An investigation of quantitative methods for assessing intersectionality in health research: A systematic review

Agénor, 2020, Future directions for incorporating intersectionality into quantitative population health research, American Journal of Public Health, 110, 803, 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305610 Aguirre, 2016, Gender, ethnicity, and their intersectionality in the prediction of smoking outcome expectancies in regular cigarette smokers, Behavior Modification, 40, 281, 10.1177/0145445515608146 Alexander-Floyd, 2012, Disappearing Acts: Reclaiming intersectionality in the social sciences in a post-black feminist era, Feminist Formations, 24, 1, 10.1353/ff.2012.0003 Barden, 2016, Sociocultural influences on positive affect: Social support adequacy from one's spouse and the intersections of race and SES, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 35, 455, 10.1521/jscp.2016.35.6.455 Baron, 1986, The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173, 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 Bauer, 2014, Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: Challenges and the potential to advance health equity, Social Science & Medicine (1982), 110, 10, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.022 Bauer, 2021, Intersectionality in quantitative research: A systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods, SSM - Population Health, 14, 100798, 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100798 Bauer, 2019, Advancing quantitative intersectionality research methods: Intracategorical and intercategorical approaches to shared and differential constructs, Social Science & Medicine, 226, 260, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.03.018 Bauer, 2019, Methods for analytic intercategorical intersectionality in quantitative research: Discrimination as a mediator of health inequalities, Social Science & Medicine, 226, 236, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.015 Berg, 2010, Race, class, gender, and social space: Using an intersectional approach to study immigration attitudes, The Sociological Quarterly, 51, 278, 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01172.x Berger, 2017, Does intersectional training Endure? Examining trends in a global database of women's and gender studies graduates (1995-2010), Atlantis-Critical Studies in Gender Culture & Social Justice, 38, 28 Biernat, 2013, Evaluating the contributions of members of mixed-sex work teams: Race and gender matter, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 471, 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.01.008 Bilge, 2013, Intersectionality undone: Saving intersectionality from feminist intersectionality studies, Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 10, 405, 10.1017/S1742058X13000283 Blinder, 1973, Wage discrimination: Reduced form and structural estimates, Journal of Human Resources, 8, 436, 10.2307/144855 Bostwick, 2019, Depression and victimization in a community sample of bisexual and lesbian women: An intersectional approach, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48, 131, 10.1007/s10508-018-1247-y Bouris, 2017, Exploring the mother–adolescent relationship as a promotive resource for sexual and gender minority youth, Journal of Social Issues, 73, 618, 10.1111/josi.12234 Bowleg, 2008, When Black + lesbian + woman ≠ Black lesbian woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research, Sex Roles: Journal of Research, 59, 312, 10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z Bowleg, 2012, The problem with the phrase women and minorities: Intersectionality—an important theoretical framework for public health, American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1267, 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750 Bowleg, 2013, “Once you’ve blended the cake, you Can't take the parts back to the main ingredients”: Black gay and bisexual men's descriptions and experiences of intersectionality, Sex Roles, 68, 754, 10.1007/s11199-012-0152-4 Bowleg, 2021, Evolving intersectionality within public health: From analysis to action, American Journal of Public Health, 111, 88, 10.2105/AJPH.2020.306031 Bowleg, 2016, Invited reflection: Quantifying intersectionality, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40, 337, 10.1177/0361684316654282 Budge, 2016, The intersection of race, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, trans identity, and mental health outcomes, The Counseling Psychologist, 44, 1025, 10.1177/0011000015609046 Cage, 2018, The educational attainment of maltreated youth involved with the child welfare system: Exploring the intersection of race and gender, Children and Youth Services Review, 88, 550, 10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.04.006 Cairney, 2014, Exploring the social