Effects of visible and ultraviolet radiation on the ultrastructure of zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium sp.) in culture and in situ
Tóm tắt
Quantitative ultrastructural studies on the effects of visible and ultraviolet radiation on zooxanthellae in culture and in situ showed an inverse relationship between the volume fraction of chloroplast and irridiance. An independent effect of ultraviolet radiation was detected in cultured zooxanthellae only. The volume fraction of chloroplasts in cultured zooxanthellae and zooxanthellae in situ were the same, while the surface density of thylakoid lamellae relative to chloroplast volume in cultured zooxanthellae was less than in zooxanthellae in situ for all irradiances. Additionally, zooxanthellae in situ showed an effect of ultraviolet radiation on surface density of thylakoid lamellae. The response to different irradiances suggests a limit to photoadaptation by means of changing chloroplast volume, and that changes in thylakoid density are responsible for the continued photoadaptive plasticity observed. Flow cytometry and stereological studies show that the volume fraction of accumulation bodies within zooxanthellae increases with irradiance and ultraviolet radiation. Ultrastructurally, accumulation bodies do not resemble plant peroxisomes or glyoxysomes, while other inclusions observed in this stydy are suggestive of peroxisomes. This evidence suggests that accumulation bodies are not peroxisomes, but does support the previous assumptions concerning their role in autophagic processes.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ahles MD (1987) Some aspects of the morphology and physiology of Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Ph.D. thesis, Fordham University, New York
Anderson JM (1986) Photoregulation of the composition, function, and structure of thylakoid membranes. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 37:93–136
Asada K, Takahashi M (1987) Production and seavenging of active oxygen in photosynthesis. In: Kyle DJ, Osmond CB, Arntzen CJ (eds) Photoinhibition, pp 228–287. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Berner T, Dubinsky Z, Wyman K, Falkowski PG (1989) Photoadaptation and the “package” effect in Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyaceae). J Phycol 25:70–78
Calkins J, Thordardottir T (1980) The ecological significance of solar UV radiation on aquatic organisms. Nature 283:563–566
Chang SS, Prézelin BB, Trench RK (1983) Mechanisms of photoadaptation in three strains of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Mar Biol 76:219–229
Coats DW, Harding LW Jr (1988) Effect of light history on the ultrastructure and physiology of Prorocentrum mariae-lebouariae (Dinophyceae). J Phycol 24:67–77
Cook CB (1983) Metabolic interchange in algae-invertebrate symbiosis. Int Rev Cytol [Suppl] 14:177–209
Dodge JD (1975) A survey of chloroplast ultrastructure in the Dinophycease. Phycologia 14:253–263
Dubinsky Z, Falkowski PG, Porter JW, Muscatine L (1984) Absorption and utilization of radiant energy by light- and shadeadapted colonies of the hermatypic coral Stylophora pistillata. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 222:203–214
Dunlap WC, Chalker BE, Oliver JK (1986) Bathymetric adaptations of reef-building corals at Davies Reef, Great Barrer Reef, Australia. III. UV-B absorbing compounds. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 104:239–248
Dustan P (1982) Depth-dependent photoadaptation by zooxanthellae of the reef coral Montastrea annularis. Mar Biol 68:253–264
Elias H, Hyde D (1980) An elementary introduction to stereology (quantitative microscopy). Am J Anat 159:411–446
Elstner EF (1982) Oxygen activation and oxygen toxicity. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 33:73–96
Gerhardt B (1987) Higher plant peroxisomes and fatty acid degradation. In: Eahimi DW, Sies H (eds) Peroxisomes in Biology and Medicine. Springer. Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 141–151
Halliwell B (1982) The toxic effects of oxygen on plant tissues. In: Oberley LW (ed) Superoxide Dismutase, Vol I, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 89–123
Herman EM (1988) Immunocytochemical localization of macromolecules with the electron microscope. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 39:139–155
