Distribution, formation and human-induced evolution of geogenic contaminated groundwater in China: A review

Alam, 2014, Uranium release from sediment to groundwater, influence of water chemistry and insights into release mechanisms, J. Contam. Hydrol., 164, 72, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.06.001 Alarcón-Herrera, 2013, Co-occurrence of arsenic and fluoride in groundwater of semi-arid regions in Latin America, genesis, mobility and remediation, J. Hazard. Mater., 262, 960, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.005 Amachi, 2005, Active transport and accumulation of iodide by newly isolated marine bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 741, 10.1128/AEM.71.2.741-745.2005 An, 2006, Screening of high As drinking water and distribution of arsenicosis areas between 2001 and 2005 in Qinghai province, Chin. J. Endemiol., 20, 657 Appelo, 2005 Ayotte, 2011, Effects of human-induced alteration of groundwater flow on concentrations of naturally-occurring trace elements at water-supply wells, Appl. Geochem., 26, 747, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.033 Ba, 2010, A discussion of the enrichment and formation of fluoride in groundwater in the plain of Hexi Corridor, J. Arid Land Resour. Environ., 24, 93 Bai, 2007, Distribution of high arsenic water resources in Gansu province, Chin. J. Endemiol., 25, 58 Banning, 2012, Uranium and arsenic dynamics in volcano- sedimentary basins-an exemplary study in north-central Mexico, Appl. Geochem., 27, 2160, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.01.001 Banwart, 1989, The role of oxalate in accelerating the reductive dissolution of hematite (α-Fe2O3) by ascorbate, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 39, 303 Barnes, 1992, The origin of high-nitrate groundwaters in the Australian arid zone, J. Hydrol., 137, 181, 10.1016/0022-1694(92)90055-Z Bartlett, 1979, Behavior of chromium in soils, III Oxidation, J. Environ. Qual., 8, 31, 10.2134/jeq1979.00472425000800010008x Bauder, 2005 Bian, 2012, Arsenic distribution and geological factors in the western Jilin province, China, J. Geochem. Explor., 112, 347, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.10.003 Bo, 2013, Hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors for waters' chemical composition in the Tarim basin, western China, Chem. Erde-Geochem., 73, 343, 10.1016/j.chemer.2013.06.003 Bonneville, 2009, Solubility and dissimilatory reduction kinetics of iron(III) oxyhydroxides, a linear free energy relationship, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73, 5273, 10.1016/j.gca.2009.06.006 Brindha, 2011, Spatial and temporal variation of uranium in a shallow weathered rock aquifer in southern India, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 120, 911, 10.1007/s12040-011-0117-y Buschmann, 2009, Impact of sulfate reduction on the scale of arsenic contamination in groundwater of the Mekong, Bengal and Red River deltas, Appl. Geochem., 24, 1278, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.002 Cao, 2012, Characteristics of nitrate in major rivers and aquifers of the Sanjiang Plain, China, J. Environ. Monit., 14, 2624, 10.1039/c2em30032j Cao, 2013, Residence time as a key for comprehensive assessment of the relationship between changing land use and nitrates in regional groundwater systems, Environ. Sci. Processes Impacts, 15, 876, 10.1039/c3em30955j Cao, 2016, Identifying the hydrochemical characteristics of rivers and groundwater by multivariate statistical analysis in the Sanjiang Plain, China, Appl Water Sci, 6, 169, 10.1007/s13201-014-0215-5 Chen, 1980, Studies on the relations of selenium and Keshan disease, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 2, 91, 10.1007/BF02798589 Chen, 2005, Nitrate pollution from agriculture in different hydrogeological zones of the regional groundwater flow system in the North China Plain, Hydrogeol. J., 13, 481, 10.1007/s10040-004-0321-9 Chen, 2010, Groundwater changes of selected groundwater systems in Northern China in recent fifty years, Quat. Sci., 30, 115 Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 2018 Cornell, 2003 Currell, 2011, Controls on elevated fluoride and arsenic concentrations in groundwater from the Yuncheng Basin, China, Appl. Geochem., 26, 540, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.012 Currell, 2012, Sustainability of groundwater usage in northern China, dependence on palaeowaters and effects on water quality, quantity and ecosystem health, Hydrol. Process., 26, 4050, 10.1002/hyp.9208 Dan, 1994, Contents of iodine in environmental geochemistry and its relationship with iodine deficiency disorders in China, J. Mineral. Petrol., 14, 69 Declercq, 2012, Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) of contaminated soils, state of the art in Europe—a critical evaluation, Sci. Total Environ., 426, 393, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.040 Deng, 2004, Epidemiological survey of drinking water-related arsenicosis in Jinchuan county, Sichuan province, J. Prev. Med. Inf., 20, 370 Deng, 2009, Characteristics of spatial variation and distribution of fluoride content of groundwater in Guanzhong Basin, China Rural Water Hydropower, 4, 77 Deng, 2009, Isotope and minor element geochemistry of high arsenic groundwater from Hangjinhouqi, the Hetao plain, Inner Mongolia, Appl. Geochem., 24, 587, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.12.018 Ding, 2009, Formation origin of high concentration-Fe in shallow groundwater in Deyang, Sichuan Province, J. Jilin Univ. (Earth Sci. Ed.), 39, 868 Ding, 2009, Chemical characteristics and influential factors of fluoride ions in shallow groundwater of Huaibei Plain, Water Resour. Prot., 25, 64 Du, 2010, Analysis of spatial and temporal variations of groundwater