The interaction of SV40 small tumor antigen with protein phosphatase 2A stimulates the map kinase pathway and induces cell proliferation

Ahn, 1991, Multiple components in an EGF-stimulated protein kinase cascade, J. Biol. Chem., 266, 4220, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)64310-1 Ahn, 1993, Metabolic labeling of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in A431 cells demonstrates phosphorylation on serine and threonine residues, 90, 5143 Alessi, 1993, The human CL100 gene encodes a TyrThr-protein phosphatase which potently and specifically inactivates MAP kinase and suppresses its activation by oncogenic ras in Xenopus oocyte extracts, Oncogene, 8, 2015 Anderson, 1990, Requirement for integration of signals from two distinct phosphorylation pathways for activation of MAP kinase, Nature, 343, 651, 10.1038/343651a0 Andersson, 1989, Cloning, structure, and expression of the mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 sterol 26-hydroxylase, a bile acid biosynthetic enzyme, J. Biol. Chem., 264, 8222, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83172-6 Bikel, 1986, The t-unique coding domain is important to the transformation maintenance function of the simian virus 40 small t antigen, Mol. Cell. Biol., 6, 1172, 10.1128/MCB.6.4.1172 Bikel, 1987, SV40 small t antigen enhances the transformation activity of limiting concentrations of SV40 large T antigen, Cell, 48, 321, 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90435-1 Bossert, 1985, Interaction of simian virus 40 small-t antigen produced in bacteria with 56K and 32K proteins of animal cells, J. Virol., 56, 325, 10.1128/JVI.56.1.325-327.1985 Boulton, 1991, Identification of multiple extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) with antipeptide antibodies, Cell Reg., 2, 357, 10.1091/mbc.2.5.357 Boulton, 1991, Purification and properties of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1, and insulin-stimulated microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase, Biochemistry, 30, 278, 10.1021/bi00215a038 Boulton, 1991, ERKs: a family of proteinserine/threonine kinases that are activated and tyrosine phosphorylated in response to insulin and NGF, Cell, 65, 663, 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90098-J Chang, 1984, Transformation by purified early genes of simian virus 40, Virology, 133, 341, 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90400-8 Charles, 1993, The growth factor-inducible immediate-early gene 3CH134 encodes a protein-tyrosine-phosphatase, 90, 5292 Cohen, 1989, The structure and regulation of protein phosphatases, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 58, 453, 10.1146/annurev.bi.58.070189.002321 Dent, 1992, Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase by v-Raf in NIH 3T3 cells and in vitro, Science, 257, 1404, 10.1126/science.1326789 Ellman, 1984, Localization of the simian virus 40 small t antigen in the nucleus and cytoplasm of monkey and mouse cells, J. Virol., 50, 623, 10.1128/JVI.50.2.623-628.1984 Gómez, 1991, Dissection of the protein kinase cascade by which nerve growth factor activates MAP kinases, Nature, 353, 170, 10.1038/353170a0 Goris, 1988, Conversion of a phosphoseryl/threonyl phosphatase into a phosphotyrosyl phosphatase, Biochem. J., 256, 1029, 10.1042/bj2561029 Guan, 1991, Eukaryotic proteins expressed in Escherichia coli: an improved thrombin cleavage and purification procedure of fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase, Anal. Biochem., 192, 262, 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90534-Z Hall, 1983, Expression and regulation of Escherichia coli lacZ gene fusions in mammalian cells, J. Mol. Appl. Genet., 2, 101 Harlow, 1981, Monoclonal antibodies specific for simian virus 40 tumor antigens, J. Virol., 39, 861, 10.1128/JVI.39.3.861-869.1981 Howe, 1992, Activation of the MAP kinase pathway by the protein kinase raf, Cell, 71, 335, 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90361-F Kamibayashi, 1991, Subunit interactions control protein phosphatase 2A: effects of limited proteolysis, N-ethylmaleimide, and heparin on the B subunit, J. Biol. Chem., 266, 13251, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98831-9 Kosako, 1992, Xenopus MAP kinase activator is a serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activated by threonine phosphorylation, EMBO J., 11, 2903, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05359.x Kovacina, 1990, Insulin activates the kinase activity of the Raf-1 proto-oncogene by increasing its serine phosphorylation, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 12115, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)38315-2 Kyriakis, 1992, Raf-1 activates MAP kinase-kinase, Nature, 358, 417, 10.1038/358417a0 Kyriakis, 1993, Mitogen regulation of c-Raf-1 protein kinase activity toward mitogen-activated protein kinase-kinase, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 16009, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82351-1 Laemmli, 1970, Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4, Nature, 227, 680, 10.1038/227680a0 Lange-Carter, 1993, A divergence in the MAP kinase regulatory network defined by MEK kinase and Raf, Science, 260, 315, 10.1126/science.8385802 Loeken, 1988, Trans-activation of RNA polymerase II and III promoters by SV40 small t antigen, Cell, 55, 1171, 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90261-9 Marshall, 1991, Tumor suppressor genes, Cell, 64, 313, 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90641-B Martin, 1979, The roles of the simian virus 40 tumor antigens in transformation