A critical review of cooling techniques in proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks

Li, 2006 Mench, 2008 O’Hayre, 2009 Wang, 2011, A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: technology, applications, and needs on fundamental research, Applied Energy, 88, 981, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.09.030 DOE, 2007 Fuel Cells 2000. Fuel cell vehicles (from auto manufacturers), http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/carchart.pdf; 2011. Zhang, 2006, High temperature PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 160, 872, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.05.034 Rodatz, 2004, Operational aspects of a large PEFC stack under practical conditions, Journal of Power Sources, 128, 208, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.060 Li, 2008, A review of water flooding issues in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, 178, 103, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.068 Dai, 2009, A review on water balance in the membrane electrode assembly of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34, 9461, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.09.017 Jiao, 2011, Water transport in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 37, 221, 10.1016/j.pecs.2010.06.002 Kandlikar, 2009, Fundamental research needs in combined water and thermal management within a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack under normal and cold-start conditions, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 6, 044001, 10.1115/1.3008043 Rogg, 2003, Cooling modules for vehicles with a fuel cell drive, Fuel Cells, 3, 153, 10.1002/fuce.200332108 Ahluwalia, 2008, Fuel cell systems for transportation: status and trends, Journal of Power Sources, 177, 167, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.10.026 Ahluwalia, 2011, Performance and cost of automotive fuel cell systems with ultra-low platinum loadings, Journal of Power Sources, 196, 4619, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.059 Berger, 2008, Optimization of a fuel-cell-cooling-system for automotive transportation at Volkswagen, 2008 Fuel Cell Seminar & Exposition Larminie, 2003 Faghri, 2005, Challenges and opportunities of thermal management issues related to fuel cell technology and modeling, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 48, 3891, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.04.014 Hashmi S M H. Cooling strategies for PEMFC stacks, PhD thesis, Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg, Germany; 2010. Barbir, 2005 Guo, 2009, Study of thermal management in PEM fuel cells with numerical modeling and in situ Diagnosis approaches, International Symposium on Convective Heat and Mass Transfer in Sustainable Energy, 10.1615/ICHMT.2009.CONV.90 Fluckiger, 2007, Thermal analysis and optimization of a portable, edge-air-cooled PEFC stack, Journal of Power Sources, 172, 324, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.05.079 Wu, 2009, An air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell with combined oxidant and coolant flow, Journal of Power Sources, 188, 199, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.078 Sasmito, 2010, Computational study of forced air-convection in open-cathode polymer electrolyte fuel cell stacks, Journal of Power Sources, 195, 5550, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.02.083 Andreasen, 2008, Modeling and Implementation of a 1 kW, air cooled HTPEM fuel cell in a hybrid electrical vehicle, ECS Transactions, 12, 639, 10.1149/1.2921589 Ju, 2005, A single-phase, non-isothermal model for PEM fuel cells, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 48, 1303, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.10.004 Kandlikar, 2009, Thermal management issues in a PEMFC stack – A brief review of current status, Applied Thermal Engineering, 29, 1276, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.05.009 Liu, 2005, Transport phenomena analysis in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Heat Transfer-Transactions of the ASME, 127, 1363, 10.1115/1.2098830 Sasmito, 2011, Numerical investigation of liquid water cooling for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, Heat Transfer Engineering, 32, 151, 10.1080/01457631003769302 Asghari, 2011, Design of thermal management subsystem for a 5 kW polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell system, Journal of Power Sources, 196, 3141, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.077 Nolan, 2010, Modeling of an automotive fuel cell thermal system, Journal of Power Sources, 195, 4743, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.02.074 Choi, 2008, Numerical analysis on the performance of cooling plates in a PEFC, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 22, 1417, 10.1007/s12206-008-0409-6 Kolodziej, 2007, Thermal dynamic modeling and nonlinear control of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 4, 255, 10.1115/1.2743070 Zhang, 2004, A model predicting performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack thermal systems, Applied Thermal Engineering, 24, 501, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2003.10.013 Owejan, 2010, Water transport mechanisms in PEMFC gas diffusion layers, J Electrochem Soc, 157, B1456, 10.1149/1.3468615 Lampinen, 1993, Analysis of free energy and entropy changes for half-cell reactions, J Electrochem Soc, 140, 3537, 10.1149/1.2221123 Ramousse, 2009, Heat sources in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 192, 435, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.03.038 Burheim, 2011, Calculation of reversible electrode heats in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell from calorimetric measurements, Electrochimica Acta, 56, 3248, 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.01.034 Cleghorn, 1998, A printed circuit board approach to measuring current distribution in a fuel cell, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 28, 663, 10.1023/A:1003206513954 Stumper, 1998, In-situ methods for the determination of current distributions in PEM fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, 43, 3773, 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00137-6 Mench, 2003, In situ current distribution measurements in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, J Electrochem Soc, 150, A1052, 10.1149/1.1584440 Liu, 2005, Current density distribution in PEFC, Journal of Power Sources, 141, 205, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.10.003 Sun, 2006, A novel technique for measuring current distributions in PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 158, 326, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.09.046 Schulze, 2007, Segmented cells as tool for development of fuel cells and error prevention/prediagnostic in fuel cell stacks, Journal of Power Sources, 173, 19, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.055 Brett, 2007, Membrane resistance and current distribution measurements under various operating conditions in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, 172, 2, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.05.071 Wang, 2008, Separate measurement of current density under the channel and the shoulder in PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 180, 365, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.01.091 Wu, 2008, Diagnostic tools in PEM fuel cell research: Part II: physical/chemical methods, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 1747, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.01.020 Hwnag, 2008, Experimental and numerical studies of local current mapping on a PEM fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 5718, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.07.035 Sun, 2009, A study of dynamic characteristics of PEM fuel cells by measuring local currents, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34, 5529, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.04.066 Reum, 2010, Adapted flow field structures for PEFC, J Electrochem Soc, 157, B673, 10.1149/1.3328253 Higier, 2010, Optimization of PEM fuel cell flow field via local current density measurement, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, 2144, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.12.116 Pérez, 2011, Segmented polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells–A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 169, 10.1016/j.rser.2010.08.024 Higier, 2011, Effects of the difference in electrical resistance under the land and channel in a PEM fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 1664, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.11.007 Hakenjos, 2004, A PEM fuel cell for combined measurement of current and temperature distribution, and flow field flooding, Journal of Power Sources, 131, 213, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.11.081 Maranzana, 2008, A multi-instrumented polymer exchange membrane fuel cell: Observation of the in-plane non-homogeneities, Journal of Power Sources, 180, 748, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.03.002 Zhang, 2010, Simultaneous measurement of current and temperature distributions in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, 195, 3597, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.016 Zhang, 2012, Dynamic characteristics of local current densities and temperatures in proton exchange membrane fuel cells during reactant starvations, The International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 1884, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.120 Jiao, 2011, Simultaneous measurement of current and temperature distributions in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell during cold start processes, Electrochimica Acta, 56, 2967, 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.01.019 Khandelwal, 2006, Direct measurement of through-plane thermal conductivity and contact resistance in fuel cell materials, Journal of Power Sources, 161, 1106, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.092 Nitta, 2008, Thermal conductivity and contact resistance of compressed gas diffusion layer of PEM fuel cell, Fuel Cells, 8, 111, 10.1002/fuce.200700054 Miyamoto J, Ooyama J, Yamamoto Y. Thermal conductivity measurements of gas diffusion layer under controlled temperature, humidity and Stress. ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology (Fuel Cell) 2009; (48814): 85–89. Radhakrishnan, 2010, Effective thermal conductivity of gas diffusion layers used in PEMFC: measured with guarded-hot-plate method and predicted by a fractal model, ECS Transactions, 33, 1163, 10.1149/1.3484610 Burheim, 2010, Ex situ measurements of through-plane thermal conductivities in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, 195, 249, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.06.077 Hsiao, 2010, Electrical and thermal conductivities of novel metal mesh hybrid polymer composite bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 195, 509, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.06.065 Karimi, 2010, Measurement of through-plane effective thermal conductivity and contact resistance in PEM fuel cell diffusion media, Electrochimica Acta, 55, 1619, 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.10.035 Sadeghi, 2011, Effective thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance of gas diffusion layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Part 