level and its salinity in Hetao irrigation district, Transactions of the CSAE, 26, 26 Duan, 2015, Temporal variation of groundwater level and arsenic concentration at Jianghan Plain, Central China, J. Geochem. Explor., 149, 106, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.12.001 Edmunds, 2009, Geochemistry's vital contribution to solving water resource problems, Appl. Geochem., 24, 1058, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.02.021 Edmunds, 1997, Naturally high nitrate concentrations in groundwaters from the Sahel, J. Environ. Qual., 26, 1231, 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050006x Fan, 2011, Rational groundwater exploitation and utilization, an important approach of improving salinized farmland in Xinjiang, Arid Zone Res., 28, 737 Farooqi, 2010, Distribution of highly arsenic and fluoride contaminated ground water from east Punjab, Pakistan, and the controlling role of anthropogenic pollutants in natural hydrological cycle, Geochem. J., 41, 213, 10.2343/geochemj.41.213 Fawell, 2006, Fluoride in drinking-water Fei, 2009, Discussion of vertical variations of saline groundwater and mechanism in North China Plain, Water Resour. Prot., 26, 21 Fendorf, 1992, Chromium(III) oxidation by d-MnO2, Charact. Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 79, 10.1021/es00025a006 Fendorf, 2010, Spatial and temporal variations of groundwater arsenic in south and southeast Asia, Science, 328, 1123, 10.1126/science.1172974 Feng, 2015, Distribution and causes of high-iron and high-fluoride shallow groundwater in the Hetao Plain of Inner Mongolia, Acta Geosci. Sin., 36, 67 Fu, 2013 Gan, 2014, Hydrogeochemistry and arsenic contamination of groundwater in the Jianghan Plain, central China, J. Geochem. Explor., 138, 81, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.12.013 Gao, 2012, The occurrence and distribution of fluoride ions in the severe endemic disease area of Balin you county, Inner Mongolia Sci. Technol. Econ., 17, 61 Gao, 2014, Distribution characteristics of saline groundwater and high arsenic groundwater in the Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia, Acta Geosci. Sin., 35, 139 Gates, 2008, Conceptual model of recharge to southeastern Badain Jaran desert groundwater and lakes from environmental tracers, Appl. Geochem., 23, 3519, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.07.019 Gates, 2008, Ecohydrological factors affecting nitrate concentrations in a phreatic desert aquifer in Northwestern China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3531, 10.1021/es702478d Guo, 2012, Geochemistry of hot springs in the Tengchong hydrothermal areas, Southwestern China, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 215–216, 61, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.12.003 Guo, 2007, Geochemical processes controlling the elevated fluoride concentrations in groundwaters of the Taiyuan Basin, Northern China, J. Geochem. Explor., 93, 1, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2006.07.001 Guo, 2008, Groundwater geochemistry and its implications for arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of the Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, Sci. Total Environ., 393, 131, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.12.025 Guo, 2009, The characteristic of groundwater quality of Xingren Basin in west of Ningxia, J. Ningxia Univ., 30, 76 Guo, 2012, Spatial variation in arsenic and fluoride concentrations of shallow groundwater from the town of Shahai in the Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, Appl. Geochem., 27, 2187, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.01.016 Guo, 2013, Dynamic behaviors of water levels and arsenic concentration in shallow groundwater from the Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, J. Geochem. Explor., 135, 130, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.06.010 Guo, 2014, A review of high arsenic groundwater in mainland and Taiwan, China, distribution, characteristics and geochemical processes, Appl. Geochem., 41, 196, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.12.016 Guo, 2014, Arsenic mobilization in aquifers of the southwest Songnen Basin, P.R. China, evidences from chemical and isotopic characteristics, Sci. Total Environ., 490, 590, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.050 Guo, 2014, Hydrogeochemical contrasts between low and high arsenic groundwater and its implications for arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of the northern Yinchuan Basin, P.R. China, J. Hydrol., 518, 464, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.06.026 Guo, 2015, Contrasting distributions of groundwater arsenic and uranium in the western Hetao basin, Inner Mongolia, implication for origins and fate controls, Sci. Total Environ., 541, 1172, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.018 Guo, 2016, Sulfur cycling-related biogeochemical processes of arsenic mobilization in the western Hetao Basin, China: evidence from multiple isotope approaches, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 12650, 10.1021/acs.est.6b03460 Guo, 2017, On the scalability of hydrogeochemical factors controlling arsenic mobility in three major inland basins of PR China, Appl. Geochem., 77, 15, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.05.006 Han, 2011, Geochemical and isotopic evidence for palaeo-seawater intrusion into the south coast aquifer of Laizhou bay, China, Appl. Geochem., 26, 863, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.02.007 Han, 2011, A survey of groundwater levels and hydrogeochemistry in irrigated fields in the Karamay agricultural development area, northwest China, implications for soil and groundwater salinity resulting from surface water transfer for