Heat Stress Interaction with Shade and Cooling

Armstrong, 1993, Comparing three different dairy cattle coolingsystems during high environmental temperatures, J. Dairy Sci., 76, 24 Armstrong, 1993, Environmental modification for dairy cattlehousing in arid climates. Armstrong, 1986 Armstrong, 1986, How to beatthe heat in lactating dairy cows, Southwest Nutr. Conf. Proc., Univ. AZ, Tucson, 60 Armstrong, 1985, Effect of evaporative cooling under a corral shade on reproduction andmilk production in a hot-arid climate, J. Dairy Sci., 68, 167 Armstrong, 1986, Effectof refrigerated air conditioning and evaporative cooling on milk production, J. Dairy Sci., 69, 161 Armstrong, 1988, Effect ofdifferent cooling systems on milk production of latelactation Holstein cows during high ambient temperatures, J. Dairy Sci., 71, 212 Beede, 1987, Integration of coolingmethods for environmental management systems inhot humid environments, 68 Beede, 1986, Potential nutritional strategies for intensively managed cattle duringthermal stress, J. Anim. Sci., 62, 543, 10.2527/jas1986.622543x Bianca, 1962, Relative importance of dry and wet-bulb temperatures in causing heat stress in cattle, Nature (Lond.), 195, 251, 10.1038/195251a0 Bodman, 1983 Bond, 1961, Livestock shades, Calif. Agric., 15, 7 Brown, 1974, Evaporative cooling for Mississippidairy cows, Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 17, 513, 10.13031/2013.36895 Bucklin, 1989, Cow cooling pays in hot humidFlorida, Hoard's Dairyman, 134, 344 Bucklin, 1991, Methods to relieveheat stress for dairy cows in hot, humid climates.Appl, Eng. Agric., 7, 241, 10.13031/2013.26218 Buffington, 1981, Black-globe-humidity index (BGHI as comfort equation for dairy cows), Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng.24, 24, 711, 10.13031/2013.34325 Buffington, 1983, Shade management systems to reduce heatstress for dairy cows, Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 26, 1798, 10.13031/2013.33845 Collier, 1982, Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health andproduction, J. Dairy Sci., 65, 2213, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82484-3 Flamenbaum, 1986, Cooling dairy cattle by a combinationof sprinkling and forced ventilation and its implementation in the shelter system, J. Dairy Sci., 69, 3140, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80778-0 Fuquay, 1981, Heat stress as it affects animalproduction, J. Anim. Sci., 52, 164, 10.2527/jas1981.521164x Gwasdauskas, 1975, Environmental and management factors affecting conception rate in a subtropical climate.J, Dairy Sci., 58, 88, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84523-1 Hahn, 1976, Rational environmental planningfor efficient livestock production, Biometeorology 6, Part II, 106, 10.1007/BF01553967 Hahn, 1982 Hahn, 1985, Management and housing of farmanimals in hot environments. Hahn, 1969, Dairy cow responses to summer air-conditioning as evaluated by switchlock experimentaldesign, Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 12, 202, 10.13031/2013.38798 Igono, 1987, Physiological, productive and economic benefits of shade, spray, and fan system versus shade for Holstein cows during summer heat, J. Dairy Sci., 70, 1069, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80113-3 Johnson, 1966, Effect of hot weather in the productive function ofdairy cows Kelly, 1958, Effectiveness ofartificial shade material, Agric. Eng., 39, 758 Ryan, 1992, Evaluating two different evaporative cooling management systems for dairy cows in a hot, dryclimate, J. Dairy Sci., 75, 1052, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)77849-7 Schultz, 1988, California dairy corral mangermister installation. Smith, 1993, Effectsof a spray and fan system on milk production andreproduction efficiency in a hot-arid climate, J. DairySci., 76, 240 Stealth, 1948, Effect of watersprinkling with and without air movement on coolingdairy cows, J. Dairy Sci., 31, 361, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(48)92217-6 Stott, 1972 Stott, 1962, Causes of lowbreeding efficiency in dairy cattle associated withseasonal high temperatures, J. Dairy Sci., 45, 1369, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(62)89628-3 Strickland, 1989, Sprinkler and fancooling system for dairy cows in hot, humid climates, Appl. Eng. Agric., 5, 231, 10.13031/2013.26507 Taylor, 1986, Evaporative cooling for dairycattle in Florida Thatcher, 1982, Effect ofheat on animal productivity. Thatcher, 1974, Milking performance andreproductive efficiency of dairy cows in an environmentally controlled structure, J. Dairy Sci., 57, 304, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(74)84881-2 Thompson, 1973, Review of the progress ofdairy science climatic physiology of cattle, J. DairySci., 40, 441 Turner, 1989, Reducing heat stress indairy cows through sprinkler and fan cooling Ulberg, 1967, Embryodeath resulting from adverse environment on spermatozoa and ova, J. Anim. Sci., 26, 571, 10.2527/jas1967.263571x Welchert, 1965, Hot weather relief methods for livestock production. Wiersma, 1982, Shades for dairy cattle Wiersma, 1983, Cooling dairy cattle in the holding pen Wiersma, 1988, Evaporativecooling dry cows for improved performance Wiersma, 1966, Microclimatemodification for hot weather stress relief of dairycattle, Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 9, 309, 10.13031/2013.39962 Wolfenson, 1988, Dry period heat stress relief effects on prepartumprogesterone, calf birth weight, and milk production, J. Dairy Sci., 71, 809, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79621-6 Wolfenson, 1984, Effect of cooling heatstressed cows on thermal, productive and reproductiveresponses. Yeshayahu, 1979, Milk yield and fertility of high yielding dairy cows in a subtropic climate during summer and winter, J. Dairy Res., 46, 441