Landscape ecology of the Dutch coast
Tóm tắt
This paper is a summary and elaboration of an earlier publication in Dutch on the compilation of a landscape-ecological map, scale 1 : 50 000, of the Dutch coast. It is argued that such an integrated map is the best basis for the conservation and management of the coastal dunes and salt marshes. It may be combined with local more detailed vegetation maps, some examples of which are mentioned in the context of management. The Dutch North Sea coast is a ca. 350 km long chain of sandy beaches and sand dunes, from only 100 m to more than 10 km wide. On sheltered stretches of dune coasts along estuaries in the Southwest and on the Wadden Sea islands, salt marshes have developed. The small-scale gradient structure of the beach-dune-salt marsh complex is emphasized. Since 1955, a classification of landscape types has been developed for this area, which is mainly based on vegetation, geomorphology, soil types and history of human use of the area. Local maps were prepared in the field, based on topographical maps, scale 1 : 25000, most of which were updated with the help of recent and more detailed maps, based on aerial photographs, scale 1 : 2500 – 1 : 10 000, combined with new field work. In the general report (Doing 1988), the main results are presented, including a map redrawn on the scale 1 : 50000. The main principles of the landscape typology and mapping were:
Finally, some examples are given of the use of this landscape-ecological approach to problems and perspectives of the conservation and management of coastal landscapes.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adriani, M.J. & van der Maarel, E. 1968.Voorne in de Branding. Stichting Wetenschappelijk Duinonderzoek, Oostvoorne. (English summary.)
Bakker, T.W.M., Klijn, J.A. & van Zadelhoff, F.J. 1981.Nederlandse kustduinen; Landschapsoecologie. Pudoc, Wageningen. (with maps 1: 100 000; English summary.)
Boerboom, J.H.A. 1957. Les pelouses sèches des dunes de la côte néerlandaise.Acta Bot. Neerl. 6: 642–680.
Boerboom, J.H.A. 1958. De vegetatie van Meyendel (met kaart). Bijlage: Begroeiing en landschap van de duinen onder Scheveningen en Wassenaar van omstreeks 1300 tot heden. In:Beplanting en recreatie in de Haagse duinen. ITBON Meded. 39, Arnhem.
Boerboom, J.H.A. 1960.De plantengemeenschappen van de Wassenaarse duinen. Ph.D. Thesis Agricultural University, Wageningen (English summary.)
Boorman, L. 1993. Dry coastal ecosystems of Britain: dunes and shingle beaches. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.)Ecosystems of the World 2A. Dry coastal ecosystems. The polar regions and Europe, pp. 197–228. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Cooper, W.S. 1958. Coastal sand dunes of Oregon and Washington.Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 72: 1–169.
Dijkema, K.S. & Wolff, W.J. (eds.) 1983.Flora and vegetation of the Wadden Sea Islands and Coastal Areas. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Dijkema, K.S., Doing, H. & van der Maarel, E. 1993. Dry coastal ecosystems of the Danish, German and Dutch Wadden islands. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.)Ecosystems of the World 2A. Dry coastal ecosystems — Polar regions and Europe, pp. 245–269.
Doing (Kraft), H. 1963.Eine Landschaftskartierung auf vegetationskundlicher Grundlage im Massstab 1:25 000 in den Dünen bei Haarlem. In: Tüxen, R. (ed.)Vegetationskartierung, pp. 297–312. Junk, Den Haag.
Doing, H. 1964. Vegetatie. In: Recreatie en Natuurbescherming in het Noord-Hollands Duinreservaat.Suppl. Meded. I.T.B.O.N. 69C
Doing, H. 1966. Beschrijving van de vegetatie der duinen tussen IJmuiden en Camperduin.Meded. Landbouwhogesch. Wageningen 66–13.
Doing, H. 1974. Landscapsecologie van de duinstreek tussen Wassenaar en IJmuiden.Meded. Landbouwhogesch. Wageningen 72–12.
