Establishing insecticide-resistant phytoseiid mite predators in deciduous tree fruit orchards

BioControl - Tập 21 - Trang 383-399 - 1976
B. A. Croft1
1Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA

Tóm tắt

A summary of basic biological, ecological and toxicological characteristics of 3 phytoseiid mite predatorsTyphlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt,Amblyseius fallacis Garman andTyphlodromus pyri Scheuten which have developed resistances to certain insecticides commonly used in commercial fruit orchards is presented. Methods of culturing and mass-rearing these mites are reviewed. Also the cultural and pesticidal measures which should be maintained to facilitate effective biological control of spider mite pest of deciduous fruit crops by these predators and to maximally provide for their establishment in areas of the world where resistance has not developed or they do not occur naturally are discussed.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Ahlstrom, K.R. &Rock, G.C. — 1973. Comparative studies onNeoseiulus fallacis andMetaseiulus occidentalis for azinphosmethyl toxicity and effects of prey and pollen on growth. —Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 66, 1109–1113. Anonymous. — 1968. Test methods for resistance in insects of agricultural importance: first conference. —Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1, 31–37. Begljarov, G.A. — 1967. Ergebriisse der Untersuchungen und Anwendung vonPhytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (1957) als biologisches Bekampfungsmittel gegen Spinnmilben in der Sowjetunion. —NachBl. PflSchulzdienst, Berlin, 21, 197–200. Carmona, Maria — 1964. Contribuicao para o conhecimento dos acaros das plantas cultivadas em Portugal. IV. —Agron. Lusit., 26, 175–203. Chant, D.A. — 1959. Phytoseiid mites [Acarina: Phytoseiidae]. Part. I. Bionomics of seven species in southeastern England. Part II. A taxonomic review of the familyPhytoseiidae, with descriptions of thirty-eight new species. —Can. Entomol., 91, Suppl. 12, 166 pp. Clancy, D.W. &McAlister, H.J. — 1958. Effects of spray practices on apple mites and their predators in West Virginia. —Proc. 10thInt. Congr. Entomol., Montreal, 1956. 4, 597–601. Collyer, E. — 1964a. A summary of experiments to demonstrate the role ofTyphlodromus pyri Scheut. in the control ofPanonychus ulmi (Koch) in England. —Acarologia, Proc., 1st.Int. Congr. Acarol., Fort Collins, Colo., U.S.A., 1963, 363–371. — — 1964b. The effect of an alternative food supply on the relationship between twoTyphlodromus speies andPanonychus ulmi (Koch) [Acarina] —Entomol. Exp. Appl., 7, 120–124. Collyer, E. &Kirby, A.H.M. — 1955. Some factors affecting the balance of phytophagous and predaceous mites on apple in south-east England. —J. Hort. Sci., 30, 97–108. — — 1959 Further studies on the influence of fungicide sprays on the balance of phytophagous and predaceous mites on apple in southeast England. —J. Hort. Sci., 34, 39–50. Collyer, Elsie, &van, Geldermalsen, M. — 1975. Integrated control of apple pests in New Zealand. 1. Outline on experiments and general results. —N.Z. J. Zool., 2, 101–134. Croft, B.A. — 1971. Comparative studies on four strains ofTyphlodromus occidentalis [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] V. Photoperiodic induction of diapause. —Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 64, 962–964. — — 1972. Prey stage distribution, a factor affecting the numerical response ofTyphlodromus occidentalis to populations ofTetranychus mcdanieli andTetranychus pacificus. —Great Basin Nat., 32, 61–75. Croft, B.A. — 1975. Integrated control of apple mites. —Bull. E-825,Mich. State Coop. Ext. Ser., 12 pp. Croft, B.A. — 1976. Unpublished data. Croft, B.A. &Barnes, M.M. — 1971. Comparative studies on four strains ofTyphlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] III. Evaluations of releases of insecticide resistant strains into an apple orchard ecosystem. —J. Econ. Entomol., 64, 845–850. — — 1972. Comparative studies on four strains ofTyphlodromus occidentalis. VI. Persistence of insecticide resistant strains in a apple orchard ecosystem. —J. Econ. Entomol., 65, 211–216. Croft, B.A. &Brown, A.W.A. — 1975. Responses of arthropod natural enemies to insecticides. —Annu. Rev. Entomol., 20, 285–335. Sroft, B.A., Brown, A.W.A. &Hoying, S.A. — 1976. Organophosphorus resistance and its inheritance in the predaceous miteAmblyseius fallacis. —J. Econ. Entomol. 