Novel Radiation Therapy Paradigms and Immunomodulation: Heresies and Hope

Seminars in Radiation Oncology - Tập 30 - Trang 194-200 - 2020
Suparna Dutt1, Mansoor M. Ahmed2, Billy W. Loo3,4, Samuel Strober1,4
1Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
2Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
3Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
4Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Leksell, 1983, Stereotactic radiosurgery, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 46, 797, 10.1136/jnnp.46.9.797 Shultz, 2015, To SABR or not to SABR? Indications and contraindications for stereotactic ablative radiotherapy in the treatment of early-stage, oligometastatic, or oligoprogressive non-small cell lung cancer, Semin Radiat Oncol, 25, 78, 10.1016/j.semradonc.2014.11.005 Shah, 2017, Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for early-stage lung cancer, Semin Radiat Oncol, 27, 218, 10.1016/j.semradonc.2017.03.001 Lee, 2019, Local control after stereotactic body radiation therapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 19, 30572 Pollom, 2017, Normal tissue constraints for abdominal and thoracic stereotactic body radiotherapy, Semin Radiat Oncol, 27, 197, 10.1016/j.semradonc.2017.02.001 Favaudon, 2014, Ultrahigh dose-rate FLASH irradiation increases the differential response between normal and tumor tissue in mice, Sci Transl Med, 6, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008973 Schuler, 2017, Experimental platform for ultra-high dose rate FLASH irradiation of small animals using a clinical linear accelerator, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 97, 195, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.09.018 Jaccard, 2018, High dose-per-pulse electron beam dosimetry: Commissioning of the Oriatron eRT6 prototype linear accelerator for preclinical use, Med Phys, 45, 863, 10.1002/mp.12713 Lempart, 2019, Modifying a clinical linear accelerator for delivery of ultra-high dose rate irradiation, Radiother Oncol, 139, 40, 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.01.031 Lansonneur, 2019, Simulation and experimental validation of a prototype electron beam linear accelerator for preclinical studies, Phys Med, 60, 50, 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.03.016 Montay-Gruel, 2018, X-rays can trigger the FLASH effect: Ultra-high dose-rate synchrotron light source prevents normal brain injury after whole brain irradiation in mice, Radiother Oncol, 129, 582, 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.08.016 Patriarca, 2018, Experimental set-up for FLASH proton irradiation of small animals using a clinical system, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 102, 619, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.06.403 Buonanno, 2019, Biological effects in normal cells exposed to FLASH dose rate protons, Radiother Oncol, 139, 51, 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.02.009 Montay-Gruel, 2017, Irradiation in a flash: Unique sparing of memory in mice after whole brain irradiation with dose rates above 100Gy/s, Radiother Oncol, 124, 365, 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.05.003 Montay-Gruel, 2019, Long-term neurocognitive benefits of FLASH radiotherapy driven by reduced reactive oxygen species, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 116, 10943, 10.1073/pnas.1901777116 Simmons, 2019, Reduced cognitive deficits after FLASH irradiation of whole mouse brain are associated with less hippocampal dendritic spine loss and neuroinflammation, Radiother Oncol, 139, 4, 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.06.006 Vozenin, 2019, The advantage of FLASH radiotherapy confirmed in mini-pig and cat-cancer patients, Clin Cancer Res, 25, 35, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3375 Loo, 2017, Delivery of ultra-rapid flash radiation therapy and demonstration of normal tissue sparing after abdominal irradiation of mice, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phy, 98, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.02.101 Maxim, 2019, PHASER: A platform for clinical translation of FLASH cancer radiotherapy, Radiother Oncol, 139, 28, 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.05.005 Billena, 2019, A current review of spatial fractionation: Back to the future?, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 104, 177, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.01.073 Prasanna, 2014, Exploiting sensitization windows of opportunity in hyper and hypo-fractionated radiation therapy, J Thorac Dis, 6, 287 Sathishkumar, 2002, The impact of TNF-alpha induction on therapeutic efficacy following high dose spatially fractionated (GRID) radiation, Technol Cancer Res Treat, 1, 141, 10.1177/153303460200100207 Zhang, 2016, Application of spatially fractionated radiation (GRID) to helical tomotherapy using a Novel TOMOGRID Template, Technol Cancer Res Treat, 15, 91, 10.7785/tcrtexpress.2013.600261 Lee, 2009, Therapeutic effects of ablative radiation on local tumor require CD8+ T cells: Changing strategies for cancer treatment, Blood, 114, 589, 10.1182/blood-2009-02-206870 Filatenkov, 2015, Ablative tumor radiation can change the tumor immune cell