1: effect of compressive load, Journal of Power Sources, 196, 246, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.039 Sadeghi, 2010, Effective thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance of gas diffusion layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Part 2: Hysteresis effect under cyclic compressive load, Journal of Power Sources, 195, 8104, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.07.051 Zamel, 2011, Measurement of in-plane thermal conductivity of carbon paper diffusion media in the temperature range of −20 °C to +120 °C, Applied Energy, 88, 3042, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.02.037 Sadeghi, 2011, A novel approach to determine the in-plane thermal conductivity of gas diffusion layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 196, 3565, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.151 Teertstra, 2011, Measurement of in-plane effective thermal conductivity in PEM fuel cell diffusion media, Electrochimica Acta, 56, 1670, 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.043 Lai, 2008, Channel intrusion of gas diffusion media and the effect on fuel cell performance, Journal of Power Sources, 184, 120, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.065 Kandlikar, 2009, Uneven gas diffusion layer intrusion in gas channel arrays of proton exchange membrane fuel cell and its effects on flow distribution, Journal of Power Sources, 194, 328, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.05.019 Zaffou, 2006, Temperature-driven water transport through membrane electrode assembly of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 9, A418, 10.1149/1.2218306 Kim, 2009, Investigation of temperature-driven water transport in polymer electrolyte fuel cell: thermo-osmosis in membranes, The Journal of Membrane Science, 328, 113, 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.11.043 Kim, 2009, Investigation of temperature-driven water transport in polymer electrolyte fuel cell: phase-change-induced flow, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 156, B353, 10.1149/1.3046136 Hatzell, 2011, Quantification of temperature driven flow in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell using high-Resolution neutron radiography, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 158, B717, 10.1149/1.3577597 Vie, 2004, Thermal conductivities from temperature profiles in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, Electrochimica Acta, 49, 1069, 10.1016/j.electacta.2003.10.018 Kawase, 2008, Nonisothermal through-plane transport model of PEMFC with local VLE Assumption, ECS Transactions, 16, 563, 10.1149/1.2981891 Kawase, 2009, Effective thermal conductivity of gas diffusion layer in through-plane direction, ECS Transactions, 25, 1529, 10.1149/1.3210709 Burke, 2008 Burke, 2009 Burke, 2010 Wen, 2008, Application of a thermally conductive pyrolytic graphite sheet to thermal management of a PEM fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, 178, 132, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.040 Wen, 2009, Performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack with thermally conductive pyrolytic graphite sheets for thermal management, Journal of Power Sources, 189, 1100, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.103 Wen, 2011, Thermal management of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack with pyrolytic graphite sheets and fans combined, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 6082, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.02.052 Scholta, 2008, Conceptual design for an externally cooled HT-PEMFC stack, ECS Transactions, 12, 113, 10.1149/1.2921538 Scholta, 2009, Externally cooled high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack, Journal of Power Sources, 190, 83, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.10.124 Li, 2005, Review of bipolar plates in PEM fuel cells: flow-field designs, Int J Hydrog Energy, 30, 359, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2004.09.019 Chow, 1998 Ernst, 1999 Faghri, 2008, Integration of heat pipe into fuel cell technology, Heat Transfer Engineering, 29, 232, 10.1080/01457630701755902 Vasiliev, 2008, Heat pipes in fuel cell technology, 117 Vasiliev, 2009 Rullière, 2007, Prediction of the maximum heat transfer capability of two-phase heat spreaders - Experimental validation, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50, 1255, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.09.015 Faghri, 2005 Faghri, 2005 Schmidt, 2002, Low-cost air-cooled PEFC stacks, Journal of Power Sources, 105, 243, 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00947-8 Sohn, 2005, Operating characteristics of an air-cooling PEMFC for portable applications, Journal of Power Sources, 145, 604, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.02.062 Matian, 2011, Model based design and test of cooling plates for an air-cooled polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 6051, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.01.026 Okano, 2009, Evaluation of PEFC stack performance and effects of cooling failure, ECS Transactions, 16, 141, 10.1149/1.3109642 Adzakpa, 2008, Transient air cooling thermal modeling of a PEM fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, 179, 164, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.102 Gao, 2010, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell multi-physical dynamics and stack spatial non-homogeneity analyses, Journal of Power Sources, 195, 7609, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.006 Choi, 2008, Effects of ambient temperature and relative humidity on the performance of Nexa fuel cell, Energy Conversion and