The Effect of Pregnancy on Renal Function: Physiology and Pathophysiology
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ueland, 1969, Maternal cardiovascular dynamics: IV. The influence of gestational age on the maternal cardiovascular response to posture and exercise, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 104, 856, 10.1016/0002-9378(69)90637-1
Metcalfe, 1974, Maternal cardiovascular adjustments to pregnancy, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 16, 363, 10.1016/0033-0620(74)90028-0
MacGillivray, 1969, Blood pressure survey in pregnancy, Clin Sci, 37, 395
Gant, 1973, A study of angiotensin II pressor response throughout primigravida pregnancy, J Clin Invest, 52, 2682, 10.1172/JCI107462
Chesley, 1972, Plasma and red cell volumes during pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 112, 440, 10.1016/0002-9378(72)90493-0
Davison, 1980, Renal hemodynamics and tubular function in normal human pregnancy, Kidney Int, 18, 152, 10.1038/ki.1980.124
Davison, 1984, Changes in renal hemodynamics and tubular function induced by normal human pregnancy, Seminars in Nephrology, 4, 198
Baylis, 1987, The determinants of renal hemodynamics in pregnancy, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 260, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80119-1
Sims, 1958, Serial studies of renal function during pregnancy and the puerperium in normal women, J Clin invest, 37, 1764, 10.1172/JCI103769
Ronco, 1988, Renal functional reserve in pregnancy, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 2, 157
Barron, 1989, Effect of oral protein loading in pregnant and post partum women: How well does it predict renal reserve? abstract, Clin Exp Hypertens [A], B8, 208
Bosch, 1984, Short term protein loading in the assessment of patients with renal disease, Am J Med, 77, 873, 10.1016/0002-9343(84)90529-1
Chesley, 1978
Baylis, 1980, The mechanism of the increase in glomerular filtration rate in the twelve-day pregnant rat, J Physiol, 305, 405, 10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013372
Walker, 1985, Single nephron function during prolactin-induced pseudopregnancy in the rat, J Endocrinol, 107, 127, 10.1677/joe.0.1070127
Baylis, 1986, Effects of chronic prolactin administration on renal hemodynamics in the rat, Endocrinology, 117, 722, 10.1210/endo-117-2-722
Baylis, 1986, Angiotensin II inhibition on blood pressure and renal hemodynamics in pregnant rats, Am J Physiol, 250, F308
Lindheimer, 1987, Renal physiology in pregnancy, 2017
Atherton, 1988, Sodium and water reabsorption in the proximal and distal nephron in conscious pregnant rats and third trimester women, J Physiol, 396, 457, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp016972
Garland, 1982, Micropuncture study of changes in glomerular filtration and ion and water handling by the rat kidney during pregnancy, J Physiol, 329, 389, 10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014309
Churchill, 1982, Renal function in the term pregnant rat. A micropuncture study, Renal Physiol (Basel), 5, 1
Smeaton, 1977, Study of aldosterone levels in plasma during pregnancy, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 44, 1, 10.1210/jcem-44-1-1
Kumar, 1959, Aldosterone excretion and tissue electrolytes in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia, Lancet, 1, 541, 10.1016/S0140-6736(59)92309-8
Nolten, 1978, Desoxy-corticosterone in normal pregnancy: I. Sequential studies of the secretory patterns of desoxycorticosterone, aldosterone, and cortisol, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 132, 414, 10.1016/0002-9378(78)90777-9
Winkel, 1980, Conversion of plasma progesterone to deoxycorticosterone in men, nonpregnant, and pregnant women, and adrenalectomized subjects. Evidence for steroid 21-hydroxylase activity in nonadrenal tissues, J Clin Invest, 66, 803, 10.1172/JCI109918
Ehelick, 1972, Effect of administered mineralocorticoids or ACTH in pregnant women. Attenuation of kaliuretic influence of mineralocorticoids during pregnancy, J Clin Invest, 51, 1301, 10.1172/JCI106926
Digman, 1956, Effect of estrogens on renal hemodynamics and excretion of electrolytes in human subjects, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 16, 1032, 10.1210/jcem-16-8-1032
