Atmospheric mercury—An overview

Atmospheric Environment - Tập 32 - Trang 809-822 - 1998
William H. Schroeder1, John Munthe2
1Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview, Ont., Canada, M3H 5T4
2Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), P.O. Box 470 86, S-402 58 Göteborg, Sweden

Tài liệu tham khảo

Axenfeld, 1991, Europäische Test-Emissionsdatenbasis ban Quecksilberverbindungen für Modellrechnungen Bacci, 1990, Bioconcentration of organic chemical vapors in plant leaves: Experimental measurements and correlation, Environmental Science and Technology, 24, 885, 10.1021/es00076a015 Bloom, 1989, Observations of methylmercury in precipitation, Science of Total Environment, 87/88, 199, 10.1016/0048-9697(89)90235-0 Bloom, 1993, Distribution of mercury species in the Pacific Northwest atmosphere Bloxam, 1991, Modelling the long range transport, transformation and deposition of mercury in a comprehensive Eulerian framework, 326 Brosset, 1995, Methylmercury in ambient air. Method of determination and some measurement results, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 82, 739, 10.1007/BF00479423 Bullock, 1997, The modeling of regional scale atmospheric mercury transport and deposition using RELMAP, 323 Burke, 1995, Wet deposition of mercury and ambient mercury concentrations at a site in the Lake Champlain basin, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 353, 10.1007/BF01189685 Calamari, 1991, Role of plant biomass in the global environmental partitioning of chlorinated hydrocarbons, Environmental Science and Technology, 25, 1489, 10.1021/es00020a020 Carpi, 1997, Methyl mercury contamination and emission to the atmosphere from soil amended with municipal sewage sludge, Journal of Environmental Quality, 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600060027x Dbanch, 1997, An investigation of sourcereceptor relationships for mercury in south Florida using event precipitation data, Science of Total Environment Environment Canada and Natural Resources Canada, 1996, The Status of Mercury in Canada. A Background Report to the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation Expert Panel on Mercury Atmospheric Processes, 1994, Mercury atmospheric processes: a synthesis report Fitzgerald, 1986, Cycling of mercury between the atmosphere and oceans, 363 Fitzgerald, 1983, An equatorial Pacific Ocean source of atmospheric mercury, Science, 224, 597, 10.1126/science.224.4649.597 Fitzgerald, 1991, Atmospheric cycling and air-water exchange of mercury over mid-continental lacustrine regions, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 56, 745, 10.1007/BF00342314 Galperin, 1995, The approaches to modelling heavy metals transboundary and long-range airborne transport and deposition in Europe Gilmour, 1973, Fate of a mercuricmercurous chloride fungicide added to turfgrass, Journal of Environmental Quality, 2, 145, 10.2134/jeq1973.00472425000200010027x Godbold, 1988, Inhibition of photosynthesis and transpiration in relation to mercuryinduced root damage in spruce seedlings, Physiology and Plantation, 74, 270, 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb00631.x Gustin, 1996, Atmospheric mercury concentrations associated with geologically and anthropogenically enriched sites in central western Nevada, Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 2572, 10.1021/es950937d Hall, 1995, The gas phase oxidation of elemental mercury by ozone, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 1069, 10.1007/BF01189680 Hanson, 1995, Foliar exchange of mercury vapor: Evidence for a compensation point, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 373, 10.1007/BF01189687 Hoyer, 1995, Atmospheric sources, transport, and deposition of mercury in Michigan: Two years of event precipitation, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 199, 10.1007/BF01189668 Hultberg, 1994, Methyl mercury input/output and accumulation in forested catchments and critical loads for lakes in southwestern Sweden, 313 Iverfeldt, 1991, Occurrence and turnover of atmospheric mercury over the Nordic countries, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 56, 251, 10.1007/BF00342275 Iverfeldt, 1991, Mercury in forest canopy throughfall water and its relation to atmospheric deposition, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 56, 553, 10.1007/BF00342299 Johnson, 1995, The biogeochemical cycling of Hg in forests: Alternative methods for quantifying total deposition and soil emission, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 1069, 10.1007/BF01189767 Johansson, 1991, Mercury in Swedish forest soils and waters-assessment of critical load, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 56, 267, 10.1007/BF00342276 Keeler, 1994, Measurements of atmospheric mercury in the Great Lakes basin, 231 Keeler, 1995, Particulate mercury in the atmosphere: Its significance, transport, transformations and sources, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 159, 10.1007/BF01189664 Kim, 1986, Sea-air partitioning of mercury in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Science, 231, 1131, 10.1126/science.231.4742.1131 Kim, 1995, Micrometeorological measurements of mercury fluxes over background forest soils in eastern Tennessee, Atmospheric Environment, 27, 267, 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00198-T 1990 Kvietkus, 1994, Diurnal variations in mercury concentrations in the ground layer atmosphere, 243 Lamborg, 1995, Atmospheric mercury in northern Wisconsin: sources and species, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 189, 10.1007/BF01189667 Lee, 1991, Measurement of methylmercury and mercury in run-off, lake and rain waters, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 56, 309, 10.1007/BF00342279 Lindberg, 1966, Mercury vapor in the atmosphere: Three case studies on emission, deposition, and plant uptake, 535 Lindberg, 1979, Atmospheric emissions and plant uptake of mercury from agricultural soils near the Almadén mercury mine, Journal of Environmental Quality, 8, 572, 10.2134/jeq1979.00472425000800040026x Lindberg, 1996, Forests and the global biogeochemical cycle of mercury, 359 Lindberg, 1995, 29, 1219 Lindberg, 1991, Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of Hg to a deciduous forest at Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee, USA, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 56, 577, 10.1007/BF00342301 Lindberg, 1992, Atmosphere/surface exchange of mercury in a forest: Results of modeling and gradient approaches, Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 2519, 10.1029/91JD02831 Lindberg, 1994, Application of throughfall methods to estimate dry deposition of mercury, 261 Lindberg, 1995, The precise measurement of concentration gradients of mercury in air over soils: a review of past and recent measurements, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 383, 10.1007/BF01189688 Lindberg, 1995, Micrometeorological gradient approach for quantifying air/surface exchange of mercury vapor: tests over contaminated soils, Environmental Science and Technology, 29, 126, 10.1021/es00001a016 Lindberg, 1996, Evasion of mercury vapor from the surface of a recently limed acid forest lake in Sweden, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 85, 725, 10.1007/BF00476915 Lins, 1974, Flux of gases across the air-sea interface, Nature, 247, 181, 10.1038/247181a0 Lindqvist, 1985, Atmospheric mercury—a review, Tellus, 37B, 136, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1985.tb00062.x Lindqvist, 1984 Lindqvist, 1991, Mercury in the Swedish environment: recent research on causes, consequences and corrective methods, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 55, 23, 10.1007/BF00542429 Lodenius, 1995, Mercury in terrestrial ecosystems: a review, 343 Lund Thomsen, 1986, Rate of reaction of dimethylmercury with oxygen atoms in the gas phase, Chemistry and Physics Letters, 125, 378, 10.1016/0009-2614(86)85176-4 Mackay, 1986, Model describing the rates of transfer processes of organic chemicals between atmosphere and water, Environmental Science and Technology, 20, 810, 10.1021/es00150a009 Mackay, 1995, Prospects for modelling the behavior and fate of mercury, globally and in aquatic systems, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 941, 10.1007/BF01189748 Mason, 1994, The biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury: anthropogenic influences, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 3191, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90046-9 Meyers, 1996, Use of the modified Bowen ratio technique to measure fluxes of trace gases, Atmospheric Environment, 30, 3321, 10.1016/1352-2310(96)00082-9 Munthe, 1991, The aqueous reduction of divalent mercury by sulfite, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 56, 621, 10.1007/BF00342304 Munthe, 1992, The aqueous oxidation of elemental mercury by ozone, Atmospheric Environment, 26A, 1461, 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90131-4 Munthe, 1995, Mechanisms of deposition of mercury and methylmercury to coniferous forests, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 363, 10.1007/BF01189686 Munthe, 1995, Trends of mercury and methylmercury in deposition, run-off water and sediments in relation to experimental manipulations and acidification, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 85, 743, 10.1007/BF00476918 Niki, 1983, A long-path fourier transform study of the kinetics and mechanism for the HO-radical initiated oxidation of dimethyl mercury, Journal of Physics and Chemistry, 87, 4978, 10.1021/j150642a041 Niki, 1983, A fourier transform study of the kinetics and mechanism for the reaction Cl + CH3HgCH3, Journal of Physics and Chemistry, 87, 3722, 10.1021/j100242a029 Nriagu, 1989, A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals, Nature, 338, 47, 10.1038/338047a0 Nriagu, 1988, Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals, Nature, 333, 134, 10.1038/333134a0 Pai, 1997, An emissions inventory for regional atmospheric modeling of mercury, Water Air and Soil Pollution Petersen, 1996, The current state and future direction of numerical models simulating atmospheric long-range transport of heavy metals over Europe: a review Petersen, 1995, Atmospheric mercury species over central and northern Europe. Model calculations and comparison with observations from the Nordic air and precipitation network for 1987 and 1988, Atmospheric Environment, 29, 47, 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00223-8 Pirrone, 1995, Ambient levels and dry deposition fluxes of mercury to Lakes Huron, Erie and St Clair, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 179, 10.1007/BF01189666 Pirrone, 1996, Regional differences in worldwide emissions of mercury to the atmosphere, Atmospheric Environment, 30, 2981, 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00498-X Pleijel, 1995, Modelling the atmospheric mercury cycle — chemistry in fog droplets, Atmospheric Environment, 29, 1441, 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00323-D Pleijel, 