Performance of heat pumps with direct expansion in vertical ground heat exchangers in heating mode

Shi, 2012, A review on sustainable design of renewable energy systems, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 16, 192, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.147 Bayer, 2012, Greenhouse gas emission savings of ground source heat pump systems in Europe: a review, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 16, 1256, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.027 Li, 2013, Thermodynamic optimization of ground heat exchangers with single U-tube by entropy generation minimization method, Energy Convers Manage, 65, 133, 10.1016/j.enconman.2012.07.013 Vakiloroaya, 2014, A review of different strategies for HVAC energy saving, Energy Convers Manage, 77, 738, 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.10.023 Wang, 2009, An experimental study of a direct expansion ground-coupled heat pump system in heating mode, Int J Energy Res, 33, 1367, 10.1002/er.1541 Wang, 2013, Experimental investigation on the operation performance of a direct expansion ground source heat pump system for space heating, Energy Build, 61, 349, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.02.042 Fannou, 2014, Experimental analysis of a direct expansion geothermal heat pump in heating mode, Energy Build, 75, 290, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.02.026 Beauchamp B, Lamarche L, Kajl S. A dynamic model of vertical direct expansion ground heat exchanger. In: Proceedings of international conference on renewable energies and power quality 2008, Santander, Spain; 2008. Austin, 2011, Parametric study on the performance of a direct-expansion geothermal heat pump using carbon dioxide, Appl Therm Eng, 31, 3774, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.07.007 Eslami-Nejad, 2014, Modeling of a two-phase CO2-filled vertical borehole for geothermal heat pump applications, Appl Energy, 114, 611, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.10.028 Ingersoll, 1954 Carslaw, 1959 Kavanaugh SP, Rafferty K. Ground source heat pumps - design of geothermal systems for commercial and institutional buildings. ASHRAE Applications Handbook; 1997. Eskilson P. Thermal analysis of heat extraction boreholes. Doctoral thesis, Department of Mathematical Physics and Building Technology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; 1987. Hellström G, Sanner B. Earth energy designer: software for dimensioning of deep boreholes for heat extraction. Department of Mathematical Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; 1994. Kurevija, 2012, Effect of borehole array geometry and thermal interferences on geothermal heat pump system, Energy Convers Manage, 60, 134, 10.1016/j.enconman.2012.02.012 Zarrella, 2011, Short time-step performances of coaxial and double U-tube borehole heat exchangers: modeling and measurements, HVAC&R Res., 17, 959 Zarrella, 2011, Short time step analysis of vertical ground-coupled heat exchangers: the approach of CaRM, Renewable Energy, 36, 2357, 10.1016/j.renene.2011.01.032 Paul ND. The effect of grout thermal conductivity on vertical geothermal heat exchanger design and performance, Master’s thesis, South Dakota State University, US; 1996. Remund, 1999, Borehole thermal resistance: laboratory and field studies, ASHRAE Trans, 105 Watson, 1943, Thermodynamics of the liquid state – generalized prediction of properties, Ind Eng Chem, 35, 398, 10.1021/ie50400a004 Collier, 1983, Boiling and evaporation Chen, 1966, Correlation for boiling heat transfer to saturated liquids in convective flow, Ind Eng Chem Process Des Dev, 5, 322, 10.1021/i260019a023 Hewitt, 1994 Blasius, 1913, Das Aehnlichkeitsgesetz bei Reibungsvorgängen in Flüssigkeiten, Vereines deutscher Ingenieure. Mitteilungen über Forschungsarbeiten auf dem Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens, 131, 10.1007/978-3-662-02239-9_1 McAdams, 1942, Vaporization inside horizontal tubes-II-benzene–oil mixtures, ASME Trans, 64, 193 Capozza, 2012, Design of borehole heat exchangers for ground-source heat pump: a literature review, methodology comparison and analysis on the penalty temperature, Energy Build, 55, 369, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.08.041 National Institute of Standards and Technology-NIST. Reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties database (REFPROP): Version 7.