irrigation, J. Hydrol., 405, 217, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.052 Han, 2013, Spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater arsenic in shallow and deep groundwater of Yinchuan Plain, China, J. Geochem. Explor., 135, 71, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.11.005 Han, 2014, Chemical and isotopic constraints on evolution of groundwater salinization in the coastal plain aquifer of Laizhou bay, China, J. Hydrol., 508, 12, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.040 Han, 2015, Groundwater salinization processes and reversibility of seawater intrusion in coastal carbonate aquifers, J. Hydrol., 531, 1067, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.11.013 Han, 2016, Deep challenges for China's war on water pollution, Environ. Pollut., 218, 1222, 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.078 Hartsough, 2001, A 14.6 kyr record of nitrogen flux from desert soil profiles as inferred from vadose zone pore waters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2955, 10.1029/2000GL011823 Harvey, 2002, Arsenic mobility and groundwater extraction in Bangladesh, Science, 298, 1602, 10.1126/science.1076978 He, 2012, Groundwater recharge environments and hydrogeochemical evolution in the Jiuquan Basin, Northwest China, Appl. Geochem., 27, 866, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.01.014 He, 2013, Geochemical characteristics and fluoride distribution in groundwater of Zhangye Basin in Northwestern China, J. Geochem. Explor., 135, 22, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.12.012 Heeb, 2012, Organic micropollutants in rivers downstream of the megacity Beijing: sources and mass fluxes in a large-scale wastewater irrigation system, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 8680, 10.1021/es301912q Hem, 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. U.S Hu, 2009, Spatial variability of iron and manganese contents in shallow groundwater in the west of Sichuan Basin, Acta Ecol. Sin., 29, 797 Huang, 2008, Distribution and origin of iron in groundwater of the Zhujiang delta, Geol. China, 35, 531 Huang, 2010, Distribution of arsenic in water and soil in the representative area of the Pearl river Delta, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni, 49, 131 Huang, 2013, Impact of anthropogenic and natural processes on the evolution of groundwater chemistry in a rapidly urbanized coastal area, South China, Sci. Total Environ., 463–464, 209, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.078 Huang, 2013, Nitrate in groundwater and the unsaturated zone in (semi)arid northern China, baseline and factors controlling its transport and fate, Environ. Earth Sci., 70, 145, 10.1007/s12665-012-2111-3 Huang, 2016, Fluorescence spectroscopy reveals accompanying occurrence of ammonium with fulvic acid-like organic matter in a fluvio-lacustrine aquifer of Jianhan Plain, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 23, 1, 10.1007/s11356-016-6092-8 Inner Mongolia Institute of Hydrogeology, 1982, Hydrogeological setting and remediation, approaches of soil salinity in the Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia Jia, 2013, Hot topics and trends in the study of high arsenic groundwater, Adv. Earth Science, 28, 51 Jia, 2014, Hydrogeochemical zonation and its implication for arsenic mobilization in deep groundwaters near alluvial fans in the Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, J. Hydrol., 518, 410, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.004 Jia, 2015, Groundwater vulnerability to ammonia and nitrate based on modeling simulation method: a case study in Changping District of Beijing, Geoscience, 29, 316 Jia, 2017, Sources of groundwater salinity and potential impact on arsenic mobility in the western Hetao basin, Inner Mongolia, Sci. Total Environ., 601–602, 691, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.196 Jiang, 2013, The contribution of human activities to dissolved inorganic carbon fluxes in a karst underground river system, evidence from major elements and δ13C(DIC) in Nandong, Southwest China, J. Contam. Hydrol., 152, 1, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2013.05.010 Jiang, 2013 Jiao, 2010, Abnormally high ammonium of natural origin in a coastal aquifer-aquitard system in the Pearl River Delta, China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 7470, 10.1021/es1021697 Jin, 2001, The distributing regular of fluoride and its environmental characteristics in arid area of Hexi Corridor, Gansu Province, J. Gansu Agric. Univ., 36, 310 Jin, 2003, Study on distribution of endemic arsenism in China, J. Hygiene Res., 23, 519 Jin, 2009, Relationship between soil salinization and the vegetation growing, groundwater depth in the Yinchuan Plain, Geoscience, 23, 23 Jin, 2015, Geochemistry of sediment moisture in the badain Jaran Desert, implications of recent environmental changes and water-rock interaction, Appl. Geochem., 63, 235, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.09.006 Jing, 2014, Identification of indicators of groundwater quality formation process using a zoning model, J. Hydrol., 514, 30, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.03.059 Kazakis, 2015, Geogenic Cr oxidation on the surface of mafic minerals and the hydrogeological conditions influencing hexavalent chromium concentrations in groundwater, Sci. Total Environ., 514, 224, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.080 Kendy, 2003, A soil-water-balance approach to quantify groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain, Hydrol. Process., 17, 2011, 10.1002/hyp.1240 Kim, 2012, Co-contamination of arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater of unconsolidated aquifers under reducing environments, Chemosphere, 