Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of selected woody and herbaceous biomass feedstocks
Tóm tắt
A hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process was applied to six biomass feedstocks—three woody and three herbaceous. Each feedstock was treated in liquid water for 30 min at temperatures ranging from 175 to 295 °C. Gaseous, aqueous, and solid hydrochar products were characterized to examine the effects of process temperature upon product yields, compositions, and energy densification. Thorough mass balance determinations were made for all HTC experiments. With increasing temperature, the mass of solid hydrochar products was reduced, but energy density increased. At temperatures ≥255 °C, hydrochars produced from woody feedstocks had energy contents of 28–30 MJ/kg, comparable to subbituminous coal. Hydrochars produced from herbaceous feedstocks had somewhat lower energy contents. With increasing temperature, the atomic O/C ratio of all samples was reduced from 0.6 to 0.7 in the raw feedstocks to approximately 0.2 in the hydrochars. Gaseous products increased with increasing HTC temperature, reaching 10–12 % at ≥275 °C. The sum of sugar and organic acid yields was typically 8–12 %, although the composition of these aqueous products varied with temperature. Water was produced in yields of 10–20 % at process temperatures of ≥255 °C.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bobleter O (1994) Hydrothermal degradation of polymers derived from plants. Prog Polym Sci 19(5):797–841
Funke A, Ziegler F (2009) Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: a literature survey focussing on its technical application and prospects. Proceedings of the 17th European Biomass Conference, Technische Universitat Berlin, Institute of Energy Engineering, Hamburg, Germany, 29 June–3 July
Funke A, Ziegler F (2010) Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: a summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering. Biofuels, Bioprod Biorefin 4:160–177
Peterson AA, Vogel F, Lachance RP, Froling M, Antal MJ, Tester JW (2008) Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: a review of sub- and supercritical water technologies. Energy Environ Sci 1:32–65
Yu Y, Lou X, Wu H (2008) Some recent advances in hydrolysis of biomass in hot-compressed water and its comparisons with other hydrolysis methods. Energy Fuel 22:46–60
Yan W, Acharjee TC, Coronella CJ, Vasquez VR (2009) Thermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 28(3):435–440
Yan W, Hastings JT, Acharjee TC, Coronella CJ, Vasquez VR (2010) Mass and energy balances of wet torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass. Energy Fuel 24(9):4738–4742
Libra JA, Ro KS, Kammann C, Funke A, Berge ND, Neubauer Y (2011) Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass residuals: a comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and dry pyrolysis. Biofuels 2(1):89–124
Titirici MM, Antonietti M (2010) Chemistry and materials options of sustainable carbon materials made by hydrothermal carbonization. Chem Soc Rev 39:103–116
Hu B, Wang K, Wu L, Yu S-H, Antonietti M, Titirici M-M (2010) Engineering carbon materials from the hydrothermal carbonization process of biomass. Adv Mater 22:813–828
Liu Z, Zhang F-S (2009) Removal of lead from water using biochars prepared from hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. J Hazard Mater 167:933–939
Mochidzuki K, Sato N, Sakoda A (2005) Production and characterization of carbonaceous adsorbents from biomass wastes by aqueous phase carbonization. Adsorption 11:669–673
Titirici M-M, Thomas A, Antonietti M (2007) Back in the black: hydrothermal carbonization of plant material as an efficient chemical process to treat the CO2 problem? New J Chem 31:787–789
Lehmann J, Gaunt J, Rondon M (2006) Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems—a review. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 11:403–427
Fowles M (2007) Black carbon sequestration as an alternative to bioenergy. Biomass Bioenergy 31:426–432
Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W (2002) Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal—a review. Biol Fertil Soils 35:219–230
