, Necrotising pneumonia due to Panton–Valentine leukocidin producing Staphylococcus aureus treated with intravenous immunoglobulin [poster and oral presentation], Thorax, 61, 100 Petersen, 2006, Glycerol monolaurate inhibits the effect of Gram positive select agents on eukaryotic cells, Biochemistry, 45, 2387, 10.1021/bi051992u