87, 851, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.025 Kirk, 2011, Quality of our groundwater resources: arsenic and fluoride, Geosci. J., 13, 82 Langmuir, 1978, Uranium solution-mineral equilibria at low temperatures with applications to sedimentary ore deposits, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 42, 547, 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90001-7 Li, 2006, Analysis on distribution and formation causes of high-chrome groundwater in Yuncheng City, Groundwater, 28, 31 Li, 2005, Investigation of water arsenic in Luding county, Sichuan province, J. Prev. Med. Inf., 21, 333 Li, 2000 Li, 2006, Investigation of endemic arsenism in areas Anhui province of China, Anhui J. Prev. Med., 12, 193 Li, 2008, Formation mechanism of fluoride pollution in groundwater in Sunit in Inner Mongolia, Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol., 20, 433 Li, 2011, Geochemical provenance and spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Taiyuan Basin, China, Environ. Earth Sci., 62, 1635, 10.1007/s12665-010-0648-6 Li, 2012, Hierarchical cluster analysis of arsenic and fluoride enrichments in groundwater from the Datong basin, northern China, J. Geochem. Explor., 118, 77, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.05.002 Li, 2013, Enrichment of arsenic in surface water, stream sediments and soils in Tibet, J. Geochem. Explor., 135, 104, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.08.020 Li, 2013, Analysis of chemical characteristics of high fluoride groundwater in Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang, J. Arid Land Resour. Environ., 27, 87 Li, 2013, Hydrogeochemistry of high iodine groundwater, a case study at the Datong Basin, northern China, Environ. Sci. Processes Impacts, 15, 848, 10.1039/c3em30841c Li, 2014, Iodine mobilization in groundwater system at Datong Basin, China, evidence from hydrochemistry and fluorescence characteristics, Sci. Total Environ., 468–469, 738, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.092 Li, 2015, Paleo-environment from isotopes and hydrochemistry of groundwater in East Junggar Basin, Northwest China, J. Hydrol., 529, 650, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.019 Li, 2015, Hydrogeochemistry of high-fluoride groundwater at Yuncheng basin, northern China, Sci. Total Environ., 508, 155, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.045 Li, 2016, Effects of water-sediment interaction and irrigation practices on iodine enrichment in shallow groundwater, J. Hydrol., 543, 293, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.10.002 Li, 2016, Preliminary study of combined groundwater pollution by arsenic-fluoride in Kuitun reclamation area of Xinjiang and its causes, J. Environ. Prot. Sci., 42, 124 Li, 2016, Mechanism of cross strata pollution of groundwater caused by borehole with non-sealing walls: a case study of a test hole in Hengshui City, J. Water Resour. Prot., 32, 14 Li, 2017, Identification of dominating factors affecting vadose zone vulnerability by a simulation method, Sci. Rep., 7 Lian, 2017, Identification of groundwater redox process induced by landfill leachate based on sensitive factor method, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 24, 1 Liang, 1997, Epidemiological analysis of endemic fluorosis in China, Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev., C15, 123 Liang, 2009, Origin and distribution characteristics of manganese in groundwater of the Zhujiang River Delta, Geol. China, 36, 899 Liang, 2015, Spatial distribution and enrichment of fluoride in geothermal water from eastern Guangxi, China, Safety Environ. Eng., 22, 1 Liao, 2013, Hydrochemistry of high-arsenic thermal groundwater of low-temperature in the guide basin in Qinghai, China, Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol., 40, 121 Lin, 2001, Environmental isotope profiles of the soil water in loess unsaturated zone in semi-arid areas of China, 101 Lingle, 2017, Use of nitrogen isotopes and other geochemical tools to evaluate the source of ammonium in a confined glacial drift aquifer, Ottawa County, Michigan, USA, Appl. Geochem., 78, 334, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.01.004 Liu, 1980, Geochemical environment problems concerning the endemic fluorine disease in China, Geochimica, 1, 13 Liu, 2009, Geochemical characteristics of geothermal fluid in Tengchong area, Yunnan Province, China, Acta Mineral. Sin., 29, 496 Liu, 2013, Variation characteristics and causes of arsenic concentration in shallow groundwater of northern Shandong plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow river, Acta Geosci. Sin., 34, 470 Liu, 2014, Relationship between the actual test results of groundwater arsenic level and the predictions of a geographic information system model in four provinces of Huaihe River basin, Chin. J. Endemiol., 33, 30 Liu, 2014, Late Miocene episodic lakes in the arid Tarim basin, western China, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 111, 10.1073/pnas.1410890111 Liu, 2016, Geochemical behaviors of rare earth elements in groundwater along a flow path in the North China Plain, J. Asian Earth Sci., 117, 33, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.11.021 Ljung, 2007, Time to re-evaluate the guideline value for manganese in drinking water?, Environ. Health Perspect., 115, 1533, 10.1289/ehp.10316 Lu, 2008, Spatial characteristics of water quality, stable isotopes and tritium associated with groundwater fl ow in the Hutuo River alluvial fan plain of the North China Plain, Hydrogeol. J., 16, 1003, 10.1007/s10040-008-0292-3 Luo, 2006, Investigation and assessment on arsenic pollution of groundwater and soil in Kuitu, Xinjiang province, Arid Land Geogr., 29, 705 Luo, 2012, Comparison of arsenic geochemical evolution