Black Medical Students’ Sense of Belonging and Confidence in Scholastic Abilities at Historically Black vs Predominantly White Medical Schools: a Prospective Study

Winkle-Wagner R, McCoy DL. Feeling like an “Alien” or “Family”? Comparing students and faculty experiences of diversity in STEM disciplines at a PWI and an HBCU. Race Ethn Educ. 2018;21(5):593-606. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2016.1248835. Nguemeni Tiako MJ, South EC, Ray V. Medical schools as racialized organizations: a primer. Ann Intern Med. 2021:M21-0369. https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-0369. Perry SP, Wages JE, Skinner-Dorkenoo AL, Burke SE, Hardeman RR, Phelan SM. Testing a self-affirmation intervention for improving the psychosocial health of Black and White medical students in the United States. J Soc Issues. 2021:josi.12448. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12448. Fryer JW, Elliot AJ. Stability and change in achievement goals. J Educ Psychol. 2007;99(4):700-714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.4.700. Murphy MC, Steele CM, Gross JJ. Signaling threat: how situational cues affect women in math, science, and engineering settings. Psychol Sci. 2016;18(10):879-885. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-9280.2007.01995.X. Wheeler M, De Bourmont S, Paul-Emile K, et al. Physician and trainee experiences with patient bias. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(12):1678-1685. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4122. Boatright D, Ross D, O’Connor P, Moore E, Nunez-Smith M. Racial disparities in medical student membership in the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(5):659-665. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9623. Mateo CM, Williams DR. More than words: a vision to address bias and reduce discrimination in the health professions learning environment. Acad Med. 2020;95(12S):S169-S177. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003684. Teherani A, Harleman E, Hauer KE, Lucey C. Toward creating equity in awards received during medical school: strategic changes at one institution. Acad Med. 2020;95(5):724-729. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003219. Lynch G, Holloway T, Muller D, Palermo AG. Suspending student selections to Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society: how one school is navigating the intersection of equity and wellness. Acad Med. 2020:700-703. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003087. Youmans QR, Adrissi JA, Akhetuamhen A, et al. The STRIVE initiative: a resident-led mentorship framework for underrepresented minority medical students. J Grad Med Educ. 2020;12(1):74-79. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-19-00461.2.