Ras and Rap1: Two Highly Related Small GTPases with Distinct Function

Boriack-Sjodin, 1998, The structural basis of the activation of Ras by Sos, Nature, 394, 337, 10.1038/28548 Scheffzek, 1997, The Ras–RasGAP complex: Structural basis for GTPase activation and its loss in oncogenic Ras mutants [see comments], Science, 277, 333, 10.1126/science.277.5324.333 Bos, 1998, All in the family? New insights and questions regarding interconnectivity of ras, rap1 and Ral, EMBO J., 17, 6776, 10.1093/emboj/17.23.6776 Kimmelman, 1997, Identification and characterization of R-ras3: A novel member of the RAS gene family with a non-ubiquitous pattern of tissue distribution, Oncogene, 15, 2675, 10.1038/sj.onc.1201674 Matsumoto, 1997, Novel small GTPase M-Ras participates in reorganization of actin cytoskeleton, Oncogene, 15, 2409, 10.1038/sj.onc.1201416 Pronk, 1994, The role of p21ras in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1198, 131 Kiyokawa, 1997, Role of Crk oncogene product in physiologic signaling, Crit. Rev. Oncog., 8, 329, 10.1615/CritRevOncog.v8.i4.30 Luttrell, 1999, Regulation of tyrosine kinase cascades by G-protein-coupled receptors, Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol., 11, 177, 10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80023-4 Farnsworth, 1995, Calcium activation of Ras mediated by neuronal exchange factor Ras-GRF, Nature, 376, 524, 10.1038/376524a0 Ebinu, 1998, RasGRP, a Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein with calcium- and diacylglycerol-binding motifs, Science, 280, 1082, 10.1126/science.280.5366.1082 Jiang, 1998, The G protein G alpha12 stimulates Bruton's tyrosine kinase and a rasGAP through a conserved PH/BM domain, Nature, 395, 808, 10.1038/27454 Medema, 1992, GTPase-activating protein SH2–SH3 domains induce gene expression in a Ras-dependent fashion, Mol. Cell. Biol., 12, 3425, 10.1128/MCB.12.8.3425 Clark, 1997, p120 GAP modulates Ras activation of Jun kinases and transformation, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 1677, 10.1074/jbc.272.3.1677 Mason, 1999, Serine and tyrosine phosphorylations cooperate in Raf-1, but not B-Raf activation, EMBO J., 18, 2137, 10.1093/emboj/18.8.2137 Marshall, 1996, Cell signaling. Raf gets it together, Nature, 383, 127, 10.1038/383127a0 Rodriguez-Viciana, 1996, Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by interaction with Ras and by point mutation, EMBO J., 15, 2442, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00602.x Burgering, 1995, Protein kinase B (c-Akt) in phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signal transduction, Nature, 376, 599, 10.1038/376599a0 Franke, 1995, The protein kinase encoded by the Akt proto-oncogene is a target of the PDGF-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Cell, 81, 727, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90534-0 Hawkins, 1995, PDGF stimulates an increase in GTP-Rac via activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Curr. Biol., 5, 393, 10.1016/S0960-9822(95)00080-7 Kotani, 1995, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase as an upstream regulator of the small GTP-binding protein Rac in the insulin signaling of membrane ruffling, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 208, 985, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1431 Wolthuis, 1999, Ras caught in another affair: The exchange factors for Ral, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 9, 112, 10.1016/S0959-437X(99)80016-1 White, 1995, Multiple Ras functions can contribute to mammalian cell transformation, Cell, 80, 533, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90507-3 Webb, 1998, Signaling pathways in Ras-mediated tumorigenicity and metastasis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 8773, 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8773 Serrano, 1997, Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a, Cell, 88, 593, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81902-9 Kuriyama, 1996, Identification of AF-6 and canoe as putative targets for Ras, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 607, 10.1074/jbc.271.2.607 Han, 1995, A human protein selected for interference with Ras function interacts directly with Ras and competes with Raf1, Mol. Cell. Biol., 15, 1318, 10.1128/MCB.15.3.1318 Vavvas, 1998, Identification of Nore1 as a potential Ras effector, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 5439, 10.1074/jbc.273.10.5439 Bos, 1989, ras oncogenes in human cancer: A review, Cancer Res., 49, 4682 Johnson, 1997, K-ras is an essential gene in the mouse with partial functional overlap with N-ras, Genes Dev., 11, 2468, 10.1101/gad.11.19.2468 Voice, 1999, Four human ras homologs differ in their abilities to activate Raf-1, induce transformation, and stimulate cell motility, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 17164, 10.1074/jbc.274.24.17164 Glomset, 1994, Role of protein modification reactions in programming interactions between ras-related GTPases and cell membranes, Annu. Rev. Cell Biol., 10, 181, 10.1146/annurev.cb.10.110194.001145 Choy, 1999, Endomembrane trafficking of ras: The CAAX motif targets proteins to the ER and Golgi, Cell, 98, 69, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80607-8 Roy, 1999, Dominant-negative caveolin inhibits H-Ras function by disrupting cholesterol-rich plasma membrane domains, Nature Cell Biol., 1, 98, 10.1038/15687 Altschuler, 1995, Cyclic AMP-dependent activation of Rap1b, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 10373, 10.1074/jbc.270.18.10373 Franke, 1997, Rapid Ca2+-mediated activation of Rap1 in human platelets, EMBO J., 16, 252, 10.1093/emboj/16.2.252 McLeod, 1998, Activation of the Rap1 GTPase by the B cell antigen receptor, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 29218, 10.1074/jbc.273.44.29218 Reedquist, 1998, Costimulation through CD28 suppresses T cell receptor-dependent activation of the Ras-like small GTPase Rap1 in human T lymphocytes, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 4944, 10.1074/jbc.273.9.4944 Boussiotis, 1997, Maintenance of human T cell anergy: Blocking of IL-2 gene transcription by activated Rap1, Science, 278, 124, 10.1126/science.278.5335.124 M'Rabet, 1998, Activation of the small GTPase rap1 in human neutrophils, Blood, 92, 2133, 10.1182/blood.V92.6.2133 Posern, 1998, Activity of Rap1 is regulated by bombesin, cell adhesion, and cell density in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 24297, 10.1074/jbc.273.38.24297 Zwartkruis, 1998, Extracellular signal-regulated activation of Rap1 fails to interfere in Ras effector signaling, EMBO J., 17, 5905, 10.1093/emboj/17.20.5905 Mochizuki, 1999, Activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway by an isoform of rap1GAP associated with Galphai, Nature, 400, 891, 10.1038/23738 Okada, 1998, Insulin regulates the dynamic balance between Ras and Rap1 signaling by coordinating the assembly states of the Grb2–SOS and CrkII–C3G complexes, EMBO J., 17, 2554, 10.1093/emboj/17.9.2554 Gotoh, 1995, Identification of Rap1 as a target for the Crk SH3 domain-binding guanine nucleotide-releasing factor C3G, Mol. Cell. Biol., 15, 6746, 10.1128/MCB.15.12.6746 Ichiba, 1999, Activation of C3G guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rap1 by phosphorylation of tyrosine 504, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 14376, 10.1074/jbc.274.20.14376 Kawasaki, 1998, A Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor enriched highly in the basal ganglia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 13278, 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13278 de Rooij, 1998, Epac is a Rap1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor directly activated by cyclic AMP, Nature, 396, 474, 10.1038/24884 Kawasaki, 1998, A family of cAMP-binding proteins that directly activate Rap1, Science, 282, 2275, 10.1126/science.282.5397.2275 van den Berghe, 1999, Discriminatory residues in Ras and Rap for