determinants of mental health service use using intersectionality theory and CART analysis, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 68, 145, 10.1136/jech-2013-203120 Carbado, 2013, Intersectionality: Mapping the movements of a theory, Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 10, 303, 10.1017/S1742058X13000349 Chakraborty, 2017, Decomposing nutritional inequality by caste and class: A quantitative approach to Reckon intersectionality, Economics Bulletin, 37, 1339 Cho, 2013, Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 38, 785, 10.1086/669608 Choo, 2010, Practicing intersectionality in sociological research: A critical analysis of inclusions, interactions, and Institutions in the study of inequalities, Sociological Theory, 28, 129, 10.1111/j.1467-9558.2010.01370.x Chua, 2016, Social capital in Singapore: Gender differences, ethnic hierarchies, and their intersection, Social Networks, 47, 138, 10.1016/j.socnet.2016.06.004 Cole, 2009, Intersectionality and research in psychology, American Psychologist, 64, 170, 10.1037/a0014564 Collins, 1991 Collins, 1998, It's all in the family: Intersections of gender, race, and nation, Hypatia, 13, 62, 10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01370.x Collins, 2015, Intersectionality's definitional dilemmas, Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 1, 10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142 Collins, 2015, Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness and the politics of Empowerment, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38 Covarrubias, 2011, Quantitative intersectionality: A critical race analysis of the Chicana/o educational pipeline, Journal of Latinos and Education, 10, 86, 10.1080/15348431.2011.556519 Covarrubias, 2014, The undocumented (im)migrant educational pipeline: The influence of citizenship status on educational attainment for people of Mexican origin, Urban Education, 49, 75, 10.1177/0042085912470468 Covarrubias, 2014, Asian American education and income attainment in the era of post-racial America, Teachers College Record, 116, 1, 10.1177/016146811411600602 Crenshaw, 1989, 139 Crenshaw, 1991, 43, 1241 Cummings, 2008, Race, gender, and SES disparities in self-assessed health, 1974-2004, Research on Aging, 30, 137, 10.1177/0164027507311835 Davis, 2008, Intersectionality as buzzword: A sociology of science perspective on what makes a feminist theory successful, Feminist Theory, 9, 67, 10.1177/1464700108086364 2009 Dubrow, 2008, How can we Account for intersectionality in quantitative analysis of survey data? Empirical illustration for central and Eastern Europe, Ask: Research and Methods, 17, 85 DuPont-Reyes, 2019, Adolescent views of mental illness stigma: An intersectional lens, American Journal of Optics and Photonics Else-Quest, 2016, Intersectionality in quantitative psychological research: I. Theoretical and epistemological issues, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40, 155, 10.1177/0361684316629797 Else-Quest, 2016, Intersectionality in quantitative psychological research: II. Methods and techniques, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40, 319, 10.1177/0361684316647953 Evans, 2019, Intersectionality and depression in adolescence and early adulthood: A MAIHDA analysis of the national longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health, Social Science & Medicine (1982), 220, 1, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.019 Evans, 2019 Fasoli, 2018, How do you self-categorize? Gender and sexual orientation self-categorization in homosexual/heterosexual men and women, Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 135, 10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.011 Few-Demo, 2014, Intersectionality as the “new” critical approach in feminist family studies: Evolving racial/ethnic feminisms and critical race theories: Evolving feminisms, Journal of Family Theory & Review, 6, 169, 10.1111/jftr.12039 Friedman, 2010, Sexual-minority college women's experiences with discrimination: Relations with identity and collective action, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 152, 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2010.01558.x Gebrekristos, 2015, Ratio of observed and expected joint effects, Epidemiology, 26, e3, 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000200 Goldstein, 2016, Drug use among men by sexual behaviour, race and ethnicity: Prevalence estimates from a nationally representative US sample, International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 148, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.01.008 Goodwin, 2018, Taking an intersectional approach to define latent classes of socioeconomic status, ethnicity and migration status for psychiatric epidemiological research, Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 