O’Connell, 1969, Unbound plasma cortisol in pregnant and Enovid-E® treated women as determined by ultrafiltration, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 29, 563, 10.1210/jcem-29-4-563
Lindheimer, 1988, The kidney in pregnancy, 1253
Chesley, 1964, The effect of posture on renal function in late pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 89, 754, 10.1016/0002-9378(64)90178-4
Oparil, 1975, Effect of progesterone on renal sodium handling in man: Relation to aldosterone excretion and plasma renin activity, Clin Sci Mol Med, 44, 139
Cusson, 1985, Plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic factor in normal pregnancy, N Engl J Med, 313, 1230, 10.1056/NEJM198511073131919
Rutherford, 1987, Release of atrial natriuretic peptide during pregnancy and immediate Puerperium, Lancet, 1, 928, 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92910-2
Hevet, 1988, Ouabain-like natriuretic factor and atrial natriuretic factor in pregnancy, Kidney Int, 34, S89
Hytten, 1971
Pitkin, 1988, Calcium and the parathyroid glands, 271
Kumar, 1979, Elevated 1,25 hydroxyvitamin D plasma levels in normal human pregnancy and lactation, J Clin Invest, 63, 342, 10.1172/JCI109308
Pitkin, 1979, Calcium metabolism in pregnancy: A longitudinal study, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 133, 781, 10.1016/0002-9378(79)90115-7
Paller, 1987, Fluid and electrolyte metabolism in pregnancy, 851
Semple, 1974, Serial studies of the renal clearance of urate and inulin during pregnancy and after the Puerperium in normal women, Clin Sci Mol Med, 47, 559
Seitchik, 1956, The metabolism of urate in preeclampsia, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 72, 40, 10.1016/S0002-9378(16)37509-3
Davison, 1987, Overview: Kidney function in pregnant women, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 248, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80117-8
Dunlop, 1977, The effect of normal pregnancy upon the renal handling of uric acid, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 84, 13, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1977.tb12459.x
Coustan, 1988, Diabetes mellitus, 34
Christensen, 1958, Tubular reabsorption of glucose during pregnancy, Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 10, 364, 10.3109/00365515809051238
Welsh, 1960, The mechanisms of renal glucosuria in pregnancy, Diabetes, 9, 363, 10.2337/diab.9.5.363
Davison, 1975, The effect of pregnancy on the renal handling of glucose, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 82, 374, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1975.tb00652.x
Bishop, 1981, Effects of pregnancy on glucose reabsorption by the proximal convoluted tubule in the rat, J Physiol, 319, 271, 10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013907
Bishop, 1983, Glucose handling by distal portions of the nephron during pregnancy in the rat, J Physiol, 336, 131, 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014572
Daniel, 1974, Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. XI. Response to plasma glucagon to over-night fast and oral glucose during normal pregnancy and in gestational diabetes, Diabetes, 23, 771, 10.2337/diab.23.9.771
Kuhl, 1976, Plasma glucagon and the insulin: Glucagon ratio in gestational diabetes, Diabetes, 25, 16, 10.2337/diab.25.1.16
Hytten, 1972, The amino aciduria of pregnancy, The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 79, 424, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1972.tb14180.x
Wullraff, 1950, Urinary excretion of amino acids in pregnancy, J Clin Invest, 29, 1542, 10.1172/JCI102395
Zinneman, 1967, Urinary amino acid in pregnancy following progesterone and estrogen, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 27, 397, 10.1210/jcem-27-3-397
Ferris, 1988, Renal diseases, 277
Lyons, 1959, The sensitivity of the respiratory center in pregnancy and after the administration of progesterone, Trans Assoc Am Physicians, 72, 173
Assali, 1955, Renal response to ammonium chloride acidosis in normal and toxemic pregnancies, J App Physiol, 7, 367, 10.1152/jappl.1955.7.4.367
