The Effects of Time Varying Curvature on Species Transport in Coronary Arteries
Tóm tắt
Alterations in mass transport patterns of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and oxygen are known to cause atherosclerosis in larger arteries. We hypothesise that the species transport processes in coronary arteries may be affected by their physiological motion, a factor which has not been considered widely in mass transfer studies. Hence, we numerically simulated the mass transport of LDL and oxygen in an idealized moving coronary artery model under both steady and pulsatile flow conditions. A physiological inlet velocity and a sinusoidal curvature waveform were specified as velocity and wall motion boundary conditions. The results predicted elevation of LDL flux, impaired oxygen flux and low wall shear stress (WSS) along the inner wall of curvature, a predilection site for atherosclerosis. The wall motion induced changes in the velocity and WSS patterns were only secondary to the pulsatile flow effects. The temporal variations in flow and WSS due to the flow pulsation and wall motion did not affect temporal changes in the species wall flux. However, the wall motion did alter the time-averaged oxygen and LDL flux in the order of 26% and 12% respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that the wall motion may play an important role in coronary arterial transport processes and emphasise the need for further investigation.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Back L. H. 1975. Theoretical investigation of mass transport to arterial walls in various blood flow regions-II. Oxygen transport and its relationship to lipoprotein accumulation Math. Biosci. 27:263–285
Blacker T. 1996. The Cooper Tool. 5th International Meshing Roundtable. Sandia National Laboratories, Pitsburgh. 13–29
Caro C. G., Fitz-Gerald J. M., Schrote R. C. 1971. Atheroma and arterial wall shear: Observation, correlation and proposal of a shear dependent mass transfer mechanism for atherogenesis Proc. Roy. Soc. London B Biol. Sci. 177:109–159
Delfino A., Moore J. E. J., Meister J. J. 1994. Lateral deformation and movement effects on flow through distensible tube models of blood vessels. Biorheology 31:533–547
Deng X., Marois Y., How T., Merhi Y., King M., Guidoin R., Karino T. 1995. Luminal surface concentration of lipoprotein (LDL) and its effect on the wall uptake of cholesterol by canine carotid arteries J. Vascular Surgery 21:135–145
Diller T. E., Mikic B. B. 1983. Oxygen diffusion in blood: A translational model of shear-induced augmentation ASME J. Biomech. Eng. 105:346–352
Ding J., Zhu H., Friedman M. H. 2002. Coronary artery dynamics in vivo Annals Biomed. Eng. 30:419–429
Ding J., Friedman M. H. 2000. Dynamics of human coronary arterial motion and its potential role in coronary atherogenesis ASME J. Biomech. Eng. 122:488–492
Dodge J. T. Jr, Brown B. G., Bolson E. L., Dodge H. T. 1992. Lumen diameter of normal human coronary arteries: Influence of age, sex, anatomic variation, and left ventricular hypertrophy or dilation Circulation 86:232–246
Ethier C. R. 2002. Computational modeling of mass transfer and links to atherosclerosis Annals Biomed Eng. 30:461–471
Fatouraee A., Deng X., De Champlain A., Guidoin R. 1998. Concentration polarization of low density lipoproteins (LDL) in the arterial system Annals NY Acad. Sci. 858:137–146
Fox B., Seed W. A. 1981. Location of early atheroma in the human coronary arteries ASME J Biomech Eng. 103:208–212
Gimberone M. A. Jr, 1999 Vascular endothelium, hemodynamic forces, and atherogenesis Am. J. Pathol. 155:1–5
Glagov S., Zairns C. K., Giddens D. P., Ku D. N. 1988. Haemodynamics and atherosclerosis: Insights and perspectives gained from studies of human arteries Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 112:1018–1031
Gross M. F., Friedman M. H. 1998. Dynamics of coronary artery curvature obtained from biplane cineangiograms J. Biomech. 31:479–484
He X., Ku D. N. 1996. Pulsatile flow in the human left coronary artery bifurcation: Average conditions ASME J. Biomech. Eng. 118:74–82
Kaazempur-Mofrad M. R., Ethier C. R. 2001. Mass trasport in an anatomically realistic human right coronary artery Annals Biomed. Eng. 29:121–127