27, 589, 10.1017/S2045796017000142 Greaves, 2017, Personality across sexual identity and gender in a national probability sample in New Zealand, Sex Roles: Journal of Research, 77, 653, 10.1007/s11199-017-0752-0 Greene, 2019, Predicting cervical cancer screening among sexual minority women using Classification and Regression Tree analysis, Preventive Medicine Reports, 13, 153, 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.11.007 2014 Grzanka, 2016, The problem with the phrase “intersecting identities”: LGBT affirmative therapy, intersectionality, and neoliberalism, Sexuality Research and Social Policy: A Journal of the NSRC, 13, 371, 10.1007/s13178-016-0240-2 Guinea-Martin, 2015, The joint effect of ethnicity and gender on occupational segregation. An approach based on the Mutual Information Index, Social Science Research, 49, 167, 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.08.007 Gupta, 2019, Intersectionality of gender and caste in academic performance quantitative study of an elite Indian engineering institute, Gender, Technology and Development, 23, 165, 10.1080/09718524.2019.1636568 Hancock, 2007, When multiplication doesn't equal quick addition: Examining intersectionality as a research Paradigm, Perspectives on Politics, 5, 10.1017/S1537592707070065 Hancock, 2007, Intersectionality as a normative and empirical Paradigm, Politics and Gender, 3 Hancock, 2019, Empirical intersectionality: A tale of two approaches, 95 Hankivsky, 2008, Intersectionality and the determinants of health: A Canadian perspective, Critical Public Health, 18, 271, 10.1080/09581590802294296 Harnois, 2015, Jeopardy, consciousness, and multiple discrimination: Intersecting inequalities in contemporary Western Europe, Sociological Forum, 30, 971, 10.1111/socf.12204 Hsieh, 2016, Sexual minority health and health risk factors: Intersection effects of gender, race, and sexual identity, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50, 746, 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.016 Jackson, 2017, Explaining intersectionality through description, counterfactual thinking, and mediation analysis, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology: The International Journal for Research in Social and Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health Services, 52, 785, 10.1007/s00127-017-1390-0 Jackson, 2020 Jackson, 2019, Intersectional decomposition analysis with differential exposure, effects, and construct, Social Science & Medicine, 226, 254, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.033 Jackson, 2016, Disparities at the intersection of marginalized groups, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51, 1349, 10.1007/s00127-016-1276-6 Jang, 2018, Remedying food policy invisibility with spatial intersectionality: A case study in the detroit metropolitan area, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 37, 167, 10.1509/jppm.16.194 Juan, 2016, Intersectionality of race/ethnicity and gender among women of color and White women, Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 16, 225, 10.1080/15283488.2016.1229606 Kanchi, 2018, Gender and race disparities in cardiovascular disease risk factors among New York city adults: New York city health and nutrition examination survey (NYC HANES), Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 95, 801, 10.1007/s11524-018-0287-x Kim, 2017, Rethinking double jeopardy: Differences in the gender disadvantage between organizational insiders and outsiders in Korea, Sociological Perspectives, 60, 1082, 10.1177/0731121417726978 Kim, 2019, Skin color and academic achievement in young, Latino children: Impacts across gender and ethnic group, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25, 220, 10.1037/cdp0000230 King, 1988, Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a black feminist Ideology, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14, 42, 10.1086/494491 Krieger, 2020, Measures of racism, sexism, heterosexism, and gender binarism for health equity research: From structural Injustice to Embodied harm—an Ecosocial analysis, Annual Review of Public Health, 41, 37, 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094017 Landale, 2017, Experiencing discrimination in Los Angeles: Latinos at the intersection of legal status and socioeconomic status, Social Science Research, 67, 34, 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.05.003 Landstedt, 2012, Seventeen and stressed—do gender and class matter?, Health Sociology Review, 21, 82, 10.5172/hesr.2012.21.1.82 Lavaysse, 2018, Is more Always merrier? Intersectionality as an Antecedent of job Insecurity, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 10.3390/ijerph15112559 Lefevor, 2018, Psychological distress among sexual and religious minorities: An examination of power