Brief recommendations on the management of adult patients with familial hypercholesterolemia during the COVID-19 pandemic

EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration, 2018, Overview of the current status of familial hypercholesterolaemia care in over 60 countries - The EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC), Atherosclerosis, 277, 234, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.051 https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. (Last accessed: 1st May 2020). https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-age-sex-demographics/. (Last accessed: 1st May 2020). 2020 Vallejo-Vaz, 2015, Familial hypercholesterolaemia: a global call to arms, Atherosclerosis, 243, 257, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.09.021 Bianconi, 2020, Why patients with familial hypercholesterolemia are at high cardiovascular risk? Beyond LDL-C levels, Trends Cardiovasc. Med. Solnica, 2020, 2020 Guidelines of the Polish Society of Laboratory Diagnostics (PSLD) and the Polish Lipid Association (PoLA) on laboratory diagnostics of lipid metabolism disorders, Arch. Med. Sci., 16, 237, 10.5114/aoms.2020.93253 Banach, 2019, What have we learned about lipids and cardiovascular risk from PCSK9 inhibitor outcome trials: ODYSSEY and FOURIER?, Cardiovasc. Res., 115, e26, 10.1093/cvr/cvy301 Mach, 2020, 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk, Eur. Heart J., 41, 111, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455 Katsiki, 2020, Lipid lowering therapy and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, Arch. Med. Sci., 16, 485, 10.5114/aoms.2020.94503 Ridker, 2018, Clinician’s guide to reducing inflammation to reduce atherothrombotic risk: JACC review topic of the week, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 72, 3320, 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.082 Momtazi-Borojeni, 2019, PCSK9 and inflammation: a review of experimental and clinical evidence, Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacother., 5, 237, 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvz022 Guo, 2020, Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), JAMA Cardiol., 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017 Leipold, 2017, The effect of lomitapide on cardiovascular outcome measures in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a modelling analysis, Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., 24, 1843, 10.1177/2047487317730473 McMichael, 2020, Epidemiology of Covid-19 in a long-term care facility in king county, Washington, N. Engl. J. Med., 10.1056/NEJMoa2005412 Guo, 2017, The important role of lipid raft-mediated attachment in the infection of cultured cells by coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus beaudette strain, PLoS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0170123 Jeon, 2018, Cholesterol is important for the entry process of porcine deltacoronavirus, Arch. Virol., 163, 3119, 10.1007/s00705-018-3967-7 South, 2020, COVID-19, ACE2, and the cardiovascular consequences, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 318, H1084, 10.1152/ajpheart.00217.2020 Reiner, 2020, Statins and the COVID-19 main protease: in silico evidence on direct interaction, Arch. Med. Sci., 16, 490, 10.5114/aoms.2020.94655 Driggin, 2020, Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 75, 2352, 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031 Stockley’s Drug Interactions: azithromycin and statins interactions: https://about.medicinescomplete.com/publication/stockleys-interactions-checker/. (Last accessed 1st May 2020). Rosenson, 2017, Optimizing cholesterol treatment in patients with muscle complaints, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 70, 1290, 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.752 https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/conditions-use-conditions-distribution-patients-targeted-conditions-safety-monitoring-adressed_en-2.pdf. (Last accessed 6th April 2020). https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/roactemra-epar-product-information_en.pdf. (Last Accessed 6th April 2020). Nikolic, 2020, An overview of statin-induced myopathy and perspectives for the future, Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 19, 601, 10.1080/14740338.2020.1747431 Vuorio, 2020, Familial hypercholesterolaemia and COVID‐19: triggering of increased sustained cardiovascular risk, J. Intern. Med., 10.1111/joim.13070