Immobilization of pectinase on chitosan-magnetic particles: Influence of particle preparation protocol on enzyme properties for fruit juice clarification

Pollard, 2007, Biocatalysis for pharmaceutical intermediates: the future is now, Trends Biotechnol., 25, 66, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.12.005 Siar, 2018, Solid phase chemical modification of agarose glyoxyl-ficin: improving activity and stability properties by amination and modification with glutaraldehyde, Process Biochem., 73, 109, 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.07.013 Tapre, 2014, Pectinases: enzymes for fruit processing industry, Int. Food Res. J., 21, 447 Krajewska, 2004, Application of chitin- and chitosan-based materials for enzyme immobilizations: a review, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 35, 126, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.12.013 Sheldon, 2005, Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs): a novel and versatile method for enzyme immobilization (a review), Biocatal. Biotransformation, 23, 141, 10.1080/10242420500183378 Sheldon, 2013, Enzyme immobilisation in biocatalysis: why, what and how, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 6223, 10.1039/C3CS60075K Zaak, 2017, Coimmobilization of enzymes in bilayers using pei as a glue to reuse the most stable enzyme: Preventing pei release during inactivated enzyme desorption, Process Biochem., 61, 95, 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.06.014 Homaei, 2013, Enzyme immobilization: an update, J. Chem. Biol., 6, 185, 10.1007/s12154-013-0102-9 Klein, 2013, High stability of immobilized β-d-galactosidase for lactose hydrolysis and galactooligosaccharides synthesis, Carbohydr. Polym., 95, 465, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.044 Liese, 2013, Evaluation of immobilized enzymes for industrial applications, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 6236, 10.1039/c3cs35511j Asgher, 2014, Recent trends and valorization of immobilization strategies and ligninolytic enzymes by industrial biotechnology, J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym., 101, 56, 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.12.016 Mateo, 2007, Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 40, 1451, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.01.018 Garcia-Galan, 2011, Potential of different enzyme immobilization strategies to improve enzyme performance, Adv. Synth. Catal., 353, 2885, 10.1002/adsc.201100534 Pinelo, 2010, Juice clarification by protease and pectinase treatments indicates new roles of pectin and protein in cherry juice turbidity, Food Bioprod. Process., 88, 259, 10.1016/j.fbp.2009.03.005 Khandare, 2011, Black carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus) juice: processing effects on antioxidant composition and color, Food Bioprod. Process., 89, 482, 10.1016/j.fbp.2010.07.007 Sandri, 2011, Clarification of fruit juices by fungal pectinases, LWT - Food Sci. Technol., 44, 2217, 10.1016/j.lwt.2011.02.008 Romero-Cascales, 2012, The effect of a commercial pectolytic enzyme on grape skin cell wall degradation and colour evolution during the maceration process, Food Chem., 130, 626, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.091 Wilkins, 2007, Hydrolysis of grapefruit peel waste with cellulase and pectinase enzymes, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 1596, 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.06.022 Sankaran, 2015, Effect of enzyme homogenization on the physical properties of carrot cell wall suspensions, Food Bioprocess Technol., 10.1007/s11947-015-1481-4 Jiménez-Sánchez, 2017, Alternatives to conventional thermal treatments in fruit-juice processing. Part 1: techniques and applications, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 57, 501, 10.1080/10408398.2013.867828 Demir, 2001, The use of commercial pectinase in fruit juice industry. Part 3: immobilized pectinase for mash treatment, J. Food Eng., 47, 275, 10.1016/S0260-8774(00)00127-8 Diano, 2008, Apple juice clarification by immobilized pectolytic enzymes in packed or fluidized bed reactors, J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 11471, 10.1021/jf8019437 Esawy, 2013, Evaluation of free and immobilized Aspergillus niger NRC1ami pectinase applicable in industrial processes, Carbohydr. Polym., 92, 1463, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.061 Sojitra, 2017, Immobilization of pectinase onto chitosan magnetic nanoparticles by macromolecular cross-linker, Carbohydr. Polym., 157, 677, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.018 Sojitra, 2016, A magnetic tri-enzyme nanobiocatalyst for fruit juice clarification, Food Chem., 213, 296, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.074 Dal Magro, 2016, Preparation and characterization of a Combi-CLEAs from pectinases and cellulases: a potential biocatalyst for grape juice clarification, RSC Adv., 6, 27242, 10.1039/C6RA03940E Soozanipour, 2019, Preparation of a stable and robust nanobiocatalyst by efficiently immobilizing of pectinase onto cyanuric chloride-functionalized chitosan grafted magnetic nanoparticles, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 536, 261, 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.053 Shahrestani, 2016, Enzymatic clarification of fruit juices using xylanase immobilized on 1,3,5-triazine-functionalized silica-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles, Biochem. Eng. J., 109, 51, 10.1016/j.bej.2015.12.013 Lei, 2007, The silica-coated chitosan particle from a layer-by-layer approach for pectinase immobilization, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 40, 1442, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.10.027 dos Santos, 2015, Importance of the support properties for immobilization or purification of enzymes, ChemCatChem, 7, 2413, 10.1002/cctc.201500310 Biró, 2008, Preparation of chitosan particles suitable for enzyme immobilization, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 70, 1240, 10.1016/j.jprot.2007.11.005 Adriano, 2008, Improving the properties of chitosan as support for the covalent multipoint immobilization of chymotrypsin, Biomacromolecules., 