and privilege, Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 22, 90, 10.1080/19359705.2017.1418696 Lewis, 2017, Applying intersectionality to explore the relations between gendered racism and health among Black women, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64, 475, 10.1037/cou0000231 Liu, 2017, The health disparities of same-sex cohabitors at the intersection of race-ethnicity and gender, Sociological Perspectives, 60, 620, 10.1177/0731121416663685 Lofters, 2012, Differences that matter, 93 Manzi, 2019, Age‐based stereotype threat and negative outcomes in the workplace: Exploring the role of identity integration, European Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 705, 10.1002/ejsp.2533 McCall, 2005, The complexity of intersectionality, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30, 1771, 10.1086/426800 McGovern, 2017, The boundaries of Latino sport leadership: How skin tone, ethnicity, and nationality construct baseball's color line, Sociological Inquiry, 87, 49, 10.1111/soin.12152 Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting Items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement, PLoS Medicine, 6, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 Moorman, 2016, Gender, race, and risk: Intersectional risk management in the sale of sex online, The Journal of Sex Research, 53, 816, 10.1080/00224499.2015.1065950 Nash, 2016, Feminist originalism: Intersectionality and the politics of reading, Feminist Theory, 17, 3, 10.1177/1464700115620864 Oaxaca, 1973, Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets, International Economic Review, 14, 693, 10.2307/2525981 Page, 1995 Parent, 2018, Men's mental health help-seeking behaviors: An intersectional analysis, American Journal of Men's Health, 12, 64, 10.1177/1557988315625776 Peck, 2014, Gender, race, and juvenile court outcomes: An examination of status offenders, Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 12, 250, 10.1177/1541204013489713 Phillips, 2020, Systematic review of methods used to study the intersecting impact of sex and social locations on health outcomes, SSM - Population Health, 12, 100705, 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100705 Price, 2019, The intersectionality of identity-based victimization in adolescence:A person-centered examination of mental health and academic achievement in a U. S. high school, Journal of Adolescence, 76, 185, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.09.002 Purdie-Vaughns, 2008, Intersectional invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities, Sex Roles, 59, 377, 10.1007/s11199-008-9424-4 Quandt, 2019, Variability in perceptions of household livelihood resilience and drought at the intersection of gender and ethnicity, Climatic Change, 152, 1, 10.1007/s10584-018-2343-7 Rehkopf, 2016, The consistency assumption for causal inference in social epidemiology: When a Rose is not a Rose, Current Epidemiology Reports, 3, 63, 10.1007/s40471-016-0069-5 Reisen, 2013, Can additive measures add to an intersectional understanding? Experiences of gay and ethnic discrimination among HIV-positive Latino gay men, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19, 208, 10.1037/a0031906 Reisen, 2013, Can additive measures add to an intersectional understanding? Experiences of gay and ethnic discrimination among HIV-positive Latino gay men, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19, 208, 10.1037/a0031906 Remedios, 2018, Intersectional oppression: Multiple stigmatized identities and perceptions of invisibility, discrimination, and stereotyping, Journal of Social Issues, 74, 265, 10.1111/josi.12268 Rice, 2019, Doing justice to intersectionality in research, Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 19, 409, 10.1177/1532708619829779 Rodriguez-Seijas, 2019, Prevalence of psychiatric disorders at the intersection of race and sexual orientation: Results from the national Epidemiologic survey of alcohol and related conditions-III, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87, 321, 10.1037/ccp0000377 Ro, 2015, The effect of gender and race intersectionality on student learning outcomes in engineering, The Review of Higher Education: Journal of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, 38, 359, 10.1353/rhe.2015.0014 Rosenfield, 2012, Triple jeopardy? Mental health at the intersection of gender, race, and class, Social Science & Medicine, 74, 1791, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.010 Schulman, 1999, The effect of race and sex on Physicians' recommendations for cardiac catheterization, New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 618, 10.1056/NEJM199902253400806 Schwartz, 2017, Commentary: On the application of potential outcomes-based methods to questions in social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52, 