1995, Modeling the atmospheric chemistry of mercury — The importance of a detailed description of the chemistry of cloud water, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 317, 10.1007/BF01189681 Poissant, 1997, Field observations of total gaseous mercury behaviour: interactions with ozone concentrations and water vapour mixing ratio in air at a rural site, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 10.1007/BF02407471 Porcella, 1996, Inventory of North American Hg emissions to the atmosphere: relationship to the global mercury cycle, 179 Prestbo, 1996, A global view of the sources and sinks for atmospheric organic mercury Rasmussen, 1994, Current methods of estimating atmospheric mercury fluxes in remote areas, Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 2233, 10.1021/es00062a006 Rea, 1996, The deposition of mercury in throughfall and litterfall in the Lake Champlain Watershed: a short-term study, Atmospheric Environment, 30, 3257, 10.1016/1352-2310(96)00087-8 Schlüter, 1995, Mercury translocation in and evaporation from soil. I. Soil lysimeter experiments with 203Hg-radiolabeled compounds, Journal of Soil Contamination, 4, 327, 10.1080/15320389509383504 Schlüter, 1995, Mercury translocation in and evaporation from soil. II. Evaporation of mercury from podzolized soil profiles treated with HgCl2 and CH3HgCl, Journal of Soil Contamination, 4, 269, 10.1080/15320389509383498 Schlüter, 1996, Mercury translocation in and evaporation from soil. III. Quantification of evaporation of mercury from podzolized soil profiles treated with HgCl2, Journal of Soil Contamination, 5, 121, 10.1080/15320389609383518 Schroeder, 1988, Field measurements of water-air exchange of mercury in freshwater systems, Environmental Technology Letters, 9, 369, 10.1080/09593338809384579 Schroeder, 1988, The fate of toxic airborne pollutants, Environmental Science Technology, 22, 240, 10.1021/es00168a001 Schroeder, 1994, Measurements of atmospheric mercury concentrations in the Canadian environment near Lake Ontario, Journal of Great Lakes Research, 20, 240, 10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71144-8 Schroeder, 1989, Cycling of mercury between water, air and soil compartments of the environment, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 48, 337, 10.1007/BF00283335 Schroeder, 1991, Transformation processes involving mercury species in the atmosphere — results from a literature survey, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 56, 653, 10.1007/BF00342307 Schroeder, 1992, Volatilization of mercury from lake surfaces, Science of the Total Environment, 125, 47, 10.1016/0048-9697(92)90382-3 Schroeder, 1995, Comparison of a manual method and an automated analyzer for determining total gaseous mercury in ambient air, Vol. 2, 57 Seigneur, 1994, A chemical kinetic mechanism for atmospheric inorganic mercury, Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 1589, 10.1021/es00058a009 Shannon, 1995, Modeling atmospheric concentrations of mercury and deposition to the Great Lakes, Atmospheric Environment, 29, 1649, 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00075-A Simonich, 1994, Vegetation-atmosphere partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 939, 10.1021/es00054a028 Slemr, 1985, Distribution, speciation, and budget of atmospheric mercury, Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 3, 407, 10.1007/BF00053870 Sommar, 1997, Atmospheric Chemistry of Mercury — Kinetics, mechanisms and speciation Sommar, 1996, Rate of reaction between the nitrate radical and dimethylmercury in the gas phase, Chemistry Physics Letters, 257, 434, 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00581-7 Stratton, 1995, Use of a refluxing mist chamber for measurement of gas-phase mercury(II) species in the atmosphere, 1269 Sturges, 1989, The use of stable lead 206/207 isotope ratios and elemental composition to discriminate the origins of lead in aerosols at a rural site in eastern Canada, Atmospheric Environment, 23, 1645, 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90049-8 U.S. EPA, 1993, Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987–1991). Vol. 1: Development of Methodologies. Report No. EPA-454/R-93-021a U.S. EPA, 1996, Mercury Study Report to Congress: SAB Review Draft bandal, 1991, Cycling of volatile mercury in temperate lakes, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 56, 791, 10.1007/BF00342317 bandal, 1993, The production and evasion of elemental mercury in lakes: a study of Pallette Lake, Northern Wisconsin, USA, Vol. 2, 297 bandal, 1995, Modeling the elemental mercury cycle in Pallette Lake, Wisconsin, USA, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80, 529, 10.1007/BF01189703 Vermette, 1995, Field tests for a regional mercury deposition network — Sampling design and preliminary test results, Atmospheric Environment, 29, 1247, 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00321-B Wallschlager, 1996, Speziesanalytische Untersuchungen zur Abschätzung des Remobilisierungspotentials ban Queeksilber aus kontaminierten Elbauen Wallschlager, 1997, Mercury fluxes from contaminated floodplains to the atmosphere: Their determination and mechanism, Atmospheric Environment Wania, 1996, Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants, Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 390A, 10.1021/es962399q Xiao, 1991, Vertical fluxes of volatile mercury over forest soil and lake surfaces in Sweden, Tellus, 43B, 267, 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.t01-1-00009.x-i1