in the Datong Basin (Shanxi) and Hetao basin (Inner Mongolia), China, Appl. Geochem., 27, 2315, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.08.012 Luo, 2017, Distribution, types and genesis of Geogenic high-arsenic groundwater in Kuitun, Xinjiang, Acta Sci. Circumst., 37, 2897 Ma, 2003, The ecological and environmental problems caused by the excessive exploitation and utilization of groundwater resources in the Minqin Basin, Gansu Province, Arid Zone Res., 20, 261 Ma, 2010, Isotopic and geochemical evidence of recharge sources and water quality in the quaternary aquifer beneath Jinchang city, NW China, Appl. Geochem., 25, 996, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.04.006 Ma, 2010, Hydrochemical characteristics and brine evolution paths of Lop Nor Basin, Xinjiang Province, Western China, Appl. Geochem., 25, 1770, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.09.005 Ma, 2011, Geochemical evolution of groundwater in carbonate aquifers in Taiyuan, northern China, Appl. Geochem., 26, 884, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.02.008 Ma, 2013, Groundwater recharge and evolution in the Dunhuang basin, northwestern China, Appl. Geochem., 28, 19, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.10.007 Mao, 2016, Distribution characteristics and genesis of fluoride groundwater in the Hetao basin, Inner Mongolia, Earth Sci. Front., 23, 260 Mastrocicco, 2013, Ammonium occurrence in a salinized lowland coastal aquifer (Ferrara, Italy), Hydrol. Process., 27, 3495, 10.1002/hyp.9467 McArthur, 2001, Arsenic in groundwater: testing pollution mechanisms for sedimentary aquifers in Bangladesh, Water Resour. Res., 37, 109, 10.1029/2000WR900270 McArthur, 2012, Sedimentological control on Mn, and other trace elements, in groundwater of the Bengal Delta, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 669, 10.1021/es202673n Mei, 2015, Analysis on groundwater drinking water quality in Jiamusi City, J. Environ. Sci. Manag., 40, 147 Mills, 2011, Chromium(VI) generation in vadose zone soils and alluvial sediments of the southwestern Sacramento valley, California: a potential source of geogenic Cr(VI) to groundwater, Appl. Geochem., 26, 1488, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.05.023 Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), 2011 Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), 2017 Ministry of Health Mukherjee, 2009, Chemical evolution in the high arsenic groundwater of the Huhhot basin (Inner Mongolia, P.R. China) and its difference from the western Bengal basin (India), Appl. Geochem., 24, 1835, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.06.005 Mukherjee, 2014, Influence of tectonics, sedimentation and aqueous flow cycles on the origin of global groundwater arsenic, paradigms from three continents, J. Hydrol., 518(1, 284, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.044 Nagaraju, 2016, Statistical analysis of high fluoride groundwater hydrochemistry in southern India: quality assessment and implications for source of fluoride, Environ. Eng. Sci., 33, 1, 10.1089/ees.2015.0511 Neumann, 2010, Anthropogenic influences on groundwater arsenic concentrations in Bangladesh, Nat. Geosci., 3, 46, 10.1038/ngeo685 Ni, 2016, Aqueous geochemistry and its influence on the partitioning of arsenic between aquifer sediments and groundwater: a case study in the northwest of the Hetao Basin, Environ. Earth Sci., 75, 356, 10.1007/s12665-016-5294-1 Nicolli, 2012, Arsenic and associated trace-elements in groundwater from the Chaco-Pampean Plain, Argentina: results from 100 years of research, Sci. Total Environ., 429, 36, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.048 Niu, 2017, Temporal variations of groundwater quality in the western Jianghan plain, China, Sci. Total Environ., 578, 542, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.225 Pacheco, 2013, Anthropogenic impacts on mineral weathering, a statistical perspective, Appl. Geochem., 36, 34, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.06.012 Pan, 2014 Pan, 2007, Distribution of water-soluble iron in water environment of Sanjiang Plain, Sci. Geogr. Sin., 27, 820 Pedersen, 2006, Release of arsenic associated with the reduction and transformation of iron oxides, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70, 4116, 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.1370 Perrin, 2008, Impact of nitrogenous fertilizers on carbonate dissolution in small agricultural catchments, implications for weathering CO2 uptake at regional and global scales, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72, 3105, 10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.011 Pi, 2009, The security of shallow groundwater supply for dinking in Dongting Lake area, Geol. Miner. Resour. South China, 4, 48 Ping, 2013, Groundwater recharge and hydrogeochemical evolution in the Ejina basin, northwest China, J. Hydrol., 476, 72, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.10.049 Polizzotto, 2008, Near-surface wetland sediments as a source of arsenic release to ground water in Asia, Nature, 454, 505, 10.1038/nature07093 Postma, 1993, The reactivity of iron oxides in sediments:a kinetic approach, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 5027, 10.1016/S0016-7037(05)80015-8 Postma, 2007, Arsenic in groundwater of the red river floodplain, Vietnam, controlling geochemical processes and reactive transport modeling, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71, 5054, 10.1016/j.gca.2007.08.020 Postma, 2012, Groundwater arsenic concentrations in Vietnam controlled by sediment age, Nat. Geosci., 5, 656, 10.1038/ngeo1540 Qin, 2008, Investigation of water arsenic in Aba county, Sichuan province, J. Prev. Med. Inf., 24, 313 Qin, 2013, Assessing the impact of natural and anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality in coastal alluvial aquifers of the lower Liaohe River Plain, NE China, Appl. Geochem., 31, 142, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.01.001 Rao, 2017, Controlling factors of fluoride in groundwater in a part of south India, Arab. J. Geosci., 10, 524, 10.1007/s12517-017-3291-7 Regenspurg, 2010, Speciation of naturally-accumulated uranium in an organic-rich soil of an alpine region (Switzerland), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 2082, 10.1016/j.gca.2010.01.007 Rodríguez-Lado, 2013, Groundwater arsenic contamination throughout China, Science, 341, 866, 10.1126/science.1237484 Santi, 2006, Investigating cross-contamination of aquifers, Hydrogeol. J., 14, 51, 10.1007/s10040-004-0403-8 Scanlon, 2006, Global synthesis of groundwater recharge in semiarid and arid regions, Hydrol. Process., 20, 3335, 10.1002/hyp.6335 Schaefer, 2016, Aquifer arsenic cycling induced by seasonal hydrologic changes within the Yangtze river basin, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 3521, 10.1021/acs.est.5b04986 Schaefer, 2017, Redox controls on arsenic enrichment and release from aquifer sediments in central Yangtze River Basin, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 204, 104, 10.1016/j.gca.2017.01.035 Shen, 2005, Screening report in areas of endemic arsenism and high content of arsenic in China, Chin. J. Endem., 24, 172 Shen, 2007, Study on geographic distribution of national high water iodine areas with contours of water iodine in high iodine areas, Chin. J. Endemiol., 26, 658 Shen, 2018, Partitioning and reactivity of iron oxide minerals in aquifer sediments hosting high arsenic groundwater from the Hetao basin, PR China, Appl. Geochem., 89, 190, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.12.008 Shi, 2013 Shi, 2010, The distribution and geochemistry of geothermal groundwater bearing F and As in the Guide Basin, Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol., 37, 36 Shi, 2017, Environmental water chemistry and possible correlation with kaschin-beck disease (KBD) in northwestern Sichuan, China, Environ. Int., 99, 282, 10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.006 Shvartsev, 2006, Geochemistry of sodic waters in the Datong intermountain basin, Shanxi Province, northwestern China, Geochem. Int., 44, 1015, 10.1134/S0016702906100065 Smedley, 2002, A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters, Appl. Geochem., 17, 517, 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5 Smedley, 2003, Mobilisation of arsenic and other trace elements in fluviolacustrine aquifers of the Huhhot basin, Inner Mongolia, Appl. Geochem., 18, 1453, 10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00062-3 Smedley, 2006 Song, 2000, Characters of groundwater and influence on the interior salt affected soil in the west of Jilin Province, 20, 246 Stalder, 2012, Occurrence of uranium in Swiss drinking water, Chemosphere, 86, 672, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.022 Stone, 2014, Naturally-high nitrate in unsaturated zone sand dunes above the Stampriet Basin, Namibia, J. Arid Environ., 105, 41, 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.02.015 Su, 2013, Aqueous geochemistry of high-fluoride groundwater in Datong Basin, northern China, J. Geochem. Explor., 135, 79, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.09.003 Su, 2014, Comparison of hydrogeological characteristics between the Sanjiang Plain and the Amur River Basin, J. Groundwater Sci. Eng., 2, 26, 10.26599/JGSE.2014.9280039 Sun, 2014 Sun, 2013, Evolution mechanism of shallow high fluoride groundwater in the Guanzhong basin, Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol., 40, 117 Sun, 2014, Impact of human activity on the groundwater chemical composition of the south part of the Poyang Lake Basin, Ieri Procedia, 8, 113, 10.1016/j.ieri.2014.09.019 Sun, 2015, The distribution and enrichment characteristics of fluoride in geothermal active area in Tibet, China Environ. Sci., 35, 251 Tang, 2004, Assessment of groundwater contamination by nitrates associated with wastewater irrigation: a case study in Shijiazhuang region, China, Hydrol. Process., 18, 2303, 10.1002/hyp.5531 Tang, 2013, Geochemistry of iodine-rich groundwater in the Taiyuan basin of central Shanxi province, north China, J. Geochem. Explor., 135, 117, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.08.019 Tong, 2004, Epidemiologic prevalence representative survey on state of endemic arsenism in Tongyu town Jilin province, Chin. J. End., 23, 48 Walvoord, 2003, A reservoir of nitrate beneath desert soils, Science, 302, 1021, 10.1126/science.1086435 Wang, 1995, Outline of control practice of endemic fluorosis in China, Soc. Sci. Med., 41, 1191, 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00429-W Wang, 2012, Origin of groundwater salinity and hydrogeochemical processes in the confined Quaternary aquifer of the Pearl River Delta, China, J. Hydrol., s438–439, 112, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.03.008 Wang, 1999, Fluoride contamination of groundwater and its impacts on human health in Inner Mongolia area, J. Water Supply Res Technol., 48, 146, 10.2166/aqua.1999.0015 Wang, 2003, Distribution and characteristics of groundwater in Huhhot high arsenic concentration areas, J. Inner Mongolia Univ. National., 18, 402 Wang, 2003, Investigation on arsenic concentration in drinking water and disease state of arsenism in Shanyin county, J. Contr. Endem. Dis., 18, 293 Wang, 2004, Assessment and zoning of ecologic-geologic environment of Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang province, Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol., 6, 11 Wang, 2004, The epidemiological state of endemic arsenism in Shanxi province, Chin. J. End., 23, 362 Wang, 2004, Water balance change for a re-vegetated xerophyte shrub area, Hydrol. Sci. J., 49, 283, 10.1623/hysj.49.2.283.34841 Wang, 2009, Genesis of arsenic/fluoride-enriched soda water, a case study at Datong, Northern China, Appl. Geochem., 24, 641, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.12.015 Wang, 2010, Spatial variation of enriched elements in shallow groundwater in Taiyuan basin, J. Beijing Normal Univ. (Nat. Sci.), 46, 79 Wang, 2012, A national cross-sectional study on effects of fluoride-safe water supply on the prevalence of fluorosis in China, BMJ Open, 2, 315, 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001564 Wang, 2012, Occurrence and geochemical behavior of arsenic in a coastal aquifer-aquitard system of the Pearl River Delta, China, Sci. Total Environ., 427–428, 286, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.006 Wang, 2013, Groundwater recharge and hydrogeochemical evolution in the Ejina Basin, northwest China, J. Hydrol., 476, 72, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.10.049 Wang, 2014, Coupled iron, sulfur and carbon isotope evidences for arsenic enrichment in groundwater, J. Hydrol., 519, 414, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.028 Wang, 2014, The impacts of a linear wastewater reservoir on groundwater recharge and geochemical evolution in a semi-arid area of the lake Baiyangdian Watershed, North China Plain, Sci. Total Environ., 482–483, 325, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.130 Wang, 2016, Enrichment and mechanisms of heavy metal mobility in a coastal quaternary groundwater system of the Pearl River delta, China, Sci. Total Environ., 545–546, 493, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.019 Wang, 2017, Relationship between land-use and sources and fate of nitrate in groundwater in a typical recharge area of the North China Plain, Sci. Total Environ., 609, 607, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.176 Wang, 2017, Sedimentogenesis and hydrobiogeochemistry of high arsenic Late Pleistocene-Holocene aquifer systems, Earth Sci. Rev. Wang, 2017, High-fluorine groundwater formation in Longshoushan piedmont in Zhangye Basin, Geoscience, 31, 415 Wasserman, 2006, Water manganese exposure and children's intellectual function in Araihazar, Bangladesh, Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 124, 10.1289/ehp.8030 Wei, 1984, The soil background value in China Wei, 2014, Groundwater recharge and evolution of water quality in China's Jilantai basin based on hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidence, Environ. Earth Sci., 72, 3491, 10.1007/s12665-014-3257-y Wei, 2016, Occurrence and hydrogeochemical characteristics of high-fluoride groundwater in Xiji county, southern part of Ningxia province, China, Environ. Geochem. Health, 38, 275, 10.1007/s10653-015-9716-x Wen, 2005, Hydrochemical characteristics and salinity of groundwater in the Ejina Basin, northwestern China, Environ. Geol., 48, 665, 10.1007/s00254-005-0001-7 Wen, 2013, Arsenic, fluoride and iodine in groundwater of China, J. Geochem. Explor., 135, 1, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.10.012 WHO, 2011 Winograd, 1982, Deep oxygenated groundwater, anomaly or common occurrence?, Science, 216, 1227, 10.1126/science.216.4551.1227 Wu, 1994, Genesis study of iron and manganese in shallow groundwater in the south of Hangijahu Plain, Site Investigation Science and Technology, 1, 34 Wu, 2009, Hydrogeochemical characteristics of surface water and groundwater in the karst basin, southwest China, Hydrol. Process., 23, 2012, 10.1002/hyp.7332 Wu, 2014, Occurrence, behavior and distribution of high levels of uranium in shallow groundwater at Datong basin, northern China, Sci. Total Environ., 472, 809, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.109 Xiao, 2015, Hydrochemical characteristics, controlling factors and solute sources of groundwater within the Tarim River Basin in the extreme arid region, NW Tibetan Plateau, Quat. Int., 380, 237, 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.021 Xie, 2009, Geochemical and environmental magnetic characteristics of high arsenic aquifer sediments from Datong Basin, northern China, Environ. Geol., 58, 45, 10.1007/s00254-008-1489-4 Xie, 2011, The sources of geogenic arsenic in aquifers at Datong basin, northern China, constraints from isotopic and geochemical data, J. Geochem. Explor., 110, 155, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.05.006 Xie, 2013, Mobilization of arsenic in aquifers from the Datong Basin, China, evidence from geochemical and iron isotopic data, Chemosphere, 90, 1878, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.012 Xie, 2013, Multiple isotope (O, S and C) approach elucidates the enrichment of arsenic in the groundwater from the Datong Basin, northern China, J. Hydrol., 498, 103, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.024 Xie, 2015, Effect of irrigation on Fe(III)-SO42−, redox cycling and arsenic mobilization in shallow groundwater from the Datong basin, China, evidence from hydrochemical monitoring and modeling, J. Hydrol., 523, 128, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.035 Xing, 2014, Spatial distribution characteristics and origin of fluoride in groundwater of Huaibei City, Anhui Province, Acta Geosci. Sin., 35, 163 Xu, 2009, The water chemical characteristics and distribution pattern of Nuomuhong district in the southern margin of Qaidam basin, J. Hebei Academy Sci., 26, 63 Xu, 2013, The hydrogeochemical characteristics of high iodine and fluoride groundwater in the Hetao plain, Inner Mongolia, Prog. Earth Planet Sci., 7, 908, 10.1016/j.proeps.2013.03.183 Xu, 2017, Using environmental isotopes along with major hydro-geochemical compositions