The prevalence and correlates of physical inactivity among adults in Ho Chi Minh City
Tóm tắt
Socioeconomic changes have led to profound changes in individuals' lifestyles, including the adoption of unhealthy food consumption patterns, prevalent tobacco use, alcohol abuse and physical inactivity, especially in large cities like Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). The Stepwise Approach to Surveillance of Non-communicable Disease Risk Factors survey was conducted to identify physical activity patterns and factors associated with 'insufficient' levels of physical activity for health in adults in HCMC. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2005 among 1906 adults aged 25–64 years using a probability proportional to size cluster sampling method to estimate the prevalence of non-communicable disease risk factors including physical inactivity. Data on socioeconomic status, health behaviours, and time spent in physical activity during work, commuting and leisure time were collected. Physical activity was measured using the validated Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Responders were classified as 'sufficiently active' or 'insufficiently active' using the GPAQ protocol. Correlates of insufficient physical activity were identified using multivariable logistic regression. A high proportion of adults were physically inactive, with only 56.2% (95% CI = 52.1–60.4) aged 25–64 years in HCMC achieving the minimum recommendation of 'doing 30 minutes moderate-intensity physical activity for at least 5 days per week'. The main contributors to total physical activity among adults were from working and active commuting. Leisure-time physical activity represented a very small proportion (9.4%) of individuals' total activity level. Some differences in the pattern of physical activity between men and women were noted, with insufficient activity levels decreasing with age among women, but not among men. Physical inactivity was positively associated with high income (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.05–2.97) and high household wealth index (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.29–2.66) amongst men. Public health policies and programs to preserve active commuting in HCMC and to promote time spent in recreational physical activity in both genders and across all age groups, but especially among young adults, will be critical in any comprehensive national plan to tackle inactivity. Clear and consistent national recommendations about how much physical activity Vietnamese people need for preventing and managing non-communicable diseases should also be part of this population-wide promotional effort.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Waxman A: WHO's global strategy on diet, physical activity and health: response to a worldwide epidemic of non-communicable diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition. 2004, 48 (2): 58-60. 10.1080/11026480410033539.
WHO: The World Health report 2002. Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Edited by: Campanini B. 2002, Geneva: World Health Organization, 47-92.
WHO: Health situation in the South-East Asia region 1998–2000. 2002, New Delhi: Regional Office for South-East Asia, 132-
Popkin B: Nutrition in transition: The changing global nutrition challenge Asia. Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001, 10: S13-S18.
ADB: Key indicators 2007: Inequality in Asia. Key Indicators of Development Asian and Pacific Countries. 2007, Asian Development Bank, 410-415.
HSID: Health Statistics Yearbook 2003. 2003, Hanoi: Ministry of Health, 131-188.
Hung NK, Loan TTH: Overweight and obesity status of residence strata in Hochiminh city, 1995–2000. Overweight and obesity to community health. 2002, Hanoi: National Institute of Nutrition, Ministry of Health
Cuong TQ, Dibley MJ, Bowe S, Hanh TTM, Loan TTH: Obesity in adults: an emerging problem in urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007, 61: 673-681.
Barba C, Cavalli-Sforza T, Cutter J, Darnton-Hill I, Deurenberg P, Deurenberg-Yap M, Gill TP, James P, Ko G: Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004, 363: 157-163. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3.
WHO: Chronic diseases and health promotion: The STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS). [Accessed: 12 June, 2008], [http://www.who.int/chp/steps/riskfactor/en/index.html]
GPAQ: Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (version 2.0). [Accessed date: 15 March, 2008], [http://www.who.int/chp/steps/resources/GPAQ_Analysis_Guide.pdf]
IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire. [Accessed date: 15 March, 2008]., [http://www.ipaq.ki.se]
Armstrong T, Bull F: Development of the World Health Organization Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Journal of Public Health. 2006, 14 (2): 66-70. 10.1007/s10389-006-0024-x.
Filmer D, Pritchett L: Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data–or tears: an application to educational enrolments in states of India. Demography. 2001, 38 (1): 115-132.