Kleinert M, Wittman T (2009) Carbonisation of biomass using a hydrothermal approach: state-of-the-art and recent developments. Proceedings of the 17th European Biomass Conference, pp 1683–1687
Uslu A, Faaij APC, Bergman PCA (2008) Pre-treatment technologies, and their effect on international bioenergy supply chain logistics. techno-economic evaluation of torrefaction, fast pyrolysis and pelletisation. Energy 33:1206–1223
Erlach B, Wirth B, Tsatsaronis G (2011) Co-production of electricity, heat, and biocoal pellets from biomass: a techno-economic comparison with wood pelletizing. Presented at World Renewable Energy Conference, Linkoping, Sweden, May 2011
Dong R, Zhang Y, Christianson LL, Funk TL, Wang X, Wang Z (2009) Product distribution and implication of hydrothermal comversion of swine manure at low temperatures. Trans ASABE 52(4):1239–1248
Heilmann SM, Jader LR, Sadowsky MJ, Schendel FJ, von Keitz MG, Valentas KJ (2011) Hydrothermal carbonization of distiller’s grains. Biomass Bioenergy 35:2526–2533
Berge ND, Ro KS, Mao J, Flora JRV, Chappell MA, Bae S (2011) Hydrothermal carbonization of municipal waste streams. Environ Sci Technol 45(13):5696–5703
Mursito AT, Hirajima T, Sasaki K (2010) Upgrading and dewatering of raw tropical peat by hydrothermal treatment. Fuel 89:635–641
Heilmann SM, Davis HT, Jader LR, Lefebvre PA, Sadowsky MJ, Schendel FJ (2010) Hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae. Biomass Bioenergy 34(6):875–882
Garcia-Alba L, Torri C, Samori C, van der Spek J, Fabbri D, Kersten SRA (2012) Hydrothermal treatment (HTT) of microalgae: evaluation of the process as conversion method in an algae biorefinery concept. Energy Fuel 26(1):642–657
Jena U, Vaidyanathan N, Chinnasamy S, Das KC (2011) Evaluation of microalgae cultivation using recovered aqueous co-product from thermochemical liquefaction of algal biomass. Bioresour Technol 102(3):3380–3387
Reza MT, Lynam JG, Vasquez VR, Coronella CJ (2012) Pelletization of biochar from hydrothermally carbonized wood. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 31:225–234
Stelte W, Clemons C, Holm JK, Sanadi AR, Ahrenfeldt J, Shang L (2011) Pelletizing properties of torrefied spruce. Biomass Bioenergy 35:4690–4698
Verhoeff F, Pels JR, Boersma AR, Zwart RWR, Kiel JHA (2011) ECN torrefaction technology heading for demonstration. Presented at 19th European Biomass Conference, Berlin, June 2011
Hoekman SK, Broch A, Robbins C (2011) Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of lignocellulosic biomass. Energy Fuel 25:1802–1810
Jaffrezo JL, Calas T, Bouchet M (1998) Carboxylic acids measurements with ionic chromatography. Atmos Environ 32(14–15):2705–2708
Felix LG, Bush PV, Niksa S (2003) Development of a validated model for use in minimizing NOx emissions and maximizing carbon utilization when co-firing biomass with coal. DO-FC26-00NT40895
Fisher J (2012) Energy density of coal. In: The physics factbook. Available at http://HypertextbookCom/Facts/2003/JuliyaFisher.shtml
Inoue S, Hanaoka T, Minowa T (2002) Hot compressed water treatment for production of charcoal from wood. J Chem Eng Jpn 35(10):1020–1023
Thomsen MH, Thygesen A, Thomsen AB (2008) Hydrothermal treatment of wheat straw at pilot plant scale using a three-step reactor system aiming at high hemicellulose recovery, high cellulose digestibility and low lignin hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol 99:4221–4228
Schuhmacher JP, Huntjens FJ, van Krevelen DW (1960) Chemical structure and properties of coal XXVI—studies on artificial coalification. Fuel 39(3):223–234
Ruyter HP (1982) Coalification model. Fuel 61:1182–1187
Kruse A, Gawlik A (2003) Biomass conversion in water at 330–410 °C and 30–50 MPa. Identification of key compounds for indicating different chemical reaction pathways. Ind Eng Chem Res 42:267–279
Knezevic D, van Swaaij WPM, Kersten SRA (2009) Hydrothermal conversion of biomass: I. Glucose conversion in hot compressed water. Ind Eng Chem Res 48:4731–4743
Kabyemela BM, Adschiri T, Malaluan RM, Arai K (1999) Glucose and fructose decomposition in subcritical and supercritical water: detailed reaction pathway, mechanisms, and kinetics. Ind Eng Chem Res 38(8):2888–2895
Bjerre AB, Soerensen E (1992) Thermal decomposition of dilute aqueous formic acid solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 31(6):1574–1577