9, 2170, 10.1021/bm8002754 Klein, 2012, Effect of the support size on the properties of β-galactosidase immobilized on chitosan: advantages and disadvantages of macro and nanoparticles, Biomacromolecules., 13, 2456, 10.1021/bm3006984 Laurent, 2008, Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications, Chem. Rev., 108, 2064, 10.1021/cr068445e Ansari, 2012, Potential applications of enzymes immobilized on/in nano materials: a review, Biotechnol. Adv., 30, 512, 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.005 He, 1999, Sustained release chitosan microspheres prepared by novel spray drying methods, J. Microencapsul., 16, 343, 10.1080/026520499289068 Filipović-Grčić, 2003, Spray-dried carbamazepine-loaded chitosan and HPMC microspheres: preparation and characterisation, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 55, 921, 10.1211/0022357021503 Agnihotri, 2004, Recent advances on chitosan-based micro- and nanoparticles in drug delivery, J. Control. Release, 100, 5, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.08.010 Mitra, 2011, Chitosan microspheres in novel drug delivery systems., Indian J. Pharm, Sci., 73, 355 Denkbaş, 2002, Magnetic chitosan microspheres: preparation and characterization, React. Funct. Polym., 50, 225, 10.1016/S1381-5148(01)00115-8 Barbosa, 2014, Glutaraldehyde in bio-catalysts design: a useful crosslinker and a versatile tool in enzyme immobilization, RSC Adv., 4, 1583, 10.1039/C3RA45991H Siar, 2018, Immobilization/Stabilization of Ficin Extract on Glutaraldehyde-Activated Agarose Beads. Variables That Control the Final Stability and Activity in Protein Hydrolyses, Catalysts., 8, 149, 10.3390/catal8040149 Vazquez-Ortega, 2018, Stabilization of dimeric β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger via glutaraldehyde immobilization under different conditions, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 110, 38, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.12.007 Zaak, 2017, Exploiting the versatility of aminated supports activated with glutaraldehyde to immobilize β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae, Catalysts., 7, 250, 10.3390/catal7090250 Dal Magro, 2019, Stability/activity features of the main enzyme components of rohapect 10L, Biotechnol. Prog., e2877, 10.1002/btpr.2877 Dal Magro, 2016, Identification of bioactive compounds from Vitis labrusca L. variety concord grape juice treated with commercial enzymes: improved yield and quality parameters, Food Bioprocess Technol., 9, 365, 10.1007/s11947-015-1634-5 Miller, 1959, Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar, Anal. Chem., 31, 426, 10.1021/ac60147a030 Albersheim, 1966, Pectin lyase from fungi, Methods Enzymol., 8, 628, 10.1016/0076-6879(66)08113-8 Rouse, 1952, Heat inactivation of pectinesterase in citrus juices, Food Technol., 6, 291 Ghose, 1987, Measurement of cellulase activities, Pure Appl. Chem., 59, 257, 10.1351/pac198759020257 Dal Magro, 2018, Magnetic biocatalysts of pectinase and cellulase: synthesis and characterization of two preparations for application in grape juice clarification, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 115, 35, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.028 Anderson, 2005, S. Geological, turbidity, 55 Webb, 1997 Colthup, 1990 Virgili, 2018, Self-supported gold/chitosan nanocatalyst for chemoselective hydrogenation in π-conjugated C C C O system, Catal. Commun., 116, 32, 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.08.003 Srivastava, 2014, Immobilization of acid phosphatase from Vigna aconitifolia seeds on chitosan beads and its characterization, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 64, 150, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.11.023 de Fuentes, 2001, Different phyllosilicates as supports for lipase immobilisation, J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym., 11, 657, 10.1016/S1381-1177(00)00069-2 Liu, 2011, Preparation of carriers based on magnetic nanoparticles grafted polymer and immobilization for lipase, Biochem. Eng. J., 56, 142, 10.1016/j.bej.2011.05.013 Dal Magro, 2020, Pectin lyase immobilization using the glutaraldehyde chemistry increases the enzyme operation range, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 132, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109397 Dal Magro, 2019, Optimized immobilization of polygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger following different protocols: Improved stability and activity under drastic conditions, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 138, 234, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.092 Li, 2004, Use of chemically modified PMMA microspheres for enzyme immobilization, Biosystems., 77, 25, 10.1016/j.biosystems.2004.03.001 Rodrigues, 2013, Modifying enzyme activity and selectivity by immobilization, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 6290, 10.1039/C2CS35231A Pastor, 2014, Effect of crowding by Dextrans in enzymatic reactions, Biophys. Chem., 185, 8, 10.1016/j.bpc.2013.10.006 Fernandez-Lopez, 2017, Effect of protein load on stability of immobilized enzymes, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 98, 18, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.12.002 Zaak, 2017, Effect of immobilization rate and enzyme crowding on enzyme stability under different conditions. The case of lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized on octyl agarose beads, Process Biochem., 56, 117, 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.02.024 Keighron, 2010, Enzyme:Nanoparticle Bioconjugates with Two Sequential Enzymes: Stoichiometry and Activity of Malate Dehydrogenase and Citrate Synthase on Au Nanoparticles, Langmuir, 26, 18992, 10.1021/la1040882 Jia, 2015, Multienzyme immobilization and colocalization on nanoparticles enabled by DNA hybridization, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 54, 10212, 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01423 Soozanipour, 2015, Covalent attachment of xylanase on functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and determination of its activity and stability, Chem. Eng. J., 270, 235, 10.1016/j.cej.2015.02.032