A century long sedimentary record of anthropogenic lead (Pb), Pb isotopes and other trace metals in Singapore

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2007 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2012, Toxicological profile for chromium Alleman, 1999, Invasion of the abyssal North Atlantic by modern anthropogenic lead, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1477, 10.1029/1999GL900287 American Association of Port Authorities, 2008 Appleby, 1986, 210Pb dating by low background gamma counting, Hydrobiologia, 143, 21, 10.1007/BF00026640 Arnason, 2003, A 40+ year record of Cd, Hg, Pb, and U deposition in sediments of patroon reservoir, Albany county, NY, USA, Environ. Pollut., 123, 383, 10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00015-0 Attorney General’s Chambers Singapore, 2008 AWWA (American Water Works Association), 1995 Bacon, 1976, 210Pb/226Ra and 210Po/210Pb disequilibria in seawater and suspended particulate matter, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 32, 277, 10.1016/0012-821X(76)90068-6 Baker, 2004, Pb isotopic analysis of standards and samples using a 207Pb-204Pb double spike and thallium to correct for mass bias with a double-focusing MC-ICP-MS, Chem. Geol., 211, 275, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.030 Bindler, 1999, Natural lead concentrations in pristine boreal forest soils and past pollution trends: a reference for critical load models, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 3362, 10.1021/es9809307 Bodet, 2001, Pb isotope systematics and time-integrated Th/U of SE-Asian continental crust recorded by single K-feldspar grains in large rivers, Chem. Geol., 177, 265, 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00413-7 Bollhöfer, 2000, Isotopic source signatures for atmospheric lead: the Southern Hemisphere, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 3251, 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00436-1 Bollhöfer, 2001, Isotopic source signatures for atmospheric lead: the Northern Hemisphere, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 1727, 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00630-X Boutron, 1995, Greenland snow and ice cores: unique archives of large-scale pollution of the troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere by lead and other heavy metals, Sci. Total Environ., 160–161, 233, 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04359-9 Boyle, 1986, Temporal variability of lead in the western North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 91, 8573, 10.1029/JC091iC07p08573 Boyle, 2005, Iron, manganese, and lead at Hawaii Ocean Time-series station ALOHA: temporal variability and an intermediate water hydrothermal plume, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 933, 10.1016/j.gca.2004.07.034 Boyle, 2012, GEOTRACES IC1 (BATS) contamination-prone trace element isotopes Cd, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Mo intercalibration, Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 10, 653, 10.4319/lom.2012.10.653 Burton, 2002, Sediment quality criteria in use around the world, Limnology, 3, 65, 10.1007/s102010200008 Cempel, 2006, Nickel: a review of its sources and environmental toxicology, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 15, 375 Chen, 1996, Distribution, fractional composition and release of sediment-bound heavy metals in tropical reservoirs, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 92, 273, 10.1007/BF00283563 Chen, 2015, Isotopic record of lead in Singapore straits during the last 50 years: spatial and temporal variations, Mar. Chem., 168, 49, 10.1016/j.marchem.2014.10.007 Cheng, 2010, Lead (Pb) isotopic fingerprinting and its applications in lead pollution studies in China: a review, Environ. Pollut., 158, 1134, 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.028 1999, 275 Chow, 1962, The occurrence and significance of lead isotopes in pelagic sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 26, 263, 10.1016/0016-7037(62)90016-9 COMTRADE (Commodity Trade Statistics Database), 2012 Data, 2014 De Deckker, 2010, Lead isotopic evidence for an Australian source of aeolian dust to Antarctica at times over the last 170,000 years, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 285, 205, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.013 Devi, 2002, Singapore's 100 historical places Díaz-Somoano, 2009, Stable lead isotope compositions in selected coals from around the world and implications for present day aerosol source tracing, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 1078, 10.1021/es801818r Duce, 1991, The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 5, 193, 10.1029/91GB01778 Eades, 2002, Stable lead isotopic characterisation of the historical record of environmental lead contamination in dated freshwater lake sediment cores from northern and central Scotland, Sci. Total Environ., 292, 55, 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00026-8 Ee, 2000 EPA, 2005 Erel, 1994, Leakage of industrial lead into the hydrocycle, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 3289, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90057-4 Flegal, 1986, Lead in tropical marine systems: a review, Sci. Total Environ., 58, 1, 10.1016/0048-9697(86)90071-9 Flegal, 2013, All the lead in China, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 