Lynch D. G., Waters S. L., Pedley T. J. 1996. Flow in a tube with non-uniform, time -dependent curvature: Governing equations and simple examples J Fluid Mech. 323:237–265
Ma P., Li X., Ku D. N. 1994. Heat and mass transfer in a separated flow region for high prandtl and schmidt numbers under pulsatile flow conditions Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 37:2723–2736
Ma P., Li X., Ku D. N. 1997. Convective mass transfer at the carotid bifurcation J. Biomech. 30:565–571
Malek A. M., Alper S. L., Izumo S. 1999. Hemodynamic shear stress and its role in atherosclerosis JAMA 282:2035–2042
Marcus J. T., Smeenk H. G., Kuijer J. P. A., Van der Geest R. J., Heethaar R. M., Van Rossum A. C. 1999. Flow profiles in the left anterior descending and the right coronary artery assessed by MR velocity quantification: Effects of through-plane and in-plane motion of the heart J. Computer Assisted Tomogr. 23:567–576
Moore J. E Jr., Guggenheim N., Delfino A., Doriot P. A., Dorsaz P. A., Rutishauser W., Meister J. J. 1994. Preliminary analysis of the effects of blood vessel movement on blood flow patterns in the coronary arteries ASME J Biomech Eng. 116:302–306
Moore J. E. Jr, Weydahl E. S., Santamarina A. 2001. Frequency dependence of dynamic curvature effects on flow through coronary arteries ASME J. Biomech. Eng. 123:129–133
Nielsen L. B. 1996. Transfer of low density lipoprotein into the arterial wall and risk of atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis 123:1–15
Ogunrinade O., Kameya G. T., Truskey G. A. 2002 Effect of fluid shear stress on the permeability of the arterial endothelium Annals Biomed. Eng. 30:430–446
Perktold K., Hofer M., Rappitsch G., Loew M., Kuban B. D., Friedman M. H. 1998. Validated computation of physiologic flow in a realistic coronary artery branch. J. Biomech. 31:217–228
Prosi M., Perktold K., Ding J., Friedman M. H. 2004. Influence of curvature dynamics on pulsatile coronary artery flow in a realistic bifurcation model J. Biomech. 37:1767–1775
Qiu Y., Tarbell J. M. 2000. Numerical simulation of pulsatile flow in a compliant curved tube model of a coronary artery ASME J. Biomech. Eng. 122:77–85
Rappitsch G., Perktold K., Pernkopf E. 1997 Numerical modelling of shear-dependent mass transfer in large arteries Int. J. Numerical Methods Fluids 25:847–857
Rappitsch G., Perktold K. 1996. Computer simulation of convective diffusion processes in large arteries J. Biomech. 29:207–215
Santamarina A., Weydahl E., Siegel J. M., Moore J. E. Jr. 1998. Computational analysis of flow in a curved tube model of the coronary arteries: Effects of time-varying curvature Annals Biomed. Eng. 26:944–954
Schilt S., Moore J. E. J., Delfino A., Meister J. J. 1996. The effects of time - varying curvature on velocity profiles in a model of the coronary arteries J. Biomech. 29:469–474
Schneiderman G., Mockros L. F., Goldstick T. K. 1982. Effect of pulsatility on oxygen transport to the human arterial wall J. Biomech. 15:849–858
Schwenke, D. C., and Carew T. E. 1989. Initiation of atherosclerotic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. I. Focal increases in arterial LDL concentration precede development of fatty streak lesions Arteriosclerosis 9:895–907
Stangeby D. K., Ethier C. R. 2002. Computational analysis of coupled blood-wall arterial LDL transport ASME J. Biomech. Eng. 124:1–8
Stein P. D., Hamid M. S., Shivkumar K., Davis T. P., Khaja F., Henry J. W. 1994. Effects of cyclic flexion of coronary arteries on progression of atherosclerosis The Am. J. Cardiol. 73:431–437
Tarbell J. M. 2003. Mass transport in arteries and the localization of atherosclerosis Annual Rev. Biomed. Eng. 5:79–118
Wada S., Karino T. 2002. Theoretical prediction of low-density lipoproteins concentration at the luminal surface of an artery with a multiple bend Annals Biomed. Eng. 30:778–791
Weydahl E. S., Moore J. E. Jr. 2001. Dynamic curvature strongly affects wall shear rates in a coronary artery bifurcation model J. Biomech. 34:1189–1196
Zeng D., Ding Z., Friedman M. H., Ethier C. R. 2003. Effects of cardiac motion on right coronary hemodynamics Annals Biomed. Eng. 31:420–429