Lim, 1976, Acid-base regulation in pregnancy, Am J Physiol, 231, 1764, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.231.6.1764
Davison, 1981, Plasma osmolality and urinary concentration and dilution during and after pregnancy: Evidence that lateral recumbency inhibits maximal concentration ability, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 88, 472, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1981.tb01019.x
Lindheimer, 1989, Osmoregulation of thirst and vasopressin release in pregnancy, Am J Physiol, 257, F159
Davison, 1984, Altered osmotic thresholds for vasopressin secretion and thirst in human pregnancy, Am J Physiol, 246, F105
Davison, 1988, Serial evaluation of vasopressin and thirst in human pregnancy. Role of human chorionic gonadotropin on the osmoregulatory changes of gestation, J Clin Invest, 81, 798, 10.1172/JCI113386
Forsling, 1981, Variations in plasma concentrations of vasopressin during the menstrual cycle, J Endocrinol, 89, 263, 10.1677/joe.0.0890263
Spruce, 1985, Variation in osmoregulation of arginine vasopressin during the human menstrual cycle, Clin Endocrinol, 22, 37, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1985.tb01062.x
Skowsky, 1979, Effects of sex steroid hormones on arginine vasopressin in intact and castrated male and female rats, Endocrinology, 104, 106, 10.1210/endo-104-1-105
Barron, 1986, Effect of ovarian sex steroids on osmoregulation and vasopressin secretion in the rat, Am J Physiol, 250, E352
Lindheimer, 1987, Water homeostasis and vasopressin release during rodent human gestation, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 270, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80121-X
Schrier, 1988, Pathogenesis of sodium and water retention in high output and low output cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and pregnancy. (Second of two parts.), N Engl J Med, 319, 1127, 10.1056/NEJM198810273191705
Robertson, 1976, The interaction of blood osmolality and blood volume in regulating plasma vasopressin in man, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 42, 613, 10.1210/jcem-42-4-613
Gallery, 1977, Control of sodium excretion in human pregnancy, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 290, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80124-5
Schrier, 1987, Pregnancy: An overfill or underfill state, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 284, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80123-3
Symonds, 1983, Renin-angiotensin in normal and hypertensive pregnancy, 91
Goodman, 1982, Prostacyclin production during pregnancy: Comparison of production during normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by hypertension, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 142, 817, 10.1016/S0002-9378(16)32525-X
Conrand, 1986, Evidence against the hypothesis that prostaglandins are the vasodepressor agents of pregnancy: Serial studies in chronically instrumented conscious rats, J Clin Invest, 77, 236, 10.1172/JCI112282
Venuto, 1982, Prostaglandin E2, plasma renin activity, and renal function throughout rabbit pregnancy, J Lab Clin Med, 99, 239
Whalen, 1978, Plasma prostaglandins in pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol, 51, 52
Paller, 1987, Decreased pressor responsiveness in pregnancy: Studies in experimental animals, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 308, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80127-0
Baylis, 1985, Tubuloglomerular feedback activity in virgin and 12-day-pregnant rats, Am J Physiol, 249, F169
Guzick, 1987, Risk factors for the occurrence of pregnancy-induced hypertension, Clin Exp Hypertens [A] B, 6, 281
First, 1988, Pregnancy and renal disease, 2533
Lindheimer, 1989, Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management, Annu Reu Med, 40, 233, 10.1146/annurev.me.40.020189.001313
Gant, 1974, A clinical test useful for predicting the development of acute hypertension in pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 120, 1, 10.1016/0002-9378(74)90170-7
Lindheimer, 1983, Hypertension in pregnancy, 887
