Euphorbia tirucalli L.–Comprehensive Characterization of a Drought Tolerant Plant with a Potential as Biofuel Source

Dai A (2012) Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Nature Clim Change <comment>doi:<ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1633" xlink:type="simple">10.1038/nclimate1633</ext-link></comment>

PV Bruyns, 2006, A new subgeneric classification for <italic>Euphorbia</italic> (Euphorbiaceae) in southern Africa based on ITS and <italic>psbA-trnH</italic> sequence data, Taxon, 55, 397, 10.2307/25065587

Van Damme PLJ (2001) <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli</italic> for high biomass production. In: Schlissel A, Pasternak D, editors. Combating desertification with plants, Kluwer Academic Pub. pp. 169–187.

MJ Janssens, 2009, The role of bio-productivity on bio-energy yield, J Agr Rural Dev Trop, 110, 39

GL Webster, 1975, Conspectus of a new classification of the Euphorbiaceae, Taxon, 24, 593, 10.2307/1220725

KH Batanouny, 1991, Photosynthetic pathways and ecological distribution of <italic>Euphorbia</italic> species in Egypt, Oecologia, 87, 565, 10.1007/BF00320421

MM Bender, 1971, Variation in the 13C/12C ratios of plants in relation to the pathway of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation, Phytochemistry, 10, 1239, 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84324-1

RW Pearcy, 1975, C4 photosynthesis in form <italic>Euphorbia</italic> species from Hawaiian rainforest sites, Plant Physiol, 55, 1054, 10.1104/pp.55.6.1054

IP Ting, 1985, Physiological and isotopic aspects of photosynthesis in peperomia, Plant Physiol, 78, 246, 10.1104/pp.78.2.246

Smith BN (1982) General characteristics of terrestrial plants (agronomic and forests)-C₃, C₄ and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism plants. CRC Handbook of biosolar resources 1 (2): , 99–113.

EL Nuernbergk, 1961, Endogener Rhythmus und CO₂ Stoffwechsel bei Pflanzen mit diurnalem Säurerhythmus, Planta, 56, 28, 10.1007/BF01894844

CB Osmond, 1978, Crassulacean acid metabolism: a curiosity in context, Annu Rev Plant Biol, 29, 379, 10.1146/annurev.pp.29.060178.002115

JC Cushman, 2002, Induction of Crassulacean acid metabolism by water limitation, Plant Cell Environ, 25, 295, 10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00760.x

JAM Holtum, 1982, Activity of enzymes of carbon metabolism during the induction of Crassulacean acid metabolism in <italic>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</italic> L. Planta, 155, 8

DA Gravatt, 1992, Comparative ecophysiology of five species of <italic>Sedum</italic> (Crassulaceae) under well watered and drought stressed conditions, Oecologia, 92, 532, 10.1007/BF00317845

Aylward JH, Parsons PG (2008) Treatment of prostate cancer. Peplin Research May, 27 2008: US 7378445 Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://appft1.uspto.gov/" xlink:type="simple">http://appft1.uspto.gov/</ext-link>. Accessed 2010 Dec 28.

Duke J (1983) <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli</italic> L., handbook of energy crops. Purdue University centre for new crops and plant products. <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu" xlink:type="simple">www.hort.purdue.edu</ext-link>. Accessed 5 December 2010.

Kumar A (1999) Some potential plants for medicine from India, Ayurvedic medicines, University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan. pp. 1–12.

Schmelzer GH, Gurib-Fakim A (2008) Medicinal plants. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. pp. 412–415.

PLJ Van Damme, 1989, Het traditioneel gebruik van <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli</italic>, African Focus, 5, 176, 10.1163/2031356X-0050304006

H Uchida, 2009, Cloning and characterization of a squalene synthase gene from a pretroleum plant, <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli</italic> L. Planta, 229, 1243

PE Nielsen, 1979, Steroids from <italic>Euphorbia</italic> and other latex-bearing plants, Phytochemistry, 18, 103, 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90923-3

G Furstenberger, 1977, New highly irritant euphorbia factors from latex of <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli</italic> L. Experentia, 33, 986

M Calvin, 1978, Chemistry, population, resources, Pure Appl Chem, 50, 407, 10.1351/pac197850050407

M Calvin, 1980, Hydrocarbons from plants: Analytical methods and observations, Naturwissenschaften, 67, 525, 10.1007/BF00450661

D Kalita, 2008, Hydrocarbon plant - New source of energy for future, Renew Sust Energ Rev, 12, 455, 10.1016/j.rser.2006.07.008

J Mwine, 2011, <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli</italic> L. (Euphorbiaceae) – The miracle tree: Current status of available knowledge, Sci Res Essay, 6, 4905

Loke J, Mesa LA, Franken JY (2011) <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli</italic> biology manual: Feedstock production, bioenergy conversion, application, economics Version 2. FACT.