Hallal PC, Victora CG, Wells JC, Lima RC: Physical inactivity: prevalence and associated variables in Brazilian adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercises. 2003, 35 (11): 1894-1900. 10.1249/01.MSS.0000093615.33774.0E.
Muntner P, GU D, Wildman R, Chen J, Qan W, Whelton PK, He J: Prevalence of physical activity among Chinese adults: results from the International collaborative study of cardiovascular disease in Asia. American Journal of Public Health. 2005, 95 (9): 1631-1636. 10.2105/AJPH.2004.044743.
Monda KL, Gordon-Larsen P, Stevens J, Popkin BM: China's transition: the effect of rapid urbanization on adult occupational physical activity. Social Science & Medicine. 2007, 64: 856-870. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.10.019.
Ku P, Fox K, McKenna J, Peng T: Prevalence of leisure-time physical activity in Taiwanese adults: results of four national surveys, 2002–2004. Preventive Medicine. 2006, 43: 454-457. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.04.011.
Weller I, Corey P: The impact of excluding non-leisure energy expenditure on the relation between physical activity and mortality in women. Epidemiology. 1998, 9 (6): 632-635. 10.1097/00001648-199811000-00012.
Salmon J, Owen N, Bauman AE, Schmitz MKH, Booth M: Leisure-time, occupational, and Household Physical Activity among professional, skilled, and less-skilled workers and homemakers. Preventive Medicine. 2000, 30: 191-199. 10.1006/pmed.1999.0619.
Phongsavan P, Merom D, Marshall AL, Bauman A: Estimating physical activity level: the role of domestic activities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2004, 58: 466-467. 10.1136/jech.2003.012096.
Merom D, Miller Y, Lymer S, Bauman AE: Effect of Australia's walk to Work Day Campaign on adults' active commuting and physical activity behaviour. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2005, 19 (3): 159-162.
Evenson K, Rosamond WD, Cai J, Pereira MA, Ainsworth BE: Occupational physical activity in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Annals of Epidemiology. 2003, 13 (5): 351-357. 10.1016/S1047-2797(02)00438-6.
HU G, Pekkarinen H, Hanninen O, Yu Z, Guo Z, Tian H: Commuting, leisure-time physical activity, and cardiovascular risk factors in China. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercises. 2002, 34 (2): 234-238. 10.1097/00005768-200202000-00009.
Bertrais S, Preziosi P, Mennen L, Galan P, Hercberg S, Oppert J: Socio-demographic and geographic correlates of meeting current recommendations for physical activity in middle-aged French adults: the supplementation en vitamines et minereaux antioxydants (SUVIMAX) study. American Journal of Public Health. 2004, 94 (9): 1560-1566.
Parks SE, Housemann RA, Brownson RC: Different correlates of physical activity in urban and rural adults of various socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003, 57: 29-35. 10.1136/jech.57.1.29.
Haase A, Steptoe A, Sallis J, Wardle J: Leisure-time physical activity in university students from 23 countries: associations with health beliefs, risk awareness, and national economic development. Preventive Medicine. 2004, 39: 182-190. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.01.028.
Shapo L, Pomerleau J, McKee M: Physical inactivity in a country in transition: a population-based survey in Tirana City, Albania. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2004, 32: 60-67. 10.1080/14034940310011801.
Forrest KY-Z, Bunker CH, Kriska AM, Ukoli FAM, Huston Sl, Markovic N: Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in a developing population. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercises. 2001, 33 (9): 1598-1604. 10.1097/00005768-200109000-00025.
Bauman AE, Ford I, Armstrong T: Trends in population levels of reported physical activity in Australia, 1999 and 2000. Australian Sports Commission. 1997, Canberra
Giles-Corti B, Donovan RJ: Socioeconomic status differences in recreational physical activity levels and real and perceived access to a supportive physical environment. Preventive Medicine. 2002, 35: 601-611. 10.1006/pmed.2002.1115.
Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF, et al: International Physical Activity Questionnaire:12-country reliability and validity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercises. 2003, 35 (8): 1381-1395. 10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB.
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/8/204/prepub