1869, 10.1080/10643389.2012.671738 Foster, 1996, Heavy metals in the hydrological cycle: trends and explanation, Hydrol. Process., 10, 227, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199602)10:2<227::AID-HYP357>3.0.CO;2-X Gäggeler, 1976, Determination of 210Pb in lake sediments and in air samples by direct gamma-ray measurement, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 33, 119, 10.1016/0012-821X(76)90164-3 Gallon, 2005, Sources and chronology of atmospheric lead deposition to a Canadian Shield lake: inferences from Pb isotopes and PAH profiles, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 3199, 10.1016/j.gca.2005.02.028 Gallon, 2006, Historical perspective of industrial lead emissions to the atmosphere from a Canadian smelter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 741, 10.1021/es051326g Goldewijk, 2011, The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 20, 73, 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x Graney, 1995, Isotopic record of lead pollution in lake sediments from the northeastern United States, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 1715, 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00077-D Grönholm, 2007, Measurements of aerosol particle dry deposition velocity using the relaxed eddy accumulation technique, Tellus B, 59, 10.3402/tellusb.v59i3.16998 Hamelin, 1990, Pb isotopes in surficial pelagic sediments from the North Atlantic, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 37, 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90193-O Hamelin, 1997, Isotopic evidence of pollutant lead transport from North America to the subtropical North Atlantic gyre, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 4423, 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00242-1 Hansmann, 2000, Lead-isotopes as tracers of pollutants in soils, Chem. Geol., 171, 123, 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00230-8 Hargraves, 1993 Harrington, 1998, Phase associations and mobilization of iron and trace elements in Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 650, 10.1021/es970492o Haughey, 2000, Forms and fate of Cu in a source drinking water reservoir following CuSO4 treatment, Water Res., 34, 3440, 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00054-3 Hawkins, 1987, Copper as an algicide in a tropical reservoir, Water Res., 21, 475, 10.1016/0043-1354(87)90196-5 Hirota, 2006, Review of Lead phase out for air quality improvement in the third world cities lessons from Thailand and Indonesia, J. Stud. Regional Sci., 32, 527, 10.2457/srs.36.527 International Energy Statistics, 2012 Jackson, 1991 Jackson, 2004, Atmospheric lead deposition to Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia, USA, Environ. Pollut., 130, 445, 10.1016/j.envpol.2003.12.019 Kelly, 2009, Lead concentrations and isotopes in corals and water near Bermuda, 1780-2000, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 283, 93, 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.045 Kersten, 1997, Source apportionment of Pb pollution in the coastal waters of Elefsis Bay, Greece, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 1295, 10.1021/es960473z Kober, 1999, Pb isotopes in sediments of Lake Constance, Central Europe constrain the heavy metal pathways and the pollution history of the catchment, the lake and the regional atmosphere, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 1293, 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00064-2 Koh, 2014 Komárek, 2008, Lead isotopes in environmental sciences: a review, Environ. Int., 34, 562, 10.1016/j.envint.2007.10.005 Krishnaswamy, 1971, Geochronology of lake sediments, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 11, 407, 10.1016/0012-821X(71)90202-0 Kwa, 2009 Kylander, 2010, Natural lead isotope variations in the atmosphere, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 290, 44, 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.055 Lee, 2008, Seven thousand years of records on the mining and utilization of metals from lake sediments in central China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4732, 10.1021/es702990n Lee, 2011, Isotopic signatures for natural versus anthropogenic Pb in high-altitude Mt. Everest ice cores during the past 800 years, Sci. Total Environ., 412–413, 194, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.002 Lee, 2014, Coral-based history of lead and lead isotopes of the surface Indian Ocean since the mid-20th century, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 398, 37, 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.04.030 Li, 2000, Heavy metal distribution in sediment profiles of the Pearl River estuary, South China, Appl. Geochem., 15, 567, 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00072-4 Li, 2012, The estimated atmospheric lead emissions in China, 1990–2009, Atmos. Environ., 60, 1, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.025 Lima, 2005, High-resolution historical records from Pettaquamscutt River basin sediments: 2. Pb isotopes reveal a potential new stratigraphic marker, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 1813, 10.1016/j.gca.2004.10.008 Lucarelli, 2000 National Environmental Agency, 2009 Ng, 2006, Lichens as bioindicators of atmospheric heavy metal pollution in Singapore, Environ. Monit. Assess., 123, 63, 10.1007/s10661-005-9120-6 Nozaki, 1976, The distribution