Annat, 1978, Maternal and fetal plasma renin and dopamine β-hydroxylase activities in toxemic pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol, 52, 219
Broughton Pipkin, 1982, The renin-angiotensin system in pregnancy: Why bother?, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 89, 591, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1982.tb04708.x
Lindheimer, 1989, Diagnosis and management of hypertension complicating pregnancy, Am J Kidney Dis, 13, 17
Makila, 1984, Evidence that prostacyclin deficiency is a specific feature in preeclampsia, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 148, 772, 10.1016/0002-9378(84)90564-7
Moodley, 1984, Central venous concentrations of immunoreactive prostaglandins E, F, and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 in eclampsia, Br Med J, 288, 1487, 10.1136/bmj.288.6429.1487
Remuzzi, 1980, Reduced umbilical and placental vascular prostacyclin in severe preeclampsia, Prostaglandins, 20, 105, 10.1016/0090-6980(80)90010-6
Walsh, 1985, Preeclampsia: An imbalance in placental prostacyclin and thromboxane production, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 152, 335, 10.1016/S0002-9378(85)80223-4
Thorp, 1986, Vasoconstrictive effects of leukotriene (LT5) compared with thromboxane A2 in perfused human placental cotyledon, abstract
Beaufils, 1985, Prevention of preeclampsia by early antiplatelet therapy, Lancet, 1, 840, 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92207-X
Gastaldi, 1988, Prevention of preeclampsia and possible correlation with physiopathology, Clin Exp Hypertens B, 7, 139, 10.3109/10641958809023510
Masotti, 1979, Differential inhibition of prostacyclin production and platelet aggregation by aspirin, Lancet, 2, 1213, 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92334-1
Schiff, 1989, The use of aspirin to prevent pregnancy-induced hypertension and lower the ratio of thromboxane A2 to prostacyclin in relatively high risk pregnancies, N Engl J Med, 321, 351, 10.1056/NEJM198908103210603
Benigni, 1989, Effect of low dose aspirin on fetal and maternal generation of thromboxane by platelets in women at risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension, N Engl J Med, 321, 357, 10.1056/NEJM198908103210604
Ramos, 1987, Effect of low-dose aspirin on angiotensin II pressor response in human pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 156, 193, 10.1016/0002-9378(87)90236-5
Gant, 1980, Control of vascular responsiveness during human pregnancy, Kidney Int, 18, 253, 10.1038/ki.1980.133
Ferris, 1988, Toxemia and hypertension, 1
Groenendijk, 1984, Hemodynamic measurements in preeclampsia: Preliminary observations, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 150, 232, 10.1016/S0002-9378(84)90357-0
Hankins, 1984, Longitudinal evaluation of hemodynamic changes in eclampsia, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 150, 506, 10.1016/S0002-9378(84)90429-0
Mochizuki, 1991, Vascular reactivity in normal and abnormal gestation, Am J Kidney Dis, 17, 139, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)81118-8
Ignarro, 1989, Endothelium-derived nitric oxide: Actions and properties, FASEB J, 3, 31, 10.1096/fasebj.3.1.2642868
Rees, 1989, Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 86, 3375, 10.1073/pnas.86.9.3375
Weiner, 1987, The clinical spectrum of preeclampsia, AmJ Kidney Dis, 9, 312, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80128-2
Goodlin, 1976, Severe preeclampsia: Another great imitator, Am J Obstet Gynaecol, 125, 747, 10.1016/0002-9378(76)90841-3
Arulkumaran, 1985, Transient blindness associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension, Case reports, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 92, 847, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1985.tb03058.x
Krieger, 1984, Reversible tubular lesion in pregnancy-induced hypertension detected by urinary β2-microglobulin, Obstet Gynecol, 63, 533
Fisher, 1981, Hypertension in pregnancy: Clinical-pathological correlations and remote prognosis, Medicine, 60, 267, 10.1097/00005792-198107000-00002