to assess deep groundwater formation and evolution in eastern coastal China, J. Contam. Hydrol. Xue, 2009, Behavior and characteristics of dissolved organic matter during column studies of soil aquifer treatment, Water Res., 43, 499, 10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.026 Yang, 2008 Yang, 2014, Uranium and radon in private bedrock well water in Maine, geospatial analysis at two scales, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 4298, 10.1021/es405020k Yao, 2011, Selenium, iodine, and the relation with Kashin-Beck disease, Nutrition, 27, 1095, 10.1016/j.nut.2011.03.002 Yu, 2007 Yuan, 2009, Investigation on high-arsenic water in Henan Province in 2008, Chinese Journal of Pest Control., 25, 113 Zeng, 1997, The background and formation of groundwater iron in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Delta, Renning Changjiang, 28, 43 Zeng, 2008, Analysis on distribution regulation and formation causes of Fe and Mn in the groundwater in the project area of Beipiao water percolation, Ground Water, 30, 10 Zhang, 2001, Distribution of fluorine and its affecting factors in soil in Shanxi, Acta Pedol. Sin., 38, 284 Zhang, 2007, Distribution of arsenic and other aqueous constituents in groundwater of Taiyuan basin, China, 1299 Zhang, 2004 Zhang, 2005 Zhang, 2005 Zhang, 2005 Zhang, 2005 Zhang, 2005 Zhang, 2005 Zhang, 2005 Zhang, 1995, Water geochemistry of the rivers around the Taklimakan Desert (NW China), crustal weathering and evaporation process in arid land, Chem. Geol., 119, 225, 10.1016/0009-2541(94)00088-P Zhang, 1996, Nitrate pollution of groundwater in northern China, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 59, 223, 10.1016/0167-8809(96)01052-3 Zhang, 2006, Hydrochemical characteristics and evolution laws of groundwater in Songnen Plain, Northeast China, Adv. Water Sci., 17, 20 Zhang, 2008 Zhang, 2009 Zhang, 2009, Fluoride, arsenic and selenium concentrations in drinking water in part areas of Qinghai Province between 2005 and 2006, Qinghai Medicine Magazine, 39, 63 Zhang, 2010, Research progress and prospect of geological environment in main endemic disease area, Geol. China, 37, 551 Zhang, 2010, The distribution of high iodine groundwater in typical areas of China and its inspiration, Geol. China, 37, 797 Zhang, 2011, Environmental selenium in the kaschin-beck disease area, Tibetan Plateau, China, Environ. Geochem. Health, 33, 495, 10.1007/s10653-010-9366-y Zhang, 2012, Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of surface water and groundwater in Songnen plain, Northeast China, Water Res., 46, 2737, 10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.033 Zhang, 2013, Iodine in groundwater of the North China Plain, spatial patterns and hydrogeochemical processes of enrichment, J. Geochem. Explor., 135, 40, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.11.016 Zhang, 2013, Distribution of iodine in typical sections in North China Plain and its influence on choice of edible salt, J. Water Resour. Prot., 29, 7 Zhang, 2014, The assessment of shallow groundwater quality of Lower Liaohe River Basins, Environ. Prot. Cyclic Econ., 01, 52 Zhang, 2017, Evaluation of arsenic sorption and mobility in stream sediment and hot spring deposit in three drainages of the Tibetan Plateau, Appl. Geochem., 77, 89, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.04.006 Zhang, 2017, Arsenic behavior in different biogeochemical zonations approximately along the groundwater flow path in Datong Basin, northern China, Sci. Total Environ., 584, 458 Zhang, 2018, Influences of groundwater extraction on flow dynamics and arsenic levels in the western Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, Hydrogeol. J., 1 Zhao, 2002, The characteristic and formation of groundwater iron and manganese in Daqing city, Helongjiang Environ. J., 26, 27 Zhao, 2007, Study on formation causes of high fluorine groundwater in Hetao area of Inner Mongolia, Rock and Mineral Analysis, 26, 320 Zhao, 2007, Eco-geochemical investigation on the endemic As and F poisoning in Datong Basin, Earth Sci. Front., 14, 225 Zhao, 2017, A hydrogeochemistry and multi-isotope (Sr, O, H, and C) study of groundwater salinity origin and hydrogeochemcial processes in the shallow confined aquifer of northern Yangtze River downstream coastal plain, China, Appl. Geochem., 86, 49, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.09.015 Zhou, 2014, Elementary analysis of distribution features and formation of Fe2+ and Mn2+ in the shallow groundwater of the Huaihe River valley plain, Resour. Survey Environ., 35, 147 Zhou, 2017, Distribution of groundwater arsenic in XinJiang, P.R. China, Appl. Geochem., 77, 116, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.09.005 Zhu, 1984, Aeolian landforms in the Taklimakan Desert, Vol. 1 Zhu, 2007, Hydrogeochemical and isotope evidence of groundwater evolution and recharge in Minqin Basin, Northwest China, J. Hydrol., 333, 239, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.08.013 Zhu, 2014, The influence of irrigation and Wuliangsuhai lake on groundwater quality in eastern Hetao basin, Inner Mongolia, China, Hydrogeol. J., 22, 1101, 10.1007/s10040-014-1116-2 Zhu, 2014, Analysis of chemical characteristics and factors for anomalous chromium-rich groundwater in an area, Shanxi Province, Environ. Chem., 33, 1864 Zhu, 2015, Distributing regularity and influencing factors of fluoride in Lanzhou City, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 144 Zhu, 2015, Fluorine and arsenic contents in groundwater and their hydrochemical impact in Songnen Plain, South-to-North Water Transfers Water Sci. Technol., 13, 553 Zou, 2012, Waterborne iron migration by groundwater irrigation pumping in a typical irrigation district of Sanjiang Plain, Environ. Sci., 33, 1209