microenvironment to induce durable complete remissions, Clin Cancer Res, 21, 3727, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2824 Ahmed, 2018, Workshop report for cancer research: Defining the shades of Gy: Utilizing the biological consequences of radiotherapy in the development of new treatment approaches-meeting viewpoint, Cancer Res, 78, 2166, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-3760 Rudqvist, 2018, Radiotherapy and CTLA-4 blockade shape the TCR repertoire of tumor-infiltrating T cells, Cancer Immunol Res, 6, 139, 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-17-0134 Herter-Sprie, 2016, Synergy of radiotherapy and PD-1 blockade in Kras-mutant lung cancer, JCI Insight, 1, e87415, 10.1172/jci.insight.87415 Aliru, 2018, Radiation therapy and immunotherapy: What is the optimal timing or sequencing?, Immunotherapy, 10, 299, 10.2217/imt-2017-0082 Walker, 2019, Radiotherapy and immunotherapy-shining further together, JAMA Oncol, 5, 1291, 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1448 Grassberger, 2019, Assessing the interactions between radiotherapy and antitumour immunity, Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 10.1038/s41571-019-0238-9 Toulany, 2019, Targeting DNA double-strand break repair pathways to improve radiotherapy response, Genes (Basel), 10, E25, 10.3390/genes10010025 Baskar, 2014, Biological response of cancer cells to radiation treatment, Front Mol Biosci, 1, 24, 10.3389/fmolb.2014.00024 Ma, 2017, The renaissance of anti-neoplastic immunity from tumor cell demise, Immunol Rev, 280, 194, 10.1111/imr.12586 Lauber, 2012, Dying cell clearance and its impact on the outcome of tumor radiotherapy, Front Oncol, 2, 116, 10.3389/fonc.2012.00116 Hu, 2016, The DNA-sensing AIM2 inflammasome controls radiation-induced cell death and tissue injury, Science, 354, 765, 10.1126/science.aaf7532 Deng, 2016, From DNA damage to nucleic acid sensing: A strategy to enhance radiation therapy, Clin Cancer Res, 22, 20, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-3110 Deng, 2014, STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing promotes radiation-induced type I interferon-dependent antitumor immunity in immunogenic tumors, Immunity, 41, 843, 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.019 Liang, 2017, Host STING-dependent MDSC mobilization drives extrinsic radiation resistance, Nat Commun, 8, 1736, 10.1038/s41467-017-01566-5 Vanpouille-Box, 2017, DNA exonuclease Trex1 regulates radiotherapy-induced tumour immunogenicity, Nat Commun, 8, 15618, 10.1038/ncomms15618 Apetoh, 2007, Toll-like receptor 4-dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, Nat Med, 13, 1050, 10.1038/nm1622 Frey, 2012, Induction of abscopal anti-tumor immunity and immunogenic tumor cell death by ionizing irradiation—implications for cancer therapies, Curr Med Chem, 19, 1751, 10.2174/092986712800099811 Deng, 2014, Irradiation and anti-PD-L1 treatment synergistically promote antitumor immunity in mice, J Clin Invest, 124, 687, 10.1172/JCI67313 Gaipl, 2014, Kill and spread the word: Stimulation of antitumor immune responses in the context of radiotherapy, Immunotherapy, 6, 597, 10.2217/imt.14.38 Rainaldi, 2003, Induction of apoptosis or necrosis by ionizing radiation is dose-dependent in MG-63 osteosarcoma multicellular spheroids, Anticancer Res, 23, 2505 Wu, 2017, Modulating both tumor cell death and innate immunity is essential for improving radiation therapy effectiveness, Front Immunol, 8, 613, 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00613 Sauter, 2000, Consequences of cell death: Exposure to necrotic tumor cells, but not primary tissue cells or apoptotic cells, induces the maturation of immunostimulatory dendritic cells, J Exp Med, 191, 423, 10.1084/jem.191.3.423 Green, 2009, Immunogenic and tolerogenic cell death, Nat Rev Immunol, 9, 353, 10.1038/nri2545 Steinman, 2000, The induction of tolerance by dendritic cells that have captured apoptotic cells, J Exp Med, 191, 411, 10.1084/jem.191.3.411 Huang, 2011, Caspase 3-mediated stimulation of tumor cell repopulation during cancer radiotherapy, Nat Med, 17, 860, 10.1038/nm.2385 Dutt, 2018, Accelerated, but not conventional, radiotherapy of murine B-cell lymphoma induces potent T cell-mediated remissions, Blood Adv, 2, 2568, 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018023119 Heylmann, 2014, Radiation sensitivity of human and murine peripheral blood lymphocytes, stem and progenitor cells, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1846, 121 Deloch, 2016, Modern radiotherapy concepts and the impact of radiation on immune activation, Front Oncol, 6, 141, 10.3389/fonc.2016.00141 Manda, 2012, Effects of ionizing radiation on the immune system with special emphasis on the interaction of dendritic and T cells, Front Oncol, 2, 102, 10.3389/fonc.2012.00102 Dewan, 2009, Fractionated but not single-dose radiotherapy induces an immune-mediated abscopal effect when combined with anti-CTLA-4 antibody, Clin Cancer Res, 15, 5379, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0265 Chakraborty, 2004, External beam radiation of tumors alters phenotype of tumor cells to render them susceptible to vaccine-mediated T-cell killing, Cancer Res, 