Is weight loss the optimal target for obesity-related cardiovascular disease risk reduction?

Canadian Journal of Cardiology - Tập 24 - Trang 25D-31D - 2008
Robert Ross1,2, Peter M Janiszewski1
1School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Kingston, Ontario
2Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario

Tài liệu tham khảo

Katzmarzyk, 2002, The Canadian obesity epidemic: An historical perspective, Obes Res, 10, 666, 10.1038/oby.2002.90 Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults – The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 1998; 6(Suppl 2):51S–209S (Erratum in 1998;6:464). Despres, 2001, Treatment of obesity: Need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients, BMJ, 322, 716, 10.1136/bmj.322.7288.716 Yusuf, 2005, Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: A case-control study, Lancet, 366, 1640, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67663-5 Janiszewski, 2007, Does waist circumference predict diabetes and cardiovascular disease beyond commonly evaluated cardiometabolic risk factors?, Diabetes Care, 30, 3105, 10.2337/dc07-0945 Bigaard, 2003, Waist circumference, BMI, smoking, and mortality in middle-aged men and women, Obes Res, 11, 895, 10.1038/oby.2003.123 Fujimoto, 1999, Visceral adiposity and incident coronary heart disease in Japanese-American men. The 10-year follow-up results of the Seattle Japanese- American Community Diabetes Study, Diabetes Care, 22, 1808, 10.2337/diacare.22.11.1808 Lau, 2007, Obesity Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Panel. 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children [summary], CMAJ, 176, S1, 10.1503/cmaj.061409 Wei, 1999, Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men, JAMA, 282, 1547, 10.1001/jama.282.16.1547 Lee, 1999, Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men, Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 373, 10.1093/ajcn/69.3.373 Thompson, 2001, The acute versus the chronic response to exercise, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33, S438, 10.1097/00005768-200106001-00012 Lee, 2005, Exercise without weight loss is an effective strategy for obesity reduction in obese individuals with and without Type 2 diabetes, J Appl Physiol, 99, 1220, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00053.2005 Dengel, 1996, Distinct effects of aerobic exercise training and weight loss on glucose homeostasis in obese sedentary men, J Appl Physiol, 81, 318, 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.318 Ross, 2000, Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med, 133, 92, 10.7326/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-00008 Ross, 2004, Exercise-induced reduction in obesity and insulin resistance in women: A randomized controlled trial, Obes Res, 12, 789, 10.1038/oby.2004.95 Slentz, 2004, Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity: STRRIDE – a randomized controlled study, Arch Intern Med, 164, 31, 10.1001/archinte.164.1.31 Vague, 1956, The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: A factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease, Am J Clin Nutr, 4, 20, 10.1093/ajcn/4.1.20 Despres, 2006, Abdominal obesity: The most prevalent cause of the metabolic syndrome and related cardiometabolic risk, Eur Heart J Suppl, 8, B4, 10.1093/eurheartj/sul002 Balkau, 2007, International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity (IDEA): A study of waist circumference, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus in 168,000 primary care patients in 63 countries, Circulation, 116, 1942, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676379 Nguyen-Duy, 2003, Visceral fat and liver fat are independent predictors of metabolic risk factors in men, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 284, E1065, 10.1152/ajpendo.00442.2002 Nieves, 2003, The atherogenic lipoprotein profile associated with obesity and insulin resistance is largely attributable to intra-abdominal fat, Diabetes, 52, 172, 10.2337/diabetes.52.1.172 Brochu, 2000, Visceral adipose tissue is an independent correlate of glucose disposal in older obese postmenopausal women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 2378, 10.1210/jc.85.7.2378 Janssen, 2002, Effects of an energyrestrictive diet with or without exercise on abdominal fat, intermuscular fat, and metabolic risk factors in obese women, Diabetes Care, 25, 431, 10.2337/diacare.25.3.431 Ross, 2002, Abdominal adiposity and insulin resistance in obese men, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 282, E657, 10.1152/ajpendo.00469.2001 Forouhi, 2001, Relation of C-reactive protein to body fat distribution and features of the metabolic syndrome in Europeans and South Asians, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 25, 1327, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801723 Hayashi, 2004, Visceral adiposity is an independent predictor of incident hypertension in Japanese Americans, Ann Intern Med, 140, 992, 10.7326/0003-4819-140-12-200406150-00008 Boyko, 2000, Visceral adiposity and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective study among Japanese Americans, Diabetes Care, 23, 465, 10.2337/diacare.23.4.465 Kuk, 2006, Visceral fat Is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in men, Obesity (Silver Spring), 14, 336, 10.1038/oby.2006.43 Giannopoulou, 2005, Exercise is required for visceral fat loss in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 1511, 10.1210/jc.2004-1782 Boudou, 2000, Effects of a single bout of exercise and exercise training on steroid levels in middle-aged type 2 diabetic men: Relationship to abdominal adipose tissue distribution and metabolic status, Diabetes Metab, 26, 450 Mourier, 1997, Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to physical training in NIDDM. Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplements, Diabetes Care, 20, 385, 10.2337/diacare.20.3.385 Thomas, 2000, Preferential loss of visceral fat following aerobic exercise, measured by magnetic resonance imaging, Lipids, 35, 769, 10.1007/s11745-000-0584-0 Shojaee-Moradie, 2007, Exercise training reduces fatty acid availability and improves the insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism, Diabetologia, 50, 404, 10.1007/s00125-006-0498-7 Janiszewski, 2007, Physical activity in the treatment of obesity: Beyond body weight reduction, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 32, 512, 10.1139/H07-018 Mikines, 1988, Effect of physical exercise on sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin in humans, Am J Physiol, 254, E248 Burstein, 1990, Effect of an acute bout of exercise on glucose disposal in human obesity, J Appl Physiol, 69, 299, 10.1152/jappl.1990.69.1.299 Perseghin, 1996, Increased glucose transport-phosphorylation and muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise training in insulin-resistant subjects, N Engl J Med, 335, 1357, 10.1056/NEJM199610313351804 Devlin, 1987, Enhanced peripheral and splanchnic insulin sensitivity in NIDDM men after single bout of exercise, Diabetes, 36, 434, 10.2337/diabetes.36.4.434 Widen, 1992, Metformin normalizes nonoxidative glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant normoglycemic first-degree relatives of patients with NIDDM, Diabetes, 41, 354, 10.2337/diabetes.41.3.354 Nolan, 1994, Improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in obese subjects treated with troglitazone, N Engl J Med, 331, 1188, 10.1056/NEJM199411033311803 Crouse, 1995, Changes in serum lipids and apolipoproteins after exercise in men with high cholesterol: Influence of intensity, J Appl Physiol, 79, 279, 10.1152/jappl.1995.79.1.279 Grandjean, 2000, Influence of cholesterol status on blood lipid and lipoprotein enzyme responses to aerobic exercise, J Appl Physiol, 89, 472, 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.472 Bounds, 2000, Diet and short term plasma lipoprotein-lipid changes after exercise in trained men, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 10, 114, 10.1123/ijsnem.10.2.114 Kenney, 1993, Postexercise hypotension. Key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance, Hypertension, 22, 653, 10.1161/01.HYP.22.5.653 Rueckert, 1996, Hemodynamic patterns and duration of post-dynamic exercise hypotension in hypertensive humans, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 28, 24, 10.1097/00005768-199601000-00010 Pescatello, 1999, Dynamic exercise normalizes resting blood pressure in mildly hypertensive premenopausal women, Am Heart J, 138, 916, 10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70017-7 Brandao Rondon, 2002, Postexercise blood pressure reduction in elderly hypertensive patients, J Am Coll Cardiol, 39, 676, 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01789-2 Guidry, 2006, The influence of short and long duration on the blood pressure response to an acute bout of dynamic exercise, Am Heart J, 151, e5 Carroll, 2004, What is the relationship between exercise and metabolic abnormalities? A review of the metabolic syndrome, Sports Med, 34, 371, 10.2165/00007256-200434060-00004 Durstine, 2001, Blood lipid and lipoprotein adaptations to exercise: A quantitative analysis, Sports Med, 31, 1033, 10.2165/00007256-200131150-00002 Kraus, 2002, Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins, N Engl J Med, 347, 1483, 10.1056/NEJMoa020194 Leon, 2000, Blood lipid response to 20 weeks of supervised exercise in a large biracial population: The HERITAGE Family Study, Metabolism, 49, 513, 10.1016/S0026-0495(00)80018-9 Gan, 2003, Changes in aerobic capacity and visceral fat but not myocyte lipid levels predict increased insulin action after exercise in overweight and obese men, Diabetes Care, 26, 1706, 10.2337/diacare.26.6.1706 Cornelissen, 2005, Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors, Hypertension, 46, 667, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000184225.05629.51 Blumenthal, 2000, Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild hypertension: Effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning, Arch Intern Med, 160, 1947, 10.1001/archinte.160.13.1947 Houmard, 1993, Exercise training increases GLUT-4 protein concentration in previously sedentary middle-aged men, Am J Physiol, 264, E896 Hughes, 1993, Exercise increases muscle GLUT-4 levels and insulin action in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, Am J Physiol, 264, E855 Menshikova, 2005, Effects of weight loss and physical activity on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in obesity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 288, E818, 10.1152/ajpendo.00322.2004 Toledo, 2007, Effects of physical activity and weight loss on skeletal muscle mitochondria and relationship with glucose control in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, 56, 2142, 10.2337/db07-0141 Fujioka, 1991, Improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism associated with selective reduction of intra-abdominal visceral fat in premenopausal women with visceral fat obesity, Int J Obes, 15, 853 Helmrich, 1991, Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med, 325, 147, 10.1056/NEJM199107183250302 Haapanen, 1997, Association of leisure time physical activity with the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes in middle-aged men and women, Int J Epidemiol, 26, 739, 10.1093/ije/26.4.739 Farrell, 2002, The relation of body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, and all-cause mortality in women, Obes Res, 10, 417, 10.1038/oby.2002.58 Church, 2004, Exercise capacity and body composition as predictors of mortality among men with diabetes, Diabetes Care, 27, 83, 10.2337/diacare.27.1.83 Sui, 2008, A prospective study of cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of type 2 diabetes in women, Diabetes Care, 31, 550, 10.2337/dc07-1870 Sui, 2007, Cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity as mortality predictors in older adults, JAMA, 298, 2507, 10.1001/jama.298.21.2507 Katzmarzyk, 2006, Independent effects of waist circumference and physical activity on all-cause mortality in Canadian women, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 31, 271, 10.1139/h05-038 Lee, 2005, Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates metabolic risk independent of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat in men, Diabetes Care, 28, 895, 10.2337/diacare.28.4.895 Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. <www.csepmembers.ca/english/search.asp> (Version current at April 15, 2008). Centre for Obesity Research and Education. Instructional material for professional and self-measurement of waist circumference. <www.corecanada.net> (Version current at April 15, 2008). Ross, 1995, Effects of energy restriction and exercise on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in women as measured by magnetic resonance imaging, Am J Clin Nutr, 61, 1179, 10.1093/ajcn/61.6.1179 Ross, 1996, Influence of diet and exercise on skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue in men, J Appl Physiol, 81, 2445, 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2445 Owens, 1999, Effect of physical training on total and visceral fat in obese children, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31, 143, 10.1097/00005768-199901000-00022 Wilmore, 1999, Alterations in body weight and composition consequent to 20 wk of endurance training: The HERITAGE Family Study, Am J Clin Nutr, 70, 346, 10.1093/ajcn/70.3.346 Eliakim, 2000, Adiposity, lipid levels, and brief endurance training in nonobese adolescent males, Int J Sports Med, 21, 332, 10.1055/s-2000-3779 Poehlman, 2000, Effects of resistance training and endurance training on insulin sensitivity in nonobese, young women: A controlled randomized trial, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 2463, 10.1210/jc.85.7.2463 Short, 2003, Impact of aerobic exercise training on age-related changes in insulin sensitivity and muscle oxidative capacity, Diabetes, 52, 1888, 10.2337/diabetes.52.8.1888 Green, 2004, The effects of exercise training on abdominal visceral fat, body composition, and indicators of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women with and without estrogen replacement therapy: The HERITAGE family study, Metabolism, 53, 1192, 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.04.008 Ibanez, 2005, Twice-weekly progressive resistance training decreases abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity in older men with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 28, 662, 10.2337/diacare.28.3.662 O’Donovan, 2005, Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors following 24 wk of moderate- or high-intensity exercise of equal energy cost, J Appl Physiol, 98, 1619, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01310.2004 Dolan, 2006, Effects of a supervised homebased aerobic and progressive resistance training regimen in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A randomized trial, Arch Intern Med, 166, 1225, 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1225 Church, 2007, Effects of different doses of physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness among sedentary, overweight or obese postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: A randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 297, 2081, 10.1001/jama.297.19.2081 Ramalho, 2006, The effect of resistance versus aerobic training on metabolic control in patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 72, 271, 10.1016/j.diabres.2005.11.011