guanine nucleotide exchange factor recognition, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 11078, 10.1074/jbc.274.16.11078 Noda, 1993, Mechanisms of reversion, FASEB J., 7, 834, 10.1096/fasebj.7.10.8344483 Rubinfeld, 1991, Molecular cloning of a GTPase activating protein specific for the Krev-1 protein p21rap1, Cell, 65, 1033, 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90555-D Wienecke, 1995, Identification of tuberin, the tuberous sclerosis-2 product. Tuberin possesses specific Rap1GAP activity, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 16409, 10.1074/jbc.270.27.16409 Kurachi, 1997, Human SPA-1 gene product selectively expressed in lymphoid tissues is a specific GTPase-activating protein for Rap1 and Rap2. Segregate expression profiles from a rap1GAP gene product, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 28081, 10.1074/jbc.272.44.28081 Cullen, 1995, Identification of a specific Ins(1,3,4,5)P4-binding protein as a member of the GAP1 family, Nature, 376, 527, 10.1038/376527a0 Gao, 1999, The E6 oncoproteins of high-risk papillomaviruses bind to a novel putative GAP protein, E6TP1, and target it for degradation, Mol. Cell. Biol., 19, 733, 10.1128/MCB.19.1.733 Bottomley, 1998, Structural and functional analysis of the putative inositol 1,3,4, 5-tetrakisphosphate receptors GAP1(IP4BP) and GAP1(m), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 250, 143, 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9179 Beranger, 1991, Association of the Ras-antagonistic Rap1/Krev-1 proteins with the Golgi complex, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 1606, 10.1073/pnas.88.5.1606 Pizon, 1994, Association of Rap1a and Rap1b proteins with late endocytic/phagocytic compartments and Rap2a with the Golgi complex, J. Cell Sci., 107, 1661, 10.1242/jcs.107.6.1661 Maridonneau-Parini, 1992, Association of rap1 and rap2 proteins with the specific granules of human neutrophils. Translocation to the plasma membrane during cell activation, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 6396, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42708-1 Quinn, 1992, Subcellular distribution of the Rap1A protein in human neutrophils: Colocalization and cotranslocation with cytochrome b559, Blood, 79, 1563, 10.1182/blood.V79.6.1563.1563 Berger, 1994, Ultrastructural localization of the small GTP-binding protein Rap1 in human platelets and megakaryocytes, Br. J. Haematol., 88, 372, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb05033.x Siess, 1990, Rap1-B is phosphorylated by protein kinase A in intact human platelets, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 170, 944, 10.1016/0006-291X(90)92182-Y Lockyer, 1997, Distinct subcellular localisations of the putative inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate receptors GAP1IP4BP and GAP1m result from the GAP1IP4BP PH domain directing plasma membrane targeting, Curr. Biol., 7, 1007, 10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00423-4 Wienecke, 1996, Co-localization of the TSC2 product tuberin with its target Rap1 in the Golgi apparatus, Oncogene, 13, 913 Tsukamoto, 1999, Rap1 GTPase-activating protein SPA-1 negatively regulates cell adhesion, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 18463, 10.1074/jbc.274.26.18463 Pizon, 1988, Human cDNAs rap1 and rap2 homologous to the Drosophila gene Dras3 encode proteins closely related to ras in the ‘effector’ region, Oncogene, 3, 201 Kitayama, 1989, A ras-related gene with transformation suppressor activity, Cell, 56, 77, 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90985-9 Cook, 1993, RapV12 antagonizes Ras-dependent activation of ERK1 and ERK2 by LPA and EGF in Rat-1 fibroblasts, EMBO J., 12, 3475, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06022.x Sakoda, 1992, smg/rap1/Krev-1 p21s inhibit the signal pathway to the c-fos promoter/enhancer from c-Ki-ras p21 but not from c-raf-1 kinase in NIH3T3 cells, Oncogene, 7, 1705 Sato, 1994, Analysis of the tumor