Doing, H. 1979. Gesellschaftskomplexe und Landschaftskartierung.Ber. Geobot. Inst. Eidg. Tech. Hochsch. Stift. Rübel Zürich 46: 31–61.
Doing, H. 1983a. Geomorphology and soil of dunes. In: Dijkema, K.S. & Wolff, W.J. (eds.)Flora and vegetation of the Wadden Sea Islands and Coastal Areas, pp. 12–26. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Doing, H. 1983b. Landscape and island types. In: Dijkema, K.S. & Wolff, W.J. (eds.)Flora and vegetation of the Wadden Sea Islands and Coastal Areas, pp. 242–267. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Doing, H. 1986. Relationships between vegetation and geomorphology of coastal and dunes in the Netherlands.Coll. Phytosociol. 13. Végétation et Géomorphologie, pp. 411–429. Station de Phytosociologie, Bailleul.
Doing, H. 1988.Landschapsoecologie van de Nederlandse kust. Stichting Duinbehoud, Leiden. (English summary.)
Doing, H. 1989. Introduction to the landscape ecology of southern Texel. In: van der Meulen, F., Jungerius, P.D. & Visser, J. (eds.)Perspectives in coastal dune management, pp. 279–285. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.
Doing, H. & de Graaf, D. Th. 1983. Landscape maps of Texel and Schiermonnikoog 1:25 000. Appendix to Dijkema, K. & Wolff, W.J. (eds.)Flora and vegetation of the Wadden Sea islands and coastal areas. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Eisma, D. 1968.Composition, origin and distribution of Dutch coastal sands between Hoek van Holland and the island of Vlieland. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Groningen.
Géhu, J.M. 1993. Dry coastal ecosystems of Belgium and the Atlantic coasts of France. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.)Ecosystems of the World 2A. Dry coastal ecosystems. The polar regions and Europe, pp. 307–327. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Grootjans, A.P., Hartog, P.S., Fresco, L.F.M. & Esselink, H. 1991. Succession and fluctuation in a wet dune slack in relation to hydrological changes.J. Veg. Sci. 2: 545–554.
Grootjans, A.P., Lammerts, E. & van Beusekom, F. 1995.Kalkrijke duinvalleien op de Waddeneilanden. Uitgeverij KNNV, Utrecht.
Jelgersma, S., de Jong, J., Zagwijn, W.H. & van Regteren Altena, J.F. 1970. The coastal dunes of the western Netherlands; geology, vegetational history and archeology.Meded. Rijks Geol. Dienst, N.S. 21: 93–167.
Jensen, A. 1993. Dry coastal ecosystems of Denmark. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.)Ecosystems of the World 2A. Dry coastal ecosystems. The polar regions and Europe, pp. 183–196. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Jungerius, P.D. & van der Meulen, F. 1988. Erosion processes in a dune landscape along the Dutch coast.Catena 15: 217–228.
Jungerius, P.D. & van der Meulen, F. 1989. The development of dune blow-outs as measured with erosion pins and sequential air photos.Catena 16: 369–376.
Klijn, J.A. 1981.Nederlandse kustduinen; geomorphologie en bodems. Pudoc, Wageningen.
Margadant, W.D. & During, H.J. 1982.Beknopte flora van Nederlandse Blad-en Levermossen. Uitgeverij KNNV, Utrecht,
Naveh, Z. & Lieberman, A.S. 1984.Landscape Ecology: Theory and Application Springer, Berlin, New York.
Noest, V., van der Maarel, E., van der Meulen, F. & van der Laan, D. 1989. Optimum transformation of plant species cover-abundance values.Vegetatio 83: 167–178.
Olson, J.S. & van der Maarel, E. 1989. Coastal dunes in Europe: A global view. In: van der Meulen, F., Jungerius, P.D. & Visser, J. (eds.)Perspectives in coastal dune management, pp. 1–32. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.
Schaminée, J.H.J., Stortelder, A.H.F. & Westhoff, V. 1995.De Vegetatie van Nederland. Deel 1. Opulus Press, Uppsala, Leiden.