of 210Pb and 210Po in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 32, 304, 10.1016/0012-821X(76)90070-4 Nriagu, 1979, Global inventory of natural and anthropogenic emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere, Nature, 279, 409, 10.1038/279409a0 Nriagu, 1989, A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals, Nature, 338, 47, 10.1038/338047a0 Osterberg, 2008, Ice core record of rising lead pollution in the North Pacific atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 10.1029/2007GL032680 Patterson, 1987, Review of data on eolian fluxes of industrial and natural lead to the lands and seas in remote regions on a global scale, Mar. Chem., 22, 137, 10.1016/0304-4203(87)90005-3 Peter, 2005, Thallium: a review of public health and environmental concerns, Environ. Int., 31, 493, 10.1016/j.envint.2004.09.003 Pitts, 1984, A review of geology and engineering geology in Singapore, Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeology, 17, 93, 10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1984.017.02.02 Poet, 1972, Lead 210, bismuth 210, and polonium 210 in the atmosphere: accurate ratio measurement and application to aerosol residence time determination, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 6515, 10.1029/JC077i033p06515 Public Utilities Board, 2010 Public Utilities Board, 2011 Public Utilities Board, 2014 Public Utilities Board, 2015 Ragaini, 1977, Environmental trace metal contamination in Kellogg, Idaho, near a Lead smelting complex, Environ. Sci. Technol., 11, 773, 10.1021/es60131a004 Ramlan, 2014 Renberg, 2002, Stable lead isotopes and lake sediments - a useful combination for the study of atmospheric lead pollution history, Sci. Total Environ., 292, 45, 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00032-3 Reuer, 2002 Reuer, 2003, Lead isotope analysis of marine carbonates and seawater by multiple collector ICP-MS, Chem. Geol., 200, 137, 10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00186-4 Salomons, 1984 Schaule, 1981, Lead concentrations in the northeast Pacific: evidence for global anthropogenic perturbations, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 54, 97, 10.1016/0012-821X(81)90072-8 Shapiro, 1958, The core freezer - a new sampler for lake sediments, Ecology, 39 Shi, 2008, Potentially toxic metal contamination of urban soils and roadside dust in Shanghai, China, Environ. Pollut., 156, 251, 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.02.027 Singapore Anti-Pollution Unit, 1970 Singapore Manufacturing Federation, 2012 Statistics Singapore, 2014, Population & land area Switzer, 2013, Measuring and analyzing particle size in a geomorphic context, 14, 224 Teutsch, 2001, Distribution of natural and anthropogenic lead in Mediterranean soils, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 2853, 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00607-X Turekian, 1977, The fate of metals in the oceans, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 41, 1139, 10.1016/0016-7037(77)90109-0 Turekian, 1961, Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 72, 175, 10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2 Tylmann, 2004, Estimating recent sedimentation rates using 210PB on the example of morphologically complex lake (Upper Lake Raduńskie, N Poland), Geochronometria, 23, 21 USAID, 2009 Vanhaecke, 1992, The use of internal standards in ICP-MS, Talanta, 39, 737, 10.1016/0039-9140(92)80088-U Wan, 2009 Watmough, 2004, The quantification and distribution of pollution Pb at a woodland in rural south central Ontario, Canada, Environ. Pollut., 128, 419, 10.1016/j.envpol.2003.09.007 Weiss, 2003, Spatial and temporal evolution of lead isotope ratios in the North Atlantic Ocean between 1981 and 1989, J. Geophys. Res. C. Oceans Atmos., 108, 4 Wong, 2002, Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Pearl River Delta, South China, Environ. Pollut., 119, 33, 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00325-6 Wu, 1997, Low blank preconcentration technique for the determination of Lead, copper, and cadmium in small-volume seawater samples by isotope dilution ICPMS, Anal. Chem., 69, 2464, 10.1021/ac961204u Zayed, 2003, Chromium in the environment: factors affecting biological remediation, Plant Soil., 249, 139, 10.1023/A:1022504826342 Zhang, 2010, Environmental health in China: progress towards clean air and safe water, J.-Lancet, 375, 1110, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60062-1 Zhao, 1996, Construction and utilization of rock caverns in Singapore Part A: the Bukit Timah granite Bedrock resource, Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol., 11, 65, 10.1016/0886-7798(96)00054-5 Zhao, 2011, Historical lead pollution in the central region of Guizhou Province, China: a record of lead stable isotopes of lake sediments, Appl. Geochem., 26, S267, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.121 Zhu, 2002, Application of Pb isotopic mapping to environment evaluation in China, Chem, Speciat. Bioavailab., 14, 49 Zhu, 2010, Source and distribution of lead in the surface sediments from the South China Sea as derived from Pb isotopes, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 60, 2144, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.07.026 Zurbrick, 2014, Asian industrial lead within the northwest Pacific Ocean evidenced by lead isotopes in seawater, Environ. Sci. Technol.