Hazard assessment and mitigation of non-seismically fatal landslides in China

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 106 - Trang 785-804 - 2021
Fanyu Zhang1, Jianbing Peng2, Xiaowei Huang3, Hengxing Lan2,4
1MOE Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Department of Geological Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
2School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
3Chinese Jikan Research Institute of Engineering Investigations and Design, Co., Ltd, Xi’an, China
4State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Tóm tắt

Fatal landslides cause severe disasters to human lives and socioeconomic costs in China. In this study, the data non-seismically fatal landslides were collected between 2004 and 2016 in China. The hazard and life risk criteria of these fatal landslides were assessed, and the government's investment and ecological influencing factors for landslide prevention and mitigation were analyzed. There were more fatal landslides in Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan, and Guangdong provinces. High landslide density value focused on Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangdong province had very high landslide density value, while Gansu held the biggest fatality density value as a result of a few huge fatal landslide events. The Chinese life risk evaluation criterion was higher than those in other countries because there was a greater population density in landslide-prone areas. Nevertheless, the government has invested a great deal of human and financial resources for landslide mitigation over the past 13 years. In total, 244,559 engineering projects were carried out and $15,920.89 million was spent. Thus, a total of 13,603 landslides were successfully predicted and 641,333 persons and $1,372.94 million has been saved. Additionally, the types of land use, afforestation area, and soil erosion management have a positive effect on landslides. However, a trend of reverse increase was presented in fatal landslides. This paper gives a detailed examination of the non-seismically fatal landslide hazard and proves an evaluation of the Chinese government's contribution to landslide mitigation by integrating engineering and ecological measures.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alexander D (1989) Urban landslides. Prog Phys Geogr 13(2):157–191 Bathurst JC, Bovolo CI, Cisneros F (2010) Modelling the effect of forest cover on shallow landslides at the river basin scale. Ecol Eng 36(3):317–327 BOC (2016) China of Bank. BOC exchange rates. http://www.boc.cn. Accessed 1 Dec 2016 (in Chinese) Burke TJ, Sattler DN, Terich T (2002) The socioeconomic effects of a landslide in Western Washington. Global Environ Change Part B: Environ Hazards 4(4):129–136 Cascini L, Ferlisi S, Vitolo E (2008) Individual and societal risk owing to landslides in the Campania region (southern Italy). Georisk 2:125–140 Chen L, Wei W, Fu B, Lu Y (2007) Soil and water conservation on the loess plateau in China: review and perspective. Prog Phys Geogr 31:3547–3554 Chuang YC, Shiu YS (2018) Relationship between landslides and mountain development-Integrating geospatial statistics and a new long-term database. Sci Total Environ 622–623:1265–1276 Corominas J, van Westen C, Frattini P, Cascini L, Malet JP, Fotopoulou S, Catani F, Van Den Eeckhaut M, Mavrouli O, Agliardi F, Pitilakis K, Winter MG, Pastor M, Ferlisi S, Tofani V, Hervás J, Smith JT (2014) Recommendations for the quantitative analysis of landslide risk. Bull Eng Geol Env 73:209–263 Cruden DM, Varnes DJ (1996) Chapter 3-Landslide types and processes. In: Landslides: investigation and mitigation. National Academy Press, Washington, DC ERM (1998) Landslides and boulder falls from natural terrain: interim risk guidelines (GEO Report No. 75). Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, China Evans SG (1997) Fatal landslides and landslide risk in Canada. In: Cruden D, Fell R (eds) Landslide Risk Assessment. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 185–196 Fell R, Corominas J, Bonnard C, Cascini L, Leroi E, Savage WZ (2008) Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for land use planning. Eng Geol 102:85–98 Fell R, Hartford D (1997) Landslide risk management. In: Cruden D, Fell R (eds) Landslide Risk Assessment. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 51–109 Froude MJ, Petley DN (2018) Global fatal landslide occurrence from 2004 to 2016. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 18(8):2161–2181 Geertsema M, Clague JJ, Schwab JW, Evans SG (2006) An overview of recent large catastrophic landslides in northern British Columbia, Canada. Eng Geol 83(1–3):120–143 Goetz JN, Guthrie RH, Brenning A (2015) Forest harvesting is associated with increased landslide activity during an extreme rainstorm on Vancouver Island, Canada. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 15(6):1311–1330 Guzzetti F (2000) Landslide fatalities and the evaluation of landslide risk in Italy. Eng Geol 58:89–107 Haque U, Blum P, Silva PF, Andersen P, Pilz J, Chalov SR, Malet JP, Auflič MJ, Andres N, Poyiadji E, Lamas PC, Zhang W, Peshevski I, Pétursson HG, Kurt T, Dobrev N, García-Davalillo JC, HalkiaFerriGaprindashviliEngströmKeellings MSGJD (2016) Fatal landslides in Europe. Landslides 13:1545–1554 Hong Y, Adler RF (2008) Predicting global landslide spatiotemporal distribution: Integrating landslide susceptibility zoning techniques and real-time satellite rainfall estimates. Int J Sedim Res 23:249–257 HSE (2001) Reducing risks, protecting people: HSE’s decision-making process, Norwich, UK Huang RQ, Chan LS (2004) Human-induced landslides in china: mechanism study and its implications on slope management. J Rock Mechan Geotech Eng 23:2766–2777 Huang RQ, Li W, L. (2011) Formation, distribution and risk control of landslides in China. J Rock Mechan Geotech Eng 3(2):97–116 Hungr O, Leroueil S, Picarelli L (2014) The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update. Landslides 11:167–194 Jakob M (2000) The impacts of logging on landslide activity at Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. Catena 38(4):279–300 Jenks GF (1967) The data model concept in statistical mapping. International Yearbook of Cartography vol 7, pp 186–190 Kirschbaum DB, Adler R, Hong Y, Hill S, Lerner-Lam A (2010) A global landslide catalog for hazard applications: method, results, and limitations. Nat Hazards 52:561–575 Kirschbaum D, Stanley T, Zhou YP (2015) Spatial and temporal analysis of a global landslide catalog. Geomorphology 249:4–15 Klose M, Maurischat P, Damm B (2016) Landslide impacts in Germany: a historical and socioeconomic perspective. Landslides 13(1):183–199 Bathrellos GD, Skilodimou HD (2019) Land Use Planning for Natural Hazards. Land 8(9):128 Latter JH (1969) Natural disasters. Adv Sci 25:362–380 Li GR, Lei YL, Yao HJ, Wu SM, Ge JP (2017a) The influence of land urbanization on landslides: An empirical estimation based on Chinese provincial panel data. Sci Total Environ 595:681–690 Li WY, Liu C, Scaioni M, Sun WW, Chen Y, Yao DJ, Chen S, Hong Y, Zhang KH, Cheng GD (2017b) Spatio-temporal analysis and simulation on shallow rainfall-induced landslides in China using landslide susceptibility dynamics and rainfall I-D thresholds. Sci China Earth Sci 60:720–732 Li YW, Wang XM, Mao H (2020) Influence of human activity on landslide susceptibility development in the Three Gorges area. Nat Hazards 104: 2115–2151 Lin Q, Wang Y (2018) Spatial and temporal analysis of a fatal landslide inventory