A changing hydrate paradigm—from apprehension to avoidance to risk management

I. Forsdyke, Integrated Flow Assurance Overview and Strategy Report, DeepStar Report CTR 4211-1, 2000. Welling and Associates, 1999 Survey, cited by Macintosh, N., Flow Assurance Still Leading Concern Among Producers, Offshore, October 2000. Kaczmarski, 2001, Emergence of flow assurance as a technical discipline specific to deepwater: technical challenges and integration into subsea systems engineering Hammerschmidt, 1934, Formation of gas hydrates in natural gas transmission lines, Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 851, 10.1021/ie50296a010 Makogon, 1965, Gazov. Promst., 5, 14 Schroeder, 1927, Die Geschichte der Gashydrate, 97 F. Bacon, The New Organon, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2000 edition, reprinted from 1620). Bridgeman, 1941 von Stackelberg, 1949, Solid gas hydrates, Naturwiss, 11/12, 1 van der Waals, 1959, Clathrate solutions, Adv. Chem. Phys., 2, 1 Ballard, 2002, The next generation of hydrate prediction: an overview, J. Supramol. Chem., 2, 385, 10.1016/S1472-7862(03)00063-7 Bishnoi, 1989, Multiphase equilibrium flash calculations for systems containing gas hydrates, Fluid Phase Equilibr., 53, 97, 10.1016/0378-3812(89)80076-7 Hopgood, 2001, Why improve hydrate predictions for deepwater black oils Sloan, 2000 J.E. Chitwood, Personal communication, ChevronTexaco Hayes Road Facility, Houston, Texas, August 1, 2003. Bishnoi, 1996, Formation and decomposition of gas hydrates, Fluid Phase Equilibr., 117, 168, 10.1016/0378-3812(95)02950-8 D.M. March, R.M. Bass, Robust Technology Implementation Process Applied to a Deepwater Electrical Heating System. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 15145, 2003. Fu, 2002 Mehta, 2003, Fulfilling the promise of low-dosage hydrate inhibitors: journey from academic curiosity to successful field implementation, SPE Prod. Facilities, 73, 10.2118/81927-PA Xiao, 1998, Predicting hydrate plug movement during subsea flowline depressurization operations Peters, 2002, The physics of hydrate plug dissociation: a comprehensive model based upon facts, conjecture, and field experience Bollavaram, 2003, Hydrate plug dissociation by method of depressurization R.D. Kaminsky, Ice Formation and Thoughts on Hydrate Blockages, personal communication, Colorado School of Mines, March 15, 2004. Vysniauskas, 1983, A kinetic study of methane hydrate formation, Chem. Eng. Sci., 38, 10.1016/0009-2509(83)80027-X Sinquin, 2004, Rheological and flow properties of gas hydrate suspensions, Oil and Gas Sci. Tech.: Rev. IFP, 59, 41, 10.2516/ogst:2004005 Hare, 2003, Canyon express commissioning and start-up experience Cooley, 2003, Hydrate prevention and methanol distribution on Canyon Express