AA Rahuman, 2008, Larvicidal activity of some Euphorbiaceae plant extracts against <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Culex quinquefasciatus</italic> (Diptera: Culicidae), Parasitol Res, 102, 867, 10.1007/s00436-007-0839-6

LG Lirio, 1998, Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants from the Philippines, Pharm Biol, 36, 357, 10.1076/phbi.36.5.357.4656

G Vassiliades, 1984, Note on the molluscidal properties of two Euphorbiaceae plants – <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli</italic> and <italic>Jatropha curcas</italic>, Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop, 37, 32

Murali R, Mwangi JG (1998) <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli</italic> resin: potential adhesive for wood-based industries, in: F. d. FAO corporate document repository (Ed.), International conference on domestication and commercialization of non-timber forest products in Agrosystems. FAO. Rome.

P Vos, 1995, AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting, Nucleic Acids Res, 23, 4407, 10.1093/nar/23.21.4407

PM Schlüter, 2006, Analysis of multilocus fingerprinting data sets containing missing data, Mol Ecol Notes, 6, 569, 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01225.x

RDM Page, 1996, TREEVIEW: An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers, Comput Appl Biosci, 12, 357

RA Jefferies, 1994, Drought and chlorophyll fluorescence in field-grown potato (<italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic>), Physiol Plant, 90, 93, 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb02197.x

M Kluge, 1971, Veränderliche Markierungsmuster bei ¹⁴CO₂-Fütterung yon <italic>Bryophyllum tubiflorum</italic> zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Hell-Dunkelperiode II. Beziehungen zwischen dem Malatgehalt des Gewebes und dem Markierungsmuster nach ¹⁴CO₂-Lichtfixierung, Planta, 98, 20, 10.1007/BF00387020

Duke J (1983) <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli</italic> L., handbook of energy crops. Purdue University centre for new crops and plant products. <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.hort.purdue.educ" xlink:type="simple">www.hort.purdue.educ</ext-link>. Accessed on 5 December 2010.

VDI 4630 (2006) Fermentation of organic materials, Characterisation of the substrate, sampling, collection of material data, fermentation tests. Beuth Verlag. Berlin, Germany. 92 p.

F Liu, 2004, Biomass partitioning, specific leaf area, and water use efficiency of vegetable amaranth (<italic>Amaranthus</italic> spp.) in response to drought stress, Sci Hortic, 15, 15, 10.1016/j.scienta.2003.11.014

J Zhang, 2011, Association mapping of dynamic developmental plant height in common wheat, Planta, 234, 891, 10.1007/s00425-011-1434-8

J Krasensky, 2012, Drought, salt, and temperature stress-induced metabolic rearrangements and regulatory networks, J Exp Bot, 64, 1593, 10.1093/jxb/err460

PC Dias, 2007, Morphological and physiological responses of two coffee progenies to soil water availability, J Plant Physiol, 164, 1639, 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.12.004

Brouwer R (1963) Some aspects of the equilibrium between overground and underground plant parts. In: Jaarboek IBS, Wageningen. pp. 31–39.

HJ Schenk, 2002, Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and below-ground/above-ground allometries of plants in water-limited ecosystems, J Ecol, 90, 80, 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00682.x

CE Martin, 1986, Photosynthetic pathways in a midwestern rock outcrop succulent, <italic>Sedum nuttallianum</italic> Raf. (Crassulaceae), Photosyn Res, 8, 17, 10.1007/BF00028473

A Borland, 2006, Are the metabolic components of Crassulacean acid metabolism up-regulated in response to an increase in oxidative burden?, J Exp Bot, 57, 319, 10.1093/jxb/erj028

Y Nishiyama, 2006, A new paradigm for the action of reactive oxygen species in the photoinhibition of photosystem II, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1757, 742, 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.05.013

RP Souza, 2003, Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and some associated metabolic changes in cowpea (<italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic>) during water stress and recovery, Environ Exp Bot, 51, 45, 10.1016/S0098-8472(03)00059-5

K Maxwell, 2000, Chlorophyll fluorescence-a practical guide, J Exp Bot, 51, 659, 10.1093/jexbot/51.345.659

A Herrera, 2008, Crassulacean acid metabolism and fitness under water deficit stress: if not for carbon gain, what is facultative CAM good for?, Ann Bot, 103, 645, 10.1093/aob/mcn145

Heldt HW, Piechulla B (2011) Plant Biochemistry. 4th edition, Elsevier, London, UK. 656 p.

AJ Bloom, 1979, High productivity and photosynthetic flexibility in a CAM plant, Oecologia, 38, 35, 10.1007/BF00347822

Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A (2009) Agroforestree Database: A Tree Reference and Selection Guide Version 4.0. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/" xlink:type="simple">http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/</ext-link>. Accessed 2010 Dec 20.

PLJ Van Damme, 1990, Gebruik van <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli</italic> als rubberleverancier en energiewas, African Focus, 6, 19, 10.1163/2031356X-00601004

M Kluge, 1973, Untersuchungen über den Efflux yon Malat aus den Vacuolen der assimilierenden Zellen von <italic>Bryophyllum</italic> und mögliche Einflüsse dieses Vorganges auf den CAM, Planta, 113, 333, 10.1007/BF00387316

M Kluge, 1973, Diurnaler Säurerhythmus bei <italic>Tillandsia usneoides</italic>: Untersuchungen über den Weg des Kohlenstoffs sowie die Abhängigkeit des CO₂–Gaswechsels von Lichtintensität, Temperatur und Wassergehalt der Pflanze, Planta, 112, 357, 10.1007/BF00390308

VS Loeschen, 1993, Leaf anatomy and CO₂ recycling during Crassulacean acid metabolism in twelve epiphytic species of <italic>Tillandsia</italic> (Bromeliaceae), Int J Plant Sci, 154, 100, 10.1086/297095

T Taybi, 2004, Expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase genes. Implications for genotypic capacity and phenotypic plasticity in the expression of Crassulacean acid metabolism, Plant Physiol, 135, 587, 10.1104/pp.103.036962

IP Ting, 1993, Expression of p-enolpyruvate carboxylase and other aspects of CAM during the development of <italic>Peperomia camptotricha</italic> leaves, Bot Acta, 106, 313, 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1993.tb00754.x

AM Borland, 1998, Inducibility of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in <italic>Clusia</italic> species: physiological/biochemical characterisation and intercellular localization of carboxylation and decarboxylation processes in three species which exhibit degress of CAM, Planta, 205, 342, 10.1007/s004250050329

JA Ostrem, 1990, Increased expression of a gene coding for NAD-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase during the transition from C3 photosynthesis to Crassulacean acid metabolism in <italic>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</italic>, J Biol Chem, 256, 3497, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)39796-0

JC Cushmann, 1992, Characterization and expression of a NADP-malic enzyme cDNA induced by salt stress from the facultative crassulacean acid metabolism plant, <italic>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</italic>, Eur J Biochem, 208, 259, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17181.x

P Dittrich, 1973, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in plants exhibiting crassulacean acid metabolism, Plant Physiol, 52, 357, 10.1104/pp.52.4.357

IP Ting, 1968, CO Metabolism in Corn Roots. III. Inhibition of p-enolpyruvate carboxylase by L-malate, Plant Physiol, 43, 1919, 10.1104/pp.43.12.1919

B Uzabakiliho, 1987, Latex constituents of <italic>Euphorbia candelabrum, E. grantii, E. tirucalli</italic> and <italic>Synadenium grantii</italic>, Phytochemistry, 26, 3041, 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84589-6

AU Akpan, 2007, Latex yield of rubber (<italic>Hevea brasiliensis</italic> Muell Argo) as influenced by clone planted and locations with varying fertility status, J Agricul Soc Sci, 3, 1813

G Scasselati-Sforzolini, 1916, L&apos;Euphorbia tirucalli. Istituto Agricolo Coloniale Italiano S, 25, 40

Blaschek W, Hänsel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler H, et al. (1998) Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen A-K. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer Verlag. 909 p.

D Sow, 1989, Mesophillic and thermophilic methane fermentation of <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli.</italic>, Mircen J Appl Microb, 5, 547, 10.1007/BF01741832

P Weiland, 2003, Production and energetic use of biogas from energy crops and wastes in Germany, Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 109, 263, 10.1385/ABAB:109:1-3:263

D Schieder, 2003, Microbiological removal of hydrogen sulfide from biogas by means of a separate biofilter system: experience with technical operation, Water Sci Technol, 48, 209, 10.2166/wst.2003.0256

Binder R, Deninger A, Grous-Göldner A, Huter E, Jungwirth M et al.. (2009) Gefahrenpotential von Schwefelwasserstoff beim Betrieb von Biogasanlagen. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.lea.at/download/Biogas/H2S_Leitfaden%20Biogasanlagen_2009.pdf" xlink:type="simple">http://www.lea.at/download/Biogas/H2S_Leitfaden%20Biogasanlagen_2009.pdf</ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Sep 8.

M Syed, 2006, Removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas streams using biological processes–A review, Can Biosyst Eng, 48, 1

Tomala F (2012) Entwicklung einer Methodik zur Ermittlung der Biogas und Methanausbeuten verschiedener Herkünfte von <italic>Euphorbia tirucalli</italic> als vielversprechende Energiepflanze. Bachelor thesis. Hannover, University of Applied Science Hannover.