139, 10.1007/s00127-016-1334-0 Schwartz, 1999, Misunderstandings about the effects of race and sex on Physicians' referrals for cardiac catheterization, New England Journal of Medicine, 341, 279, 10.1056/NEJM199907223410411 Sen, 2012, Who gains, who loses and how: Leveraging gender and class intersections to secure health entitlements, Social Science & Medicine, 74, 1802, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.035 Sen, 2009, A methodology to analyse the intersections of social inequalities in health, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 10, 397, 10.1080/19452820903048894 Shaw, 2012, Intersectionality and disability harassment: The interactive effects of disability, race, age, and gender, Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 55, 82, 10.1177/0034355211431167 Syed, 2010, Disciplinarity and methodology in intersectionality theory and research, American Psychologist, 65, 61, 10.1037/a0017495 Szklo, 2014 Szmer, 2015, Gender, race, and dissensus on state supreme courts, Social Science Quarterly, 96, 553, 10.1111/ssqu.12133 Taggart, 2019, A person‐centered approach to the study of black adolescent religiosity, racial identity, and sexual initiation, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29, 402, 10.1111/jora.12445 Tejera, 2019, Application of an intersectional framework to understanding the association of disability and sexual orientation with suicidal ideation among Oregon Teens, Disability and Health Journal, 12, 557, 10.1016/j.dhjo.2019.05.006 Tomlinson, 2019, Privileges and penalties in the legal profession: An intersectional analysis of career progression, British Journal of Sociology, 70, 1043, 10.1111/1468-4446.12375 Toosi, 2019, Who can lean in? The intersecting role of race and gender in negotiations, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 43, 7, 10.1177/0361684318800492 VanderWeele, 2016, Mediation analysis: A Practitioner's guide, Annual Review of Public Health, 37, 17, 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402 VanderWeele, 2014, A tutorial on interaction, Epidemiologic Methods, 3, 10.1515/em-2013-0005 Veenstra, 2013, Race, gender, class, sexuality (RGCS) and hypertension, Social Science & Medicine, 89, 16, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.014 Veenstra, 2016, South Asian-White health inequalities in Canada: Intersections with gender and immigrant status, Ethnicity and Health, 21, 639, 10.1080/13557858.2016.1179725 Velez, 2018, Discrimination, work outcomes, and mental health among women of color: The protective role of womanist attitudes, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65, 178, 10.1037/cou0000274 Vu, 2019, Mental health and substance use among women and men at the intersections of identities and experiences of discrimination: Insights from the intersectionality framework, BMC Public Health, 19, 108, 10.1186/s12889-019-6430-0 Warner, 2011, Understanding how race/ethnicity and gender define age-trajectories of disability: An intersectionality approach, Social Science & Medicine, 72, 1236, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.034 Watson, 2016, The influence of multiple oppressions on women of color's experiences with insidious trauma, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63, 656, 10.1037/cou0000165 Wemrell, 2017, Intersectionality and risk for ischemic heart disease in Sweden: Categorical and anti-categorical approaches, Social Science & Medicine, 177, 213, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.050 Whaley, 2018, Intersectionality of ethnicity/race and gender in the phenomenology of African American college students' presenting problems: A profile analysis using nonmetric multidimensional scaling, International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 40, 279, 10.1007/s10447-018-9326-2 Williams, 2018, Examining the impact of race/ethnicity and gender intersectionality on preferences of social distance from individuals with mental health conditions, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 28, 370, 10.1080/10911359.2018.1433572 Williams, 2019, Gendered racial microaggressions and depressive symptoms among black women: A moderated mediation model, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 43, 368, 10.1177/0361684319832511 Wilson, 2017, Interactive effects of obvious and ambiguous social categories on perceptions of leadership: When double-minority status may be beneficial, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43, 888, 10.1177/0146167217702373 Woodhams, 2015, The presence of ethnic minority and disabled men in feminised work: Intersectionality, vertical segregation and the glass escalator, Sex Roles: Journal of Research, 72, 277, 10.1007/s11199-014-0427-z Yudell, 2020, NIH must confront the use of race in science, Science, 369, 1313, 10.1126/science.abd4842