Varma, 1982, Serum uric acid levels as an index of fetal prognosis in pregnancies complicated by preexisting hypertension and preeclampsia of pregnancy, Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 20, 401, 10.1016/0020-7292(82)90200-4
Gant, 1977, A prospective study of angiotensin II pressor responsiveness in pregnancies complicated by chronic essential hypertension, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 127, 369, 10.1016/0002-9378(77)90492-6
Weiner, 1985, Antithrombin III activity in women with hypertension during pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol, 65, 301
Entman, 1987, Increased levels of carboxy hemoglobin and serum iron as an indication of increased red cell turnover in preeclampsia, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 156, 1169, 10.1016/0002-9378(87)90134-7
Gaber, 1987, Pregnancy-induced nephropathy: The significance of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 317, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80129-4
Schenker, 1982, Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: An update appraisal, Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol, 22, 1, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.1982.tb01388.x
Packham, 1987, Renal biopsy: Indications and complications in pregnancy, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 94, 935, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1987.tb02266.x
Lindheimer, 1984, Renal biopsy during pregnancy: “To b…or not to b…”?, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 94, 932, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1987.tb02265.x
Schewitz, 1962, Preeclampsia and eclampsia in early pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 84, 1330, 10.1016/S0002-9378(16)35743-X
Watson, 1986, Magnesium sulfate: Rationale for its use in preeclampsia, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 83, 1075, 10.1073/pnas.83.4.1075
Thurnau, 1987, Cerebrospinal fluid levels of magnesium in patients with preeclampsia after treatment with magnesium sulfate: A preliminary report, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 157, 1435, 10.1016/S0002-9378(87)80239-9
Cree, 1973, Diazepam in labour: Its metabolism and effect on the clinical condition of thermogenesis of the newborn, Br Med J, 4, 251, 10.1136/bmj.4.5887.251
Cunningham, 1989, Prevention of preeclampsia—a reality, N Engl J Med, 321, 606, 10.1056/NEJM198908313210908
Weksler, 1983, Eicosanoids and the endothelium: Studies in vivo and in vitro, 243
Collins, 1985, Overview of randomized trials of diuretics in pregnancy, Br Med J, 290, 17, 10.1136/bmj.290.6461.17
Gallery, 1981, Antihypertensive effects of volume expansion in pregnancy-associated hypertension, Aust NZ J Med, 11, 20
Strauss, 1980, Hemodynamic monitoring of cardiogenic pulmonary edema complicating toxemia in pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol, 55, 170
Newman, 1979, Diazoxide for the acute control of severe hypertension complicating pregnancy. A pilot study, Obstet Gynecol, 53, S50
Vink, 1980, Effect of hydralazine on the fetus in the treatment of the maternal hypertension, Obstet Gynecol, 55, 519
Lunell, 1982, Acute effect of an antihypertensive drug, labetalol, on uteroplacental blood flow, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 89, 640, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1982.tb04719.x
Karlsson, 1982, Blood flow of the reproductive system in renal hypertensive rats during pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 142, 1039, 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90790-6
Suonio, 1981, Acute effects of hydralazine mesylate, furosemide and metoprolol on maternal hemodynamics in pregnancy induced hypertension, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 155, 122, 10.1016/0002-9378(86)90093-1
Lewis, 1977, Placental transfer and fetal toxicity of sodium nitroprusside, abstract, Gynecol Obstet Invest, 8, 46
Stempel, 1982, Use of sodium nitroprusside in complications of gestational hypertension, Obstet Gynecol, 60, 533
Jouppila, 1986, Labetalol does not alter the placental and fetal blood flow or maternal prostanoids in preeclampsia, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 93, 543, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1986.tb07951.x
