Influence of population density, temperature, and absolute humidity on spread and decay durations of COVID-19: A comparative study of scenarios in China, England, Germany, and Japan

Wu, 2020, Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention, JAMA., 323, 1239, 10.1001/jama.2020.2648 World, 2020 Adhikari, 2020, Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review, Infect Dis Poverty., 9, 1, 10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x Leung, 2020, First-wave COVID-19 transmissibility and severity in China outside Hubei after control measures, and second-wave scenario planning: a modelling impact assessment, Lancet., 395, 1382, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30746-7 Wu, 2020, Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States, medRxiv Zhou, 2020, Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet., 395, 1054, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3 Curtis, 2020, Considering BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19, Lancet., 395, 1545, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31025-4 Miller, 2020, Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study, medRxiv Onder, 2020, Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy, JAMA., 323, 1775 Singh, 2020, Age-structured impact of social distancing on the COVID-19 epidemic in India, arXiv preprint arXiv Webb Hooper, 2020, COVID-19 and racial/ethnic disparities, JAMA., 10.1001/jama.2020.8598 Yancy, 2020, COVID-19 and African Americans, JAMA., 323, 1891, 10.1001/jama.2020.6548 Alvarez, 2020, A simple planning problem for COVID-19 lockdown, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series. Peto, 2020, Universal weekly testing as the UK COVID-19 lockdown exit strategy, Lancet., 395, 1420, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30936-3 Willan, 2020, Assessing the impact of lockdown: fresh challenges for the care of haematology patients in the COVID-19 pandemic, Br. J. Haematol., 189, 10.1111/bjh.16782 Briz-Redon, 2020, The effect of climate on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic: a review of findings, and statistical and modelling techniques, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 44, 591, 10.1177/0309133320946302 Zambrano-Monserrate, 2020, Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment, Sci. Total Environ., 728, 138813, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138813 Ma, 2020, Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Sci Total Environ., 724, 138226, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138226 Liu, 2020, Impact of meteorological factors on the COVID-19 transmission: a multi-city study in China, Sci. Total Environ., 726, 138513, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138513 Xie, 2020, Association between ambient temperature and COVID-19 infection in 122 cities from China, Sci. Total Environ., 724, 138201, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138201 Tosepu, 2020, Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia. Sci Total Environ., 725, 138436, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138436 Briz-Redón, 2020, A spatio-temporal analysis for exploring the effect of temperature on COVID-19 early evolution in Spain, Sci. Total Environ., 728, 138811, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138811 Menebo, 2020, Temperature and precipitation associate with Covid-19 new daily cases: a correlation study between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Oslo, Norway. Sci Total Environ., 737, 139659, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139659 Auler, 2020, Evidence that high temperatures and intermediate relative humidity might favor the spread of COVID-19 in tropical climate: a case study for the most affected Brazilian cities, Sci. Total Environ., 729, 139090, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139090 Prata, 2020, Temperature significantly changes COVID-19 transmission in (sub)tropical cities of Brazil, Sci. Total Environ., 729, 138862, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138862 Kapetanovic, 2020, Modeling the Epidemic Outbreak and Dynamics of COVID-19 in Croatia, arXiv preprint arXiv Huang, 2020, Optimal temperature zone for the dispersal of COVID-19, Sci. Total Environ., 736, 139487, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139487 Wu, 2020, Effects of temperature and humidity on the daily new cases and new deaths of COVID-19 in 166 countries, Sci. Total Environ., 729, 139051, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139051 Kodera, 2020, Correlation between COVID-19 morbidity and mortality rates in Japan and local population density, temperature, and absolute humidity, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 5447, 10.3390/ijerph17155477 Ahmadi, 2020, Investigation of effective climatology parameters on COVID-19 outbreak in Iran, Sci. Total Environ., 729, 138705, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138705 Rashed, 2020, Influence of absolute humidity, temperature and population density on COVID-19 spread and decay durations: multi-prefecture study in Japan, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 1, 10.3390/ijerph17155354 Tao, 2020, Building an open resources repository for COVID-19 research, DIM., 4, 130 GOV.UK [Internet]. Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK 2020 [cited 2020 June 26]. Available from: https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/. Nationale Plattform für geografische Daten [Internet] Toyo Keizai Online [Internet] Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare [Internet] Office for National Statistics [Internet] Statistisches Bundesamt [Internet] Statistics Bureau of Japan [Internet] National Centers for Environmental Information [Internet] Japan Meteorological Agency [Internet] Alin, 2010, Multicollinearity, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics., 2, 370, 10.1002/wics.84 Hu, 2013, The scaling of contact rates with population density for the infectious disease models, Math. Biosci., 244, 125, 10.1016/j.mbs.2013.04.013 BBC.com [Internet] South China Morning Post [Internet] Secretary of State [Internet] Prime Minister's Office [Internet] Hartl Reuters [Internet] The Prime Minister in Action [Internet]