in China from 1950 to 2016. Landslides 15:2357–2372 Macciotta R, Lefsrud L (2018) Framework for developing risk to life evaluation criteria associated with landslides in Canada. Geoenvironmental Disasters 5:10 MNR (2003) Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, Laws and regulations 2003. http://www.mlr.gov.cn. Accessed 24 Nov 2003 (in Chinese) MNR (2016) Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, Disasters situation report 2016. http://www.mlr.gov.cn. Accessed 22 Feb 2017 (in Chinese) Msilimba GG (2010) The socioeconomic and environmental effects of the 2003 landslides in the Rumphi and Ntcheu Districts (Malawi). Nat Hazards 53(2):347–360 Mugagga F, Kakembo V, Buyinza M (2012) Land use changes on the slopes of Mount Elgon and the implications for the occurrence of landslides. Catena 90:39–46 Nadim F, Kjekstad O, Peduzzi P, Herold C, Jaedicke C (2006) Global landslide and avalanche hotspots. Landslides 3:159–173 Nadim F, Jaedicke C, Smebye H, Kalsnes B (2013) Assessment of Global Landslide Hazard Hotspots. IN: Sassa K, Rouhban B, Briceño S, McSaveney M, He B (eds) Landslides Global Risk Preparedness. Springer, Berlin NBSC (2017) National Bureau of Statistics of China. http://www.stats.gov.cn. Accessed 13 Oct 2017 (in Chinese) Neegar S (2020) Analysis of landslide-induced fatalities and injuries in Bangladesh: 2000–2018. Cogent Soc Sci 6:1 Peng JB, Fan ZJ, Wu D, Zhuang JQ, Dai FC, Chen WW, Zhao C (2015) Heavy rainfall triggered loess–mudstone landslide and subsequent debris flow in Tianshui, China. Eng Geol 186:79–90 Peng JB, Zhang FY, Wang GH (2017) Rapid loess flow slides in Heifangtai terrace, Gansu, China. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 50(2):106–110 Persichillo MG, Bordoni M, Meisina C (2017) The role of land use changes in the distribution of shallow landslides. Sci Total Environ 574:924–937 Petley DN, Hearn GJ, Hart A, Rosser NJ, Dunning SA, Oven K, Mitchell WA (2007) Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal. Nat Hazards 43(1):23–44 Petley D (2008) The global occurrence of fatal landslides in 2007. Geophysical research abstracts, EGU2008-A-10487, pp 1–3 Petley D (2012) Global patterns of loss of life from landslides. Geology 40:927–930 Pfeil-McCullough E, Bain DJ, Bergman J, Crumrine D (2015) Emerald ash borer and the urban forest: Changes in landslide potential due to canopy loss scenarios in the City of Pittsburgh, PA. Sci Total Environ 536:538–545 Piacentini D, Troiani F, Daniele G, Pizziolo M (2018) Historical geospatial database for landslide analysis: the Catalogue of Landslide OCcurrences in the Emilia-Romagna Region (CLOCkER). Landslides 15:811–822 Qiu J (2014) Landslide risks rise up agenda. Nature 511:272 Restrepo C, Alvarez N (2006) Landslides and their contribution to land-cover change in the mountains of Mexico and Central America. Biotropica 38:446–457 Rosser B, Dellow S, Haubrock S, Glassey P (2017) New Zealand’s national landslide database. Landslides 14:1949–1959 Saito H, Murakami W, Daimaru H, Oguchi T (2017) Effect of forest clear-cutting on landslide occurrences: Analysis of rainfall thresholds at Mt. Ichifusa, Japan. Geomorphology 276:1–7 Schmaltz EM, Steger S, Glade T (2017) The influence of forest cover on landslide occurrence explored with spatio-temporal information. Geomorphology 290:250–264 Schuster RL, Highland LM (2001) Socioeconomic and environmental impacts of landslides in the Western Hemisphere. Report 2001-276. Denver, Colorado, USA Sepúlveda SA, Petley DN (2015) Regional trends and controlling factors of fatal landslides in Latin America and the Caribbean. Natl Hazards Earth Syst Sci 15:1821–1833 Shu HP, Hürlimann M, Molowny-Horas R, González M, Pinyol J, Abancó C, Ma JZ (2019) Relation between land cover and landslide susceptibility in Val d’Aran, Pyrenees (Spain): Historical aspects, present situation and forward prediction. Sci Total Environ 693:133557 Swanson FJ, Dyrness CT (1975) Impact of clear-cutting and road construction on soil erosion by landslides in the western Cascade Range. Or Geol 3(7):393–396 Tang C, Rengers N, Asch TWJV, Yang YH, Wang GF (2011) Triggering conditions and depositional characteristics of a disastrous debris flow event in Zhouqu city, Gansu Province, northwestern China. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 11:2903–2912 Tong LQ, Zhang XK, Li M, Wang JC, Han X, Cheng Y (2010) Emergency Remote Sensing Research on Superlarge Geological Disasters Caused by “6·28” Guanling Landslide. Remote Sens Land Res 3(85):65–68 (in Chinese) Turner TR, Duke SD, Fransen BR, Reiter ML, Kroll AJ, Ward JW, Bach JL, Justice TE, Bilby RE (2010) Landslide densities associated with rainfall, stand age, and topography on forested landscapes, southwestern Washington, USA. For Ecol Manage 259(12):2233–2247 Valenzuela P, Domínguez-Cuesta MJ, García MAM, Jiménez-Sánchez M (2017) A spatio-temporal landslide inventory for the NW of Spain: BAPA database. Geomorphology 293:11–23 Van Beek LPH, Van Asch TWJ (2004) Regional Assessment of the Effects of Land-Use Change on Landslide Hazard By Means of Physically Based Modelling. Nat Hazards 31:289–304 Van Den Eeckhaut M, Hervás J, Jaedicke C, Malet JP, Montanarella L, Nadim F (2012) Statistical modelling of Europe-wide landslide susceptibility using limited landslide inventory data. Landslides 9:357–369 Vergani C, Giadrossich F, Buckley P, Conedera M, Pividori M, Salbitano F, Rauch HS, Lovreglio R, Schwarz M (2017) Root reinforcement dynamics of European coppice woodlands and their effect on shallow landslides: A review. Earth Sci Rev 167:88–102 Vranken L, Turnhout PV, Eeckhaut MVD, Vandekerckhove L, Poesen J (2013) Economic Valuation of Landslide Damage in Hilly Regions: A Case Study from the Flemish Ardennes, Belgium. Sci Total Environ 447:323 Xing AG, Wang G, Yin YP, Jiang Y, Wang GZ, Yang SY, Dai DR, Zhu YQ, Dai JA (2014) Dynamic analysis and field investigation of a fluidized landslide in Guanling, Guizhou, China. Eng Geol 181:1–14 Xu D, Peng L, Su CJ, Liu SQ, Wang XX, Chen TT (2016) Influences of mass monitoring and mass prevention systems on peasant households’ disaster risk perception in the landslide-threatened Three Gorges Reservoir area, China. Habitat Int 58:23–33 Xu XZ, Guo WZ, Liu YK, Ma JZ, Wang WL, Zhang HW, Gao H (2017) Landslides on the Loess Plateau of China: a latest statistics together with a close look. Nat Hazards 86(3):1393–1403 Yin YP, Wang HD, Gao YL, Li XC (2010) Real-time monitoring and early warning of landslides at relocated Wushan Town, the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Landslides 7:339–349 Zhang FY, Kang C, Chan D, Zhang XC, Pei XJ, Peng JB (2017) A study of a flowslide with significant entrainment in loess areas in China. Earth Surf Proc Land 42:2295–2305 Zhang FY, Liu G, Chen WW, Liang SY, Chen RS, Han WF (2012) Human-induced landslide on a high cut slope: a case of repeated failures due to multi-excavation. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 4(4):367–374 Zhang FY, Wang GH (2017) Effect of irrigation-induced densification on the post-failure behavior of loess flowslides occurring on the Heifangtai area, Gansu, China. Eng Geol 236:111–118 Zhang FY, Huang XW (2018) Trend and spatiotemporal distribution of fatal landslides triggered by non-seismic effects in China. Landslides 15:1663–1674 Zhang FY, Pei XJ, Chen WW, Liu G, Liang SY (2014) Spatial variation in geotechnical properties and topographic attributes on the different types of shallow landslides in a loess catchment, China. Eur J Environ Civ Eng 18:470–488