Garden, 1982, Intravenous labetalol and intravenous hydralazine in severe hypertension in pregnancy, lin Exp Hypertens, B1, 371
Ashe, 1987, Comparison of labetalol and dihydralazine in hypertensive emergencies of pregnancy, S Afr Med J, 71, 354
Mabie, 1987, A comparative trial of labetalol and hydralazine in the acute management of severe hypertension complicating pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol, 70, 328
Kjellmer, 1984, Maternal beta-adrenoceptor reduces fetal tolerance to asphyxia, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand [Suppl], 118, S75, 10.3109/00016348409157128
Allen, 1987, Acute effects of nitrendipine in pregnancy-induced hypertension, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 94, 222, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1987.tb02358.x
Walters, 1984, Treatment of severe pregnancy associated hypertension with the calcium antagonist nifedipine, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 91, 330, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1984.tb05918.x
Parisi, 1989, Fetal vascular responses to maternal nicardipine administration in the hypertensive ewe, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 161, 1035, 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90779-5
Rosa, 1989, Neonatal anuria with maternal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, Obstet Gynecol, 74, 371
Katz, 1985, Does pregnancy aggravate primary glomerular disease?, Am J Kidney Dis, 6, 261, 10.1016/S0272-6386(85)80185-2
Davison, 1985, Pregnancy in women with renal disease and renal transplantation, Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc, 22, 439
Hayslett, 1985, Pregnancy does not exacerbate primary glomerular diseases, Am J Kidney Dis, 6, 273, 10.1016/S0272-6386(85)80187-6
Bear, 1976, Pregnancy in patients with renal disease, Obstet Gynecol, 48, 13
Hou, 1987, Pregnancy in women requiring dialysis for renal failure, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 368, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80139-7
Ahallah, 1985, 185
Nageotte, 1988, Pregnancy outcome in women requiring chronic hemodialysis, Obstet Gynecol, 72, 456
Kioko, 1983, Successful pregnancy in a diabetic patient treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, Diabetes Care, 6, 298, 10.2337/diacare.6.3.298
Davison, 1991, Dialysis, transplantation and pregnancy, Am J Kidney Dis, 17, 127, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)81116-4
Davison, 1987, Renal transplantation and pregnancy, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 374, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80140-3
Lewis, 1983, Successful pregnancy in a renal transplant recipient taking cyclosporin A, Br Med J, 286, 603, 10.1136/bmj.286.6365.603
Pickrell, 1988, Pregnancy after transplantation: Severe intrauterine growth retardation during treatment with cyclosporin A, Br Med J, 296, 825, 10.1136/bmj.296.6625.825
Davison, 1984, Pregnancy in women with renal allografts, Seminars in Nephrology, 4, 240
Kitzmiller, 1981, Diabetic nephropathy and perinatal outcome, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 141, 741, 10.1016/0002-9378(81)90698-0
Hayslett, 1987, Effect of diabetic nephropathy in pregnancy, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 344, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80134-8
McCance, 1989, Urinary albumin excretion in diabetic pregnancy, Diabetologia, 32, 236, 10.1007/BF00285290
Bobrie, 1987, Pregnancy in lupus nephritis and related disorders, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 339, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80133-6
Cameron, 1985, The outcome of pregnancy in patients with lupus nephritis, Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc, 22, 487
Hayslett, 1980, Effect of pregnancy in patients with lupus nephropathy, Kidney Int, 18, 207, 10.1038/ki.1980.129
Abramowsky, 1980, Decidual vasculopathy of the placenta in lupus erythematosus, N Engl J Med, 303, 668, 10.1056/NEJM198009183031204
Milutinovic, 1983, Fertility and pregnancy complications in women with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, Obstet Gynecol, 61, 566