64, 4328, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0073 Lugade, 2005, Local radiation therapy of B16 melanoma tumors increases the generation of tumor antigen-specific effector cells that traffic to the tumor, J Immunol, 174, 7516, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.7516 Dovedi, 2014, Acquired resistance to fractionated radiotherapy can be overcome by concurrent PD-L1 blockade, Cancer Res, 74, 5458, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-1258 Fujimura, 2018, Tumor-associated macrophages: Therapeutic targets for skin cancer, Front Oncol, 8, 3, 10.3389/fonc.2018.00003 Kioi, 2010, Inhibition of vasculogenesis, but not angiogenesis, prevents the recurrence of glioblastoma after irradiation in mice, J Clin Invest, 120, 694, 10.1172/JCI40283 van Meir, 2017, Impact of (chemo)radiotherapy on immune cell composition and function in cervical cancer patients, Oncoimmunology, 6, 10.1080/2162402X.2016.1267095 Ostrand-Rosenberg, 2019, Radiotherapy both promotes and inhibits myeloid-derived suppressor cell function: Novel strategies for preventing the tumor-protective effects of radiotherapy, Front Oncol, 9, 215, 10.3389/fonc.2019.00215 Lan, 2018, Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells and programmed death ligand 1 confers therapeutic advantage of ablative hypofractionated radiation therapy compared with conventional fractionated radiation therapy, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 101, 74, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.01.071 Durante, 2018, Faster and safer? FLASH ultra-high dose rate in radiotherapy, Br J Radiol, 91 Kanagavelu, 2014, In vivo effects of lattice radiation therapy on local and distant lung cancer: Potential role of immunomodulation, Radiat Res, 182, 149, 10.1667/RR3819.1 Markovsky, 2019, An antitumor immune response is evoked by partial-volume single-dose radiation in 2 murine models, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 103, 697, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.10.009 de Goeje, 2017, Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy induces peripheral T-cell activation in patients with early-stage lung cancer, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 196, 1224, 10.1164/rccm.201610-2178LE Rutkowski, 2017, Changes in systemic immune response after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy. Preliminary results of a prospective study in patients with early lung cancer, Pol Arch Intern Med, 127, 245 Kuo, 2014, Galectin-1 mediates radiation-related lymphopenia and attenuates NSCLC radiation response, Clin Cancer Res, 20, 5558, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1138 Maehata, 2013, Immune responses following stereotactic body radiotherapy for stage I primary lung cancer, Biomed Res Int, 2013, 10.1155/2013/731346 Jin, 2017, Higher radiation dose to immune system is correlated with poorer survival in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer: A secondary study of a phase 3 cooperative group trial (NRG Oncology RTOG 0617), Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 99, S151, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.351 Ladbury, 2019, Impact of radiation dose to the host immune system on tumor control and survival for stage III non-small cell lung cancer treated with definitive radiation therapy, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 105, 346, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.05.064 Meyer, 1970, Radiation-induced lymphocyte-immune deficiency. A factor in the increased visceral metastases and decreased hormonal responsiveness of breast cancer, Arch Surg, 101, 114, 10.1001/archsurg.1970.01340260018003 Qinfeng, 2013, In situ observation of the effects of local irradiation on cytotoxic and regulatory T lymphocytes in cervical cancer tissue, Radiat Res, 179, 584, 10.1667/RR3155.1 McGee, 2018, Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy induces systemic differences in peripheral blood immunophenotype dependent on irradiated site, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 101, 1259, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.04.038 Ng Tang, 2013, Increased frequency of ICOS+ CD4 T cells as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for anti-CTLA-4 therapy, Cancer Immunol Res, 1, 229, 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-13-0020 Metzger, 2016, ICOS promotes the function of CD4+ effector T cells during anti-OX40-mediated tumor rejection, Cancer Res, 76, 3684, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-3412 Bourhis, 2019, Treatment of a first patient with FLASH-radiotherapy, Radiother Oncol, 139, 18, 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.06.019 Mohiuddin, 1990, Palliative treatment of advanced cancer using multiple nonconfluent pencil beam radiation. A pilot study, Cancer, 66, 114, 10.1002/1097-0142(19900701)66:1<114::AID-CNCR2820660121>3.0.CO;2-L Huhn, 2006, Spatially fractionated GRID radiation treatment of advanced neck disease associated with head and neck cancer, Technol Cancer Res Treat, 5, 607, 10.1177/153303460600500608 Amendola, 2019, Safety and efficacy of lattice radiotherapy in voluminous non-small cell lung cancer, Cureus, 11, e4263