suppressor activity of the K-rev-1 gene in human tumor cell lines, Cancer Res., 54, 552 Hariharan, 1991, The Drosophila roughened mutation: Activation of a rap homolog disrupts eye development and interferes with cell determination, Cell, 67, 717, 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90066-8 Li, 1997, Genetic interactions with Rap1 and Ras1 reveal a second function for the fat facets deubiquitinating enzyme in Drosophila eye development, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 12515, 10.1073/pnas.94.23.12515 Asha, 1999, The Rap1 GTPase functions as a regulator of morphogenesis in vivo, EMBO J., 18, 605, 10.1093/emboj/18.3.605 Ohtsuka, 1996, Activation of brain B-Raf protein kinase by Rap1B small GTP-binding protein, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 1258, 10.1074/jbc.271.3.1258 Vossler, 1997, cAMP activates MAP kinase and Elk-1 through a B-Raf- and Rap1-dependent pathway, Cell, 89, 73, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80184-1 Kishida, 1997, Colocalization of Ras and Ral on the membrane is required for Ras-dependent Ral activation through Ral GDP dissociation stimulator, Oncogene, 15, 2899, 10.1038/sj.onc.1201473 Spaargaren, 1995, Binding of blood coagulation factor VIII and its light chain to phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine bilayers as measured by ellipsometry, Biochem. J., 310, 539, 10.1042/bj3100539 Wolthuis, 1996, RalGDS-like factor (Rlf) is a novel Ras and Rap 1A-associating protein, Oncogene, 13, 353 Urano, 1996, Ral-GTPases mediate a distinct downstream signaling pathway from Ras that facilitates cellular transformation, EMBO J., 15, 810, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00416.x Hughes, 1997, Suppression of integrin activation: A novel function of a Ras/Raf-initiated MAP kinase pathway, Cell, 88, 521, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81892-9 Sethi, 1999, The small GTP-binding protein R-Ras can influence integrin activation by antagonizing a Ras/Raf-initiated integrin suppression pathway, Mol. Biol. Cell., 10, 1799, 10.1091/mbc.10.6.1799 Yoshida, 1992, Microinjection of smg/rap1/Krev-1 p21 into Swiss 3T3 cells induces DNA synthesis and morphological changes, Mol. Cell. Biol., 12, 3407, 10.1128/MCB.12.8.3407 Altschuler, 1998, Mitogenic and oncogenic properties of the small G protein Rap1b, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 7475, 10.1073/pnas.95.13.7475 Dremier, 1997, Activation of cyclic AMP-dependent kinase is required but may not be sufficient to mimic cyclic AMP-dependent DNA synthesis and thyroglobulin expression in dog thyroid cells, Mol. Cell. Biol., 17, 6717, 10.1128/MCB.17.11.6717 Janoueix-Lerosey, 1994, Phosphorylation of Rap1GAP during the cell cycle, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 202, 967, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2024 Morishita, 1995, Requirement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ras for completion of mitosis, Science, 270, 1213, 10.1126/science.270.5239.1213 Chant, 1991, Genetic control of bud site selection in yeast by a set of gene products that constitute a morphogenetic pathway, Cell, 65, 1203, 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90015-Q Bender, 1993, Genetic evidence for the roles of the bud-site-selection genes BUD5 and BUD2 in control of the Rsr1p (Bud1p) GTPase in yeast, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 9926, 10.1073/pnas.90.21.9926 Park, 1997, Two active states of the Ras-related Bud1/Rsr1 protein bind to different effectors to determine yeast cell polarity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 4463, 10.1073/pnas.94.9.4463 Michelitch, 1996, A mechanism of Bud1p GTPase action suggested by mutational analysis and immunolocalization, Curr. Biol., 6, 446, 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00512-2 Chenevert, 1992, A yeast gene (BEM1) necessary for cell polarization whose product contains two SH3 domains, Nature, 356, 77, 10.1038/356077a0