Hoppeler H, Mathieu O, Krauer R, Claassen H, Armstrong RB, Wiebel ER (1981) Design of mammalian respiratory system. VI. Distribution of mitochondria and capillaries in various muscle tissues. Resp Physiol 344:217–232
Jeffrey SW (1984) Responses of unicellular marine plants to natural blue-green light environments. In: Senger H (ed) Blue Light Effects in Biologieal Systems, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 497–508
Jerlov NG (1950) Ultra-violet radiation in the sea. Nature 166:111–112
Jokiel PL, York RH Jr (1982) Solar ultraviolet photobiology of the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis and symbiotic zooxanthellae. Bull Mar Sci 32:301–315
Jokiel PL, York RH Jr (1984) Importance of ultraviolet radiation in photoinhibition of microalgal growth. Limnol Oceanogr 29:192–199
Lesser MP (1989) Photobiology of natural populations of zooxanthellae from the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida: assessment of the host's role in protection against ultraviolet radiation. Cytometry 10:653–658
Lesser MP, Shick JM (1989) Effects of irradiance and ultraviolet radiation on photoadaptation in the zooxanthellae of Aiptasia pallida: primary production, photoinhibition, and enzymic defenses against oxygen toxicity. Mar Biol 102:243–255
McAuley PJ (1986) Isolation of viable uncontaminated Chlorella from green hydra. Limnol Oceanogr 31:222–224
Muller-Parker G (1987) Seasonal variation in light-shade adaptation of natural populations of the symbiotic sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella (Carlgren 1943) in Hawaii. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 112:165–183
Muscatine L, McCloskey LR, Martin RE (1981) Estimating the daily contribution of carbon from zooxanthellae to coral animal respiration. Limnol Oceanogr 26:601–611
Palinscar JS, Jones WR, Palinscar EE (1988) Effects of isolation of the endosymbiont Symbiodinium microadriaticum (Dinophyceae) from its host Aiptasia pallida (Anthozoa) on cell wall ultrastructure and mitotic rate. Trans Am Microsc Soc 107:53–66
Prézelin BB (1987) Photosynthetic physiology of dinoflagellates. In: Taylor FJR (ed) The Biology of Dinoflagellates Blackwell, Oxford, pp 174–223
Richardson K, Beardall J, Raven JA (1983) Adaptation of unicellular algae to irradiance: an analysis of strategies. New Phytol 93:157–191
Schmitter RE, Jurkiewicz AJ (1981) Acid phosphatase localization in PAS-bodies of Gonyaulax. J Cell Sci 51:15–23
Smith CS, Baker KS (1979) Penetration of UV-B and biologically effective dose-rates in natural waters. Photochem Photobiol 29:311–323
Spinrad RW, Yentsch CM (1987) Observations on the intra- and interspecific single cell optical variability of marine phytoplankton. Appl Optics 26:357–362
Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1981) Biometry, second edition. WH Freeman and Co, San Francisco
Sukenik A, Bennett J, Falkowski P (1987) Light-saturated photosynthesis-limitation by electron transport or carbon fixation. Biochim Biophys Acta 891:205–215
Taylor DL (1968) In situ studies on the cytochemistry and ultrastructure of a symbiotic marine dinoflagellate. J Mar Biol Ass UK 48:349–366
Thinh LV, Griffiths DJ, Winsor H (1986) Ultrastructure of Symbiodinium microadriaticum (Dinophyceae) symbiotic with Zoanthus sp. (Zoanthidea). Phycologia 25:178–184
Trench RK, Blank RJ (1987) Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freundenthal, S. goreuii sp. nov., S. kawagutti sp. nov., S. pilosum sp. nov.: gymnodinioid dinoflagellate symbionts of marine invertebrates. J Phycol 23:469–481
Trench RK (1987) Dinoflagellates in non-parasitic symbiosis. In: Taylor FJR (ed) The biology of dinoflagellates. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 532–570
Yentsch CM, Horan PK, Muirhead K, Dortch Q, Haugen E, Legendre L, Murphy LS, Perry MJ, Phinney DA, Pomponi SA, Spinrad RW, Wood M, Yentsch CS, Zahuranec BJ (1983) Flow cytometry and cell sorting: a technique for analysis and sorting of aquatic particles. Limnol Oceanogr 28:1275–1280
Yentsch CM, Cucci TL, Phinney DA, Selvin R, Glover HE (1985) Adaptation to low photon flux densities in Protogonyaulax tamorensis var. excavata, with reference to chloroplast photomorphogenesis. Mar Biol 89:9–20
Zar JH (1984) Biostatistical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