Management, 49, 3505, 10.1016/j.enconman.2008.08.007 Park, 2008, Development of a PEM stack and performance analysis including the effects of water content in the membrane and cooling method, Journal of Power Sources, 179, 584, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.01.050 News, 2006, Ballard introduces latest air-cooled stack, Fuel Cells Bulletin, 8 Incropera, 2006 Takashiba, 2009, Development of fuel cell coolant, Honda R&D Technical Review, 21, 58 Owejan, 2009, Water management studies in PEM fuel cells, Part I: fuel cell design and in situ water distributions, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34, 3436, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.12.100 Chen, 2003, Analysis of optimal heat transfer in a PEM fuel cell cooling plate, Fuel Cells, 3, 181, 10.1002/fuce.200330112 Xu, 2007, A new flow field design for polymer electrolyte-based fuel cells, Electrochemistry Communications, 9, 497, 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.10.031 Nam, 2009, Multi-pass serpentine flow-fields to enhance under-rib convection in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: design and geometrical characterization, Journal of Power Sources, 188, 14, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.093 Yu, 2009, Numerical study to examine the performance of multi-pass serpentine flow-fields for cooling plates in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 194, 697, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.06.025 Baek, 2011, A numerical study on uniform cooling of large-scale PEMFCs with different coolant flow field designs, Applied Thermal Engineering, 31, 1427, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.01.009 Lee, 2005 Wilkinson, 2003, In-plane gradients in fuel cell structure and conditions for higher performance, Journal of Power Sources, 113, 101, 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00486-X Wilkinson, 1998 Kang, 2009, Configuration effects of air, fuel, and coolant inlets on the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell for automotive applications, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34, 6749, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.049 Lasbet, 2006, A chaotic heat-exchanger for PEMFC cooling applications, Journal of Power Sources, 156, 114, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.08.030 Lasbet, 2007, Thermal and hydrodynamic performances of chaotic mini-channel: application to the fuel cell cooling, Heat Transfer Engineering, 28, 795, 10.1080/01457630701328908 Saito, 2009, New fuel cell stack for FCX Clarity, Honda R&D Technical Review, 21, 16 Sando, 2009, Research and development of fuel cell vehicles at Honda, ECS Transactions, 25, 211, 10.1149/1.3210573 Ishizuka, 2009 Dill, 2005 Peterson, 2007, Numerical simulation of coolant electrolysis in composite plate polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stacks, ECS Transactions, 5, 209, 10.1149/1.2729003 Elhamid, 2004 Imaseki, 2006 Matsuzaki, 2007 Maes, 2007 Mohapatra, 2006 Mock J, McMullen P, Mohapatra S. Fuel cell coolant optimization and scale-up. DOE FY 2011 Annual Merit Review Proceedings, Washington, D.C., US, May 9–13, 2011. Shyu, 2011, Modification of the liquid cooling channel of PEMFCs for their operation with dry reactant gases, Energy Conversion and Management, 52, 125, 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.06.051 Kim, 2009, Performance evaluation of a stack cooling system using CO2 air conditioner in fuel cell vehicles, International Journal of Refrigeration, 32, 70, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2008.07.003 Kim, 2010, Performance characteristics of a supplementary stack-cooling system for fuel-cell vehicles using a carbon dioxide air-conditioning unit, International Journal of Automotive Technology, 11, 893, 10.1007/s12239-010-0106-1 Jang JH. A simple model predicting transient thermal management of PEMFC and cooling system. 1st International Forum On Strategic Technology "e-Vehicle Technology", IFOST 2006, October 18–20, Ulsan, Korea, Republic of, 2006: 399–402. Yu, 2008, Thermal management strategy for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system with a large active cell area, Renewable Energy, 33, 2540, 10.1016/j.renene.2008.02.015 Gittleman, 2010 Meyers, 2006, Evaporatively-Cooled PEM fuel-cell stack and system, ECS Transactions, 3, 1207, 10.1149/1.2356240 Garrity, 2007, A flow boiling microchannel evaporator plate for fuel cell thermal management, Heat Transfer Engineering, 28, 877, 10.1080/01457630701378333 Song, 2011, Pumpless thermal management of water-cooled high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 196, 4671, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.12.108 Reiser, 1997 Weber, 2007, Understanding porous water-transport plates in polymer-electrolyte fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 168, 191, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.02.078 Darling, 2009 Darling, 2011 Reiser, 2009 Goebel, 2005 Brambilla, 2004 Snyder LE. A feasibility study of internal evaporative cooling for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, MS thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. Adcock P, Kells A, Jackson C. PEM Fuel Cells for Road Vehicles. EET-2009 European Ele-Drive Conference, International Mobility Forum, 2008. Kandlikar, 2006, Chapter 5: flow boiling in minichannels and microchannels Caney, 2007, Study of a new geometry for fuel cells cooling, Mecanique & Industries, 8, 545, 10.1051/meca:2007078 Oseen-Senda, 2007, The cooling of PEFC with pentane boiling in minichannels: a study of flow instabilities using neutron radiography visualization, Heat Transfer Engineering, 28, 49, 10.1080/01457630600985667 Breault, 2009