Mictheson, 1977, Clinical aspects of polycystic disease of the kidneys, Br Med J, 1, 1196, 10.1136/bmj.1.6070.1196
Kincaid-Smith, 1967, Kidney disease and pregnancy, Med J Aust, 2, 1155, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb27360.x
Kincaid-Smith, 1987, Renal disease in pregnancy. Three controversial areas: Mesangial IgA nephropathy, focal glomerular sclerosis (focal and segmental hyalinosis and sclerosis), and reflux nephropathy, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 328, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80131-2
Jungers, 1986, Chronic kidney disease and pregnancy, Adv Nephrol, 15, 103
Hankins, 1985, Acute urinary tract infections in pregnancy, Clin Obstet Gynecol, 28, 266, 10.1097/00003081-198528020-00004
Fairley, 1966, The site of infection in pregnancy bacteriuria, Lancet, 1, 939, 10.1016/S0140-6736(66)90944-5
Anonymous, 1985, Urinary tract infection during pregnancy, Lancet, 2, 190
Kutz, 1989, Kidney disease and hypertension in pregnancy, 1003
VanDorsten, 1986, Office diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 155, 777, 10.1016/S0002-9378(86)80019-9
Pedler, 1987, Management of bacteriuria in pregnancy, Drugs, 3, 413, 10.2165/00003495-198733040-00005
McNeely, 1987, Treatment of urinary tract infections during pregnancy, Clin Obstet Gynecol, 13, 480
Harris, 1974, Prevention of recurrent pyelonephritis during pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol, 44, 637
Jakobi, 1987, Single dose antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 156, 1148, 10.1016/0002-9378(87)90129-3
Olsen, 1989, Single-dose versus six-day therapy with sulfamethizole for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. A prospective randomized study, Dan Med Bull, 36, 486
Gerstner, 1989, Amoxicillin in the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: A single dose of 3g amoxicillin versus a 4-day of 3 doses 750mg amoxicillin, Gynecol Obstet Invest, 27, 84, 10.1159/000293624
Leveno, 1981, Bladder versus renal bacteriuria during pregnancy. Recurrence after treatment, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 139, 403, 10.1016/0002-9378(81)90316-1
Campbell-Brown, 1987, Is screening for bacteriuria in pregnancy worthwhile?, Br Med J, 294, 1579, 10.1136/bmj.294.6587.1579
Smith, 1987, Is screening for bacteriuria in pregnancy worthwhile?, Br Med J, 295, 445, 10.1136/bmj.295.6595.445-c
Robinson, 1991, “Non-sweet” diabetes of pregnancy, N Eng J Med, 324, 556, 10.1056/NEJM199102213240809
Lindheimer, 1991, Osmotic and volume control of vasopressin release in pregnancy, Am J Kidney Dis, 17, 105, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)81112-7
Iwasaki, 1991, Aggravation of subclinical diabetes insipidus during pregnancy, N Engl J Med, 324, 522, 10.1056/NEJM199102213240803
Horowitz, 1985, Renal calculi in pregnancy, Clin Obstet Gynecol, 28, 324, 10.1097/00003081-198528020-00009
Mainkranz, 1987, Nephrolithiasis in pregnancy, Am J Kidney Dis, 9, 354, 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80136-1
Gambaro, 1988, Increased urinary excretion of glycos-aminoglycans in pregnancy and diabetes mellitus: A protective factor against nephrolithiasis, Nephron, 50, 62, 10.1159/000185120
Folger, 1955, Pain and pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol, 5, 580
Lattanzi, 1980, Urinary calculi in pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol, 56, 462
Jones, 1978, Urolithiasis associated with pregnancy, J Urol, 122, 333, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)56393-4
Drago, 1982, Management of urinary calculi in pregnancy, Urology, 20, 578, 10.1016/0090-4295(82)90302-8
Crawhall, 1967, Dissolution of cystine stones during D-penicillamine treatment of a pregnant patient with cystinuria, Br Med J, 2, 216, 10.1136/bmj.2.5546.216
Pertuiset, 1984, Acute renal failure in pregnancy: An update, Seminars in Nephrology, 4, 232
Kaplan, 1985, Current concepts: Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, N Engl J Med, 313, 367, 10.1056/NEJM198508083130606
Vitsky, 1969, The hemolytic-uremic syndrome: A study of renal pathologic alterations, Am J Pathol, 57, 627