69, 64–68. Croft, B.A. &Hoying, S.A. — 1975. Carbaryl resistance in native and released populations ofAmblyseius fallacis. —Environ. Entomol., 4, 895–898. Croft, B.A. &Jeppson, L.R. — 1970. Comparative studies on four strains ofTyphlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt [Acarina: Phytoseiidae]. II. Laboratory toxicity of ten compounds common to apple pest control. —J. Econ. Entomol., 63, 1528–1531. Croft, B.A. &McMurtry, J.A. — 1972a. Minimum releases ofTyphlodromus occidentalis to controlTetranychus mcdanieli on apple. —J. Econ. Entomol., 65, 188–191. — — 1972b. Comparative studies on four strains ofTyphlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt [Acarina: Phytoseiidae]. IV. Life history studies. —Acarologia, 13, 460–470. Croft, B.A. &Meyer, R.H. — 1973. Carbamate and organophosphorus resistance patterns in populations ofAmblyseius fallacis. —Environ. Entomol., 2, 691–695. Croft, B.A. &Nelson, E.E. — 1972. Toxicity of apple orchard pesticides to Michigan populations ofAmblyseius fallacis. —Environ. Entomol., 1, 576–579. Croft, B.A. &Stewart, P.G. — 1973. Toxicity of one carbamate and six organophosphorus insecticides to O-P resistant strains ofTyphlodromus occidentalis andAmblyseius fallacis. —Environ. Entomol., 2, 486–488. Dabrowski, Z.T. — 1969. Badania laboratoryjne nad toksyncznosica pestycydow dlaTyphlodromus finlandicus (Oud.) iPhytoseius macropilis (Banks) [Phytoseiidae, Acarina]. —Rocz. Nauk Roln., 95-A-3, 337–369. DeBach, P. — Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. —Reinhold Pub. Co., New York. 844 pp. Dosse, G. — 1956. Über die Entwicklung einiger Raubmilben bei verschiedenen Nahrungstieren [Acar. Phytoseiidae] —Pfanzenschutzber., 16, 122–136. — — 1960. Über den Einfluss der RaubmilbeTyphlodromus tiliae Oud. auf die ObstbaumspinnmilbeMetatetranychus ulmi Koch [Acari.]. —Pflanzenschutzber. 24, 113–137. — — 1961. Über die Bedeutung der Pollennahrung fürTyphlodromus (T.) pyri Scheuten (=T. tiliae Oud.) [Acari, Phytoseiidae]. —Entomol. Expl., 4, 191–195. Downing, R.S. &Moilliet, T.K. — 1971. Occurrence of phytoseiid mites in apple orchards in south central British Columbia. —J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia., 68, 33–36. — — 1972. Replacement ofTyphlodromus occidentalis byT. caudiglans andT. pyri after cessation of spray on apple trees. —Can. Entomol., 104, 937–940. — — 1974. Comparisons between an exotic and an endemic phytoseiid mite predator [Acarina,: Phytoseiidae] in British Columbia. —Can. Entomol., 106, 773–776. Finney, G. — 1953. A technique for the mass culture of the six-spotted mite. —J. Econ. Entomol. 46, 712–713. Flaherty, D., Lynn, C., Jensen, F. &Hoy, M. — 1972. Spider mite populations in San Joaquin vineyards. —Calif. Agric., 26, 10–12. Gonzales, R.H. — 1975. Integrated pest control in orchards in Chile and perspectives'in South America. —C.R. Symp. Lutte intégrée vergers, OILB/SROP, 5, 135–145. Gould, H.J., Hussey, N.W. & Parr, W.J.— 1967. Large scale commercial control ofTetranychus urticae Koch on cucumbers by the predator,Phytoseiulus persimilis A-H. —Proc. 2nd Int. Cong. Acarol., 383–388. Herbert, H.J. — 1962. Overwintering females and the number of generations ofTyphlodromus (T.) pyri Scheuten [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] in Nova Scotia. —Can. Entomol., 92, 233–242. Herne, D.H.C. &Putman, W.L. — 1966. Toxicity of some pesticides to predaceous arthropods in Ontario peach orchards. —Can. Entomol., 98, 936–942. Holdsworth, R. P. — 1974. Integrated control of apple pest insects in Ohio. In: 1974 commercial fruit spray recommendations for Ohio. —Bull. Ohio State Univ. Extension Ser. 506, 20–26. Hoy, M.A. &Flaherty, D.L. — 1970. Photoperiodic induction of diapause in the predaceous mite,Metaseiulus occidentalis. —Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.,. 63, 960–963. Hoying, S. & Croft, B.A. — 1976. Unpublished data. Hoyt, S. C. — 1969 a. Integrated chemical control of insects and biological control of mites on apple in Washington. —J. Econ. Entomol., 62, 74–86. Hoyt, S.C. — 1969b. Population studies of five mite species on apple in Washington. —Proc. 2nd Int. Cong. Acarol., Sutton-Bonnington, England (1967), 117–133. — — 1972. Resistance to azinphosmethyl ofTyphlodromus pyri from New Zealand. —N.Z. J. Sci., 15, 16–21. Hoyt, S.C. — 1976. Unpublished data. Huffaker, C.B. &Kennett, C.E. — 1953. Differential tolerance to parathion in twoTyphlodromus predatory on cyclamen mite. —J. Econ. Entomol., 46, 707–708. Huffaker, C.B., Van de Vrie, M. &McMurtry, J.A., — 1970. Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: a review. II. Tetranychid populations and their possible control by predators: an evaluation. —Hilgardia, 40, 391–458. Hussey, N.W., Parr, W.J. &Gould, J.H. — 1965. Observations on the control ofTetranychus urticae Koch on cucumbers by the predatory mitePhytoseiulus riegeli Dosse. —Entomol. Exp. Appl., 8, 271–281. Jacklin, S.W. — 1966. Phytophagous mites. In: Insect Colonization and Mass ProductionC.N. Smith, ed.) —Academic Press, New York. Jeppson, L.R., Kiefer, H.H. & Baker, E.W. — 1975. Mites injurious to economic plants. —Univ. of Calif. Press. 614 pp. Kennett, C.E. — 1970. Resistance to parathion in the phytoseiid mite,Amblyseius hibisci. —J. Econ. Entomol., 63, 1999–2000. Krantz, G.W. — 1970. A Manual of Acarology. —Oregon St. Press., Corvallis, Oregon. 335 pp. Leetham, J.W. &Jorgensen, C.D. — 1969. Overwintering phytoseiid mites in central Utah apple orchards. —Great Basin Nat., 29, 96–105. MacPhee, A.W. &Sanford, K.H. — 1961. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. XII. Second supplement to VII. Effects on beneficial arthropods. —Can. Entomol., 93, 671–673. Madsen, H.F. — 1968. Integrated control of deciduous tree fruit pests. —World Crops, 20, 21–23. — — 1970. Insecticides for codling moth control and their effect on other insects and mites of apple in British Columbia. —J. Econ. Entomol., 63, 1521–1523. — — 1956. Das Massenauftreten von Spinnmilben als biozönotisches Problem. —Mitt. Biol. Bund Anst. Ld-u Forstw. (Berlin-Dahlem), 85, 34–40. Mathys, G. — 1958. The control of phytophagous mites in Swiss vineyards byTyphlodromus species. —Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Entomol., Montreal, 1956., 4, 607–610. McMurtry, J.A. &Scriven, G.T. — 1962. The use of agar media in transporting and rearing phytoseiid mites. —J. Econ. Entomol., 55, 412–414. — — 1964. Studies on the feeding, reproduction and development ofAmblyseius hibisci [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] on various food substrates. —Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 57: 649–655. — — 1965. Insectary production of phytoseiid mites. —J. Econ. Entomol., 58, 282–284. — — 1966. Effects of artificial foods on reproduction and development of four species of phytoseiid mites. —Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 59, 267–269. — — 1975. Population increase ofPhytoseiulus persimilis on different insectary feeding programs. —J. Econ. Entomol., 68, 319–321. McMurtry, J.A., Huffaker, C.B. &van de Vrie, M. — 1970. Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: a review. I. Tetranychid enemies: their biological characters and impact of spray practices. —Hilgardia, 40, 331–390. McMurtry, J.A., Oatman, E.R. &Fleschner, C.A. — 1971. Phytoseiid mites on some tree and row crops and adjacent wild plants in southern California. —J. Econ. Entomol., 64, 405–408. Meyer, R.H. — 1974. Management of phytophagous and predatory mites in Illinois orchards. —Environ. Entomol., 3, 333–340. — — 1974. Release of carbaryl-resistant predatory mites in apple orchards. —Environ. Entomol. 4, 49–51. Milaire, H.E. — 1972. Integrated control of arthropod pests in European orchards. —FAO Plant. Prot. Bull, 20, 12–17. Morgan, C.F.G., &Anderson, N.H. — 1958. Notes on parathion-resistant strains of two phytophagous mites and a predaceous mite in British Columbia. —Can. Entomol., 90, 92–97. Motoyama, N., Rock, B.G. &Dauterman, W.C. — 1970. Studies on organophosphorus resistance in an apple orchard population ofTyphlodromus (Amblyseius) fallacis —J. Econ. Entomol., 63, 1439–1442. — — 1970. Studies on the mechanism of azinphosmethyl resistance in the predaceous mite,Neoseiulus (T.) fallacis. —Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 1, 205–215. Munger, F., &Gilmore, J.E. — 1963. Equipment and techniques used in rearing and testing the citrus red mite. In: Advances in Acarology, vol. 1. (J.A. Naegle, ed.). —Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York, 157–168. Naegle, J.A., &McEnroe, W.D. — 1963. Mass rearing of the two-spotted spider mite. In: Advances