Sloet van Oldruitenborgh, C.J.M. 1976. Duinstruwelen in het Deltagebied. Ph.D. Thesis; alsoMeded. Landbouwhogesch. Wageningen 76–8. (English summary.)
van der Maarel, E. 1979. Environmental management of coastal dunes in The Netherlands. In: Jefferies, R.L. & Davy, A.J. (eds.)Ecological Processes in Coastal Environments, pp. 543–570. Blackwell, Oxford.
van der Maarel, E. (ed.) 1993.Ecosystems of the World 2A. Dry coastal ecosystems. The polar regions and Europe. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
van der Maarel, E. & Westhoff, V. 1964. The vegetation of the dunes near Oostvoorne.Wentia 12: 1–61.
van der Maarel, E., Boot, R., van Dorp, D. & Rijntjes, J. 1985. Vegetation succession on the dunes near Oostvoorne, The Netherlands, a comparison of the vegetation in 1959 and 1980.Vegetatio 58: 137–187.
van der Meijden, R. et al. 1983.Flora van Nederland. 20e druk. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen.
van der Meulen, F. 1982. Vegetation changes and water catchment in a Dutch coastal dune area.Biol. Conserv. 24: 305–316.
van der Meulen, F. & Jungerius, P.D. 1989. The decision environment of dynamic dune management. In: van der Meulen, F., Jungerius, P.D. & Visser, J. (eds.)Perspectives in coastal dune management, pp. 133–140. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.
van der Meulen, F. & van der Maarel, E. 1989. Coastal defence alternatives and nature development perspectives. In: van der Meulen, F., Jungerius, P.D. & Visser, J. (eds.)Perspectives in coastal dune management, pp. 183–195. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.
van der Meulen, F. & van der Maarel, E. 1993. Dry coastal ecosystems of the central and southwestern Netherlands.
van der Meulen, F., Wanders, E.A.J. & van Huis, J.C. 1985. A landscape map for coastal dune management. Meijendel, The Netherlands.ITC J. 1985–2: 85–92.
van der Meijden, R. et al. 1983.Flora van Nederland. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen.
van Dieren, J.W. 1934.Organogene Dünenbildung. Martinus Nijhoff, Den Haag.
van Dijk, H.W.J. 1989. Ecological impact of drinking-water production in Dutch coastal dunes. In: van der Meulen, F., Jungerius, P.D. & Visser, J. (eds.)Perspectives in coastal dune management, pp. 163–182. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.
van Dorp, D., Boot, R. & van der Maarel, E. 1985. Vegetation succession on the dunes near Oostvoorne, The Netherlands since 1934 interpreted from air photographs and vegetation maps.Vegetatio 58: 123–136.
van Oosten, M.F. 1986.Bodemkaart van Nederland: Vlieland, Terschelling, Ameland, Schiermonnikoog. Stichting voor Bodemkartering, Wageningen.
Wanders, E. 1989. Perspectives in coastal-dune-management towards a dynamic approach. In: van der Meulen, F., Jungerius, P.D. & Visser, J. (eds.)Perspectives in coastal dune management, pp. 141–148. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.
Westhoff, V. 1947.The vegetation of dunes and salt marshes of the Dutch islands of Terschelling, Vlieland and Texel. Ph.D. Thesis, Utrecht University.
Westhoff, V. & den Held, A.J. 1975.Plantengemeenschappen in Nederland, 2nd ed. W.J. Thieme & Cie., Zutphen.
Westhoff, V. & van Oosten, M.F. 1991.De plantengroei van de Waddeneilanden. Natuurhistorische Bibliotheek van de KNNV, Schoorl.
Wojterski, T. 1993. Dry coastal ecosystems of Poland.Ecosystems of the World 2A. Dry coastal ecosystems. The polar regions and Europe, pp. 145–163. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Zonneveld, I.S. 1972.Land evaluation and land(scape) science. ITC Textbook of photo-interpretation VII.4, I.T.C. Enschede.
Zonneveld, I.S. 1995.Land ecology: an introduction on landscape ecology and a base for land evaluation, land management and conservation. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam.