The effects of crop load and irrigation rate in the oil accumulation stage on oil yield and water relations of ‘Koroneiki’ olives
Tóm tắt
The interactions between irrigation rates applied during the oil accumulation stage and crop load were studied in a six-year-old very-high-density Koroneiki (Olea europaea L.) orchard. Five irrigation rates, determined as thresholds of midday stem water potential, were applied from July 1st until harvest in 2008 and 2009 and from July 1st to the end of September in 2010. Oil yield increased with increasing crop load in all the irrigation treatments. Oil yield did not respond to increasing irrigation at very low crop load and the higher the crop load the higher the response to irrigation. There was no response to irrigation at the lowest crop loads, but the higher the irrigation rate the higher the oil yield at high crop loads. The predicted commercial oil yield at common fruit counts increased from 1.99 t/ha at the lowest irrigation rate to 3.06 t/ha at the highest irrigation rate. Stomatal conductance decreased with decreasing stem water potential but leveled off at 30–60 mmol m−2 s−1 at stem water potential values lower than −4.0 MPa. High crop load increased stomatal conductance and decreased stem water potential relative to low crop load at low and medium irrigation rates. The effect of crop load on water relations became evident by the end of August and was well pronounced at the beginning of October. Physiological and irrigation water management implications related to the interactions between tree water status and crop load are discussed.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alegre S, Girona J, Marsal J, Arbones A, Motilva MJ, Romero MP (1999) Regulated deficit irrigation in olive trees. Acta Hortic 474:373–376
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1999) Crop evapotranspiration-guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation Drain Paper 56, United Nations—Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
Angelopoulos K, Dichio B, Xiloyannis C (1996) Inhibition of photosynthesis in olive trees (Olea Europaea L.) during water stress and rewatering. J Exp Bot 47:1093–1100
Armenta S, Moros J, Garigues SM, de la Guardia M (2010) The use of Near-Infrared spectrometry in the olive oil industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 50:567–582
Avidan B, Meni Y, Tsur N (2007) Composition and morphology changes in olive fruit as indication of maturation. Adv Hortic Sci 21:3–8
Barone E, Gullo G, Zappia R, Inglese P (1994) Effect of crop load on fruit ripening and olive oil (Olea europea L.) quality. J Hortic Sci 69:67–73
Ben-Gal A, Dag A, Yermiyahu U, Zipori I, Kerem Z (2008) Evaluation of irrigation in converted rain fed orchard: the transition year. Acta Hortic 792:99–106
Ben-Gal A, Agam N, Alchanatis V, Cohen Y, Yermiyahu U, Zipori I, Presnov E, Sprintsin M, Dag A (2009) Evaluating water stress in irrigated olives: correlation of soil water status, tree water status, and thermal imagery. Irrigation Sci 27:367–376
Ben-Gal A, Kool D, Agam N, van Helsema G, Yermiyahu U, Yafe A, Presnov E, Erel R, Majdo A, Zipori I, Segal E, Rüger S, Zimmermann U, Cohen Y, Alchanatis V, Dag A (2010) Whole-tree water balance and indicators for short-term drought stress in non-bearing ‘Barnea’ olives. Agric Water Manag 98:124–133
Ben-Gal A, Yermiyahu U, Zipori I, Presnov E, Hanoch E, Dag A (2011) The influence of bearing cycles on olive oil production response to irrigation. Irrigation Sci 29:253–263
Berenguer MJ, Vossen PM, Grattan SR, Vonnell JH, Polito VS (2006) Tree irrigation levels for optimum chemical and sensory properties of olive oil. HortScience 41:427–432
Bustan A, Avni A, Lavee S, Zipori I, Yeselson Y, Schaffer AA, Riov J, Dag A (2011) Role of carbohydrate reserves in yield production of intensively cultivated oil olive (Olea europaea L.) trees. Tree Physiol 31:519–530
Connor DJ (2006) Towards optimal designs for hedgerow olive orchards. Aust J Agric Res 57:1067–1072
d’Andria R, Morelli G (2002) Irrigation regime affects yield and oil quality of olive trees. Acta Hortic 586:273–276
d’Andria R, Lavini A, Morelli G, Patumi M, Terenziani S, Calandrelli D, Fragnito F (2004) Effects of water regimes on five pickling and double aptitude olive cultivars (Olea europea L.). J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 79:8–25
Dag A, Ben-Gal A, Yermiyahu U, Basheer L, Yogev N, Kerem Z (2008) The effect of irrigation level and harvest mechanization on virgin olive oil quality in a traditional rain-fed “Souri” olive orchard converted to irrigation. J Sci Food Agric 88:1524–1528
Dag A, Bustan A, Avni A, Lavee S, Riov J (2009) Fruit thinning using NAA shows potential for reducing biennial bearing of ‘Barnea’ and ‘Picual’ oil olive trees. Crop Pasture Sci 60:1124–1130
Dag A, Bustan A, Avni A, Tzipori I, Lavee S, Riov J (2010) Timing of fruit removal affects concurrent vegetative growth and subsequent return bloom and yield in olive (Olea europaea L.). Sci Hortic 123:469–472
DeJong TM (1986) Effects of reproductive and vegetative sink activity on leaf conductance and water potential of Prunus persica L. Batsch. Sci Hortic 29:131–137
Ennajeh M, Tounekti T, Vadel AM, Khemira H, Cochard H (2008) Water relations and drought-induced embolism in Olive (Olea europaea) varieties ‘Meski’ and ‘Chemlali’ during severe drought. Tree Physiol 28:971–976
Erf JA, Proctor TA (1989) Growth, mineral nutrition, and leaf water status of mature apple trees subjected to various crop loads and soil water conditions. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 114:191–196
Faci JM, Berenguer MJ, Espada JL, Garcia S (2002) Effect of variable water irrigation supply in olive (Olea europea L.) cv. Arbenquina in Aragon (Spain). I. Fruit and oil production. Acta Hortic 586:341–344
Fernandez JE, Diaz-Espejo A, Infante JM, Duran P, Palomo MJ, Chamorro V, Giron IF, Villagarcia L (2006) Water relations and gas exchange in olive trees under regulated deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying. Plant Soil 284:273–291
Fuji JA, Kennedy RA (1985) Seasonal changes in photosynthetic rate in apple trees. Plant Physiol 78:519–524
Girona J, Luna M, Arbones A, Mata M, Rufat J, Marsal J (2002) Young olive trees responses (Olea europea, cv “Arbenquina”) to different water supplies. Water function determination. Acta Hortic 586:277–280
Giuliani T, Coreli-Grappadeli L, Magnanini E (1997) Effects of crop load on apple photosynthetic responses and yield. Acta Hortic 451:303–311
Goldhamer DA, Dunai J, Ferguson L (1994) Irrigation requirements of olive trees and responses to sustained deficit irrigation. Acta Hortic 356:172–175
Grattan SR, Berenguer MJ, Connell JH, Polito VS, Vossen PM (2006) Olive oil production as influenced by different quantities of applied water. Agric Water Manag 85:133–140
Grossman YL, DeJong TM (1994) PEACH: a simulation model of reproductive and vegetative growth in peach trees. Tree Physiol 14:329–345
Gucci R, Xiloyannis C, Flore JA (1991) Gas exchange parameters, water relations and carbohydrate partitioning in leaves of field-grown Prunus domestica following fruit removal. Physiol Plant 83:497–505
Gucci R, Coreli-Grappadeli L, Tustin S, Ravaglia G (1994) The effect of defruiting at different stages of fruit development on leaf photosynthesis of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple. Tree Physiol 15:35–40
Gucci R, Lodolni E, Rapoport HF (2007) Productivity of olive trees with different water status and crop load. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 82:648–656
Gucci R, Lodolni E, Rapoport HF (2009) Water deficit-induced changes in mesocarp cellular processes and the relationship between mesocarp and endocarp during olive fruit development. Tree Physiol 29:1575–1585
Guerfel M, Baccouri B, Boujnah D, Zarrouk M (2007) Seasonal changes in water relations and gas exchange in leaves of Tunisian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under water deficit. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 82:721–726
Hansen P (1971) The effect of fruiting upon transpiration rate stomatal opening in apple leaves. Physiol Plant 25:181–183
Inglese P, Barone E, Gullo G (1996) The effect of complementary irrigation on fruit growth, ripening pattern and oil characteristics of olive (Olea europea L.) cv. Carola. J Hortic Sci 71:257–263
Lavee S, Wodner M (1991) Factors affecting the nature of oil accumulation in fruit of olive (Olea europea L.) cultivars. J Hortic Sci 66:583–591
Lavee S, Nashef M, Wodner M, Harshemesh H (1990) The effect of complementary irrigation added to old olive tree (Olea europea L.) cv. Souri on fruit characteristics, yield and oil production. Adv Hortic Sci 4:135–138
Lavee S, Hanoch E, Wodner M, Abramowitch H (2007) The effect of predetermined water deficit on the performance of cv. Muhasan olives (Olea europea L.) in the eastern coastal plain of Israel. Sci Hortic 112:156–163
Lopez G, Arbones A, del Campo G, Mata M, Valverdu X, Girona J, Marsal J (2008) Response of peach tree to regulated deficit irrigation in stage II of fruit development and summer pruning. Span J Agric Res 6:479–491
Mannino P, Pannelli G (1990) Fully harvesting of olive fruit. Technical and agronomical preliminary evaluations. Acta Hortic 286:437–440
Marsal J, Lopez G, Girona J, Basile B, De Jong TM (2005) Heterogeneity in fruit distribution and stem water potential variations in peach trees under different irrigation conditions. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 80:82–86
Marsal J, Mata M, Arbones A, Del-Campo J, Girona J (2008) Factors involved in alleviating water stress by partial crop removal in pear trees. Tree Physiol 28:1375–1382
Martín-Vertedor AI, Pérez-Rodríguez JM, Prieto Losada H, Fereres Castiel E (2011a) Interactive responses to water defecits and crop load in olive (Olea europaea L., cv. Morisca). I. Growth and water relations. Agric Water Manag 98:941–949
Martín-Vertedor AI, Pérez-Rodríguez JM, Prieto Losada H, Fereres Castiel E (2011b) Interactive responses to water defecits and crop load in olive (Olea europaea L., cv. Morisca). II. Water use, fruit and oil yield. Agric Water Manag 98:950–958
Moltiva MJ, Tovar MJ, Romero MP, Alegre S, Girona J (2002) Evolution of oil accumulation and polyphenol content in fruits of olive tree (Olea europea L.) related to different irrigation strategies. Acta Hortic 586:345–348
Moriana A, Fereres E (2002) Plant indicators for scheduling irrigation of young olive trees. Irrigation Sci 21:83–90
Moriana A, Villalobos FJ, Fereres E (2002) Stomatal and photosynthetic responses of olive (Olea europea L.) leaves to water deficit. Plant Cell Environ 25:395–405
Moriana A, Orgaz F, Pastor M, Fereres E (2003) Yield responses of a mature olive orchard to water deficit. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 128:425–431
Naor A (2006) Irrigation scheduling and evaluation of tree water status in deciduous orchards. Hortic Rev 32:111–166
Naor A, Cohen S (2003) The sensitivity and variability of maximum trunk shrinkage, midday stem water potential, and transpiration rate in response to withholding of irrigation in field-grown apple trees. HortScience 38:547–551
Naor A, Gal Y, Bravdo B (1997) Crop level affects assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, stem water potential and water relations of field-grown Sauvignon blanc grapevines. J Exp Bot 48:1675–1680
Naor A, Naschitz S, Peres M, Gal Y (2008) Response of apple fruit size to tree water status and crop load. Tree Physiol 28:1255–1261
Palmer JW (1992) Effects of varying crop load on photosynthesis, dry matter production and partitioning of Crispin/M.27 apple trees. Tree Physiol 11:19–33
Patumi M, d’Andria R, Fontanazza G, Morelli J, Giorgo P, Sorrentino G (1999) Yield and oil quality on intensively trained trees of three cultivars of olive (Olea europea L.) under different irrigation regimes. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 74:729–737
Rapoport H, Costagli G, Gucci R (2004) The effect of water deficit during early fruit development on olive fruit morphogenesis. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 129:121–127
Schneider D, Goldway M, Birger R, Stern RA (2011) Suppression of olive (Olea europaea L.) tree growth by uniconazole in high-density orchard. Israel J Plant Sci 59:85–92
Tognetti R, d’Andria R, Morelli G, Alvino A (2005) The effect of deficit irrigation on seasonal variations of plant water use in Olea europea L. Plant Soil 273:139–155
Tognetti R, d’Andria R, Acchi R, Lavini A, Morelli G, Alvino A (2007) Deficit irrigation affects seasonal changes in leaf physiology and oil quality of Olea europea (cultivars Frantoio and Leccino). Ann Appl Biol 150:169–186
Tombesi A (2006) Planting system, canopy management and mechanical harvesting. In: Caruso T, Motisi A and Sebstiani L (eds), Olivebioteq 2006, Second International Seminar. Recent Advances in Olive Industry, Regione Siciliana Assessorato Agricoltura e Foreste, Marsala, Italy, pp 307–316
Tous J, Romero A, Hermoso JF (2010) New trends in olive orchard design for continuous mechanical harvesting. Adv Hortic Sci 24:43–52
Trentacoste ER, Puertas CM, Sadras VO (2010) Effect of fruit load on oil yield components and dynamics of fruit growth and oil accumulation in olive (Olea europaea L.). Eur J Agron 32:249–254
Vossen P (2007) Olive oil: history, production, and characteristics of the world’s classic oils. HortScience 42:1093–1100
Wibbe ML, Blanke MM (1995) Effects of defruiting on source-sink relationship, carbon budget, leaf carbohydrate content and water use efficiency of apple trees. Physiol Plant 94:529–533
Wibbe ML, Blanke MM, Lenz F (1993) Effect of fruiting on carbon budgets of apple tree canopies. Trees 8:56–60
Wunsche JN, Palmer JW (1997) Effects of fruiting on seasonal leaf and whole canopy carbon dioxide exchange of apple. Acta Hortic 451:295–301
Wunsche JN, Palmer JW, Greer DH (2000) Effect of crop load on fruiting and gas exchange characteristics of ‘Braeburn’/M.26 apple trees at full canopy. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 125:93–99