of chinese hamster lung cell, Cell, 17, 635, 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90271-X Matsuda, 1992, Xenopus MAP kinase activator: identification and function as a key intermediate in the phosphorylation cascade, EMBO J., 11, 973, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05136.x Montano, 1990, Simian virus 40 small tumor antigen and an amino-terminal domain of large tumor antigen share a common transforming function, 87, 7448 Moodie, 1993, Complexes of RasGTP with Raf-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, Science, 260, 1658, 10.1126/science.8503013 Mosmann, 1983, Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays, J. Immunol. Meth., 65, 55, 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4 Mumby, 1993, Protein serine/threonine phosphatases: structure, regulation, and functions in cell growth, Physiol. Rev., 73, 673, 10.1152/physrev.1993.73.4.673 Mumby, 1985, Structural characterization of cardiac protein phosphatase with a monoclonal antibody: evidence that the Mr = 38,000 phosphatase is the catalytic subunit of the native enzyme(s), J. Biol. Chem., 260, 13763, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)38791-4 Mumby, 1987, Cardiac contractile protein phosphatases: purification of two enzyme forms and their characterization with subunit-specific antibodies, J. Biol. Chem., 262, 6257, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45563-9 Pallas, 1990, Polyoma small and middle T antigens and SV40 small t antigen form stable complexes with protein phosphatase 2A, Cell, 60, 167, 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90726-U Payne, 1991, Identification of the regulatory phosphorylation sites in pp42/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase), EMBO J., 10, 885, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb08021.x Posada, 1993, Mos stimulates MAP kinase in Xenopus oocytes and activates MAP kinase kinase in vitro, Mol. Biol. Cell, 13, 2546, 10.1128/MCB.13.4.2546 Robbins, 1992, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 autophosphorylates on a subset of peptides phosphorylated in intact cells in response to insulin and nerve growth factor: analysis by peptide mapping, Mol. Biol. Cell, 3, 299, 10.1091/mbc.3.3.299 Robbins, 1993, Regulation and properties of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 in vitro, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 5097, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53507-9 Rossomando, 1989, Evidence that pp42, a major tyrosine kinase target protein, is a mitogen-activated serine/threonine protein kinase, 86, 6940 Ruediger, 1992, Identification of binding sites on the regulatory A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A for the catalytic C subunit and for tumor antigens of simian virus 40 and polyomavirus, Mol. Cell. Biol., 12, 4872, 10.1128/MCB.12.11.4872 Rundell, 1987, Complete interaction of cellular 56,000-and 32,000-Mr proteins with simian virus 40 small-t antigen in productively infected cells, J. Virol., 61, 1240, 10.1128/JVI.61.4.1240-1243.1987 Schagger, 1987, Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range from 1 to 100 kDa, Anal. Biochem., 166, 368, 10.1016/0003-2697(87)90587-2 Seger, 1992, Purification and characterization of mitogen-activated protein kinase activator(s) from epidermal growth factor-stimulated A431 cells, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 14373, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)49722-6 Shirakabe, 1992, A mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activating factor in mammalian mitogen-stimulated cells is homologous to Xenopus M phase MAP kinase activator, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 16685, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42056-X Sleigh, 1978, Mutants of SV40 with an altered small t protein are reduced in their ability to transform cells, Cell, 14, 79, 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90303-3 Sturgill, 1988, Insulinstimulated MAP-2 kinase phosphorylates and activates ribosomal protein S6 kinase II, Nature, 334, 715, 10.1038/334715a0 Sun, 1993, MKP-1 (3CH134), an immediate early gene product, is a dual specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates MAP kinase in vivo, Cell, 75, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90383-2 Turk, 1993, Simian virus 40 small-t antigen binds two zinc ions, J. Virol., 67, 3671, 10.1128/JVI.67.6.3671-3673.1993 Vojtek, 1993, Mammalian Ras interacts directly with the serine/threonine kinase Raf, Cell, 74, 205, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90307-C Walter, 1990, Association of protein phosphatase 2A with polyoma virus medium tumor antigen, 87, 2521 Whitehurst, 1992, Extracellular signal-regulated kinases in T cells, J. Immunol., 148, 3230 Yang, 1991, Control of protein phosphatase 2A by simian virus 40 small t antigen, Mol. Cell. Biol., 64, 1988, 10.1128/MCB.11.4.1988 Yang, 1979, Cellular proteins associated with simian virus 40 early gene products in newly infected cells, J. Virol., 32, 147, 10.1128/JVI.32.1.147-154.1979 Zheng, 1993, Cloning and characterization of two distinct human extracellular signal-regulated kinase activator kinases, MEK1 and MEK2, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 11435, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82142-1 Zheng, 1993, Dephosphorylation and inactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase by a mitogen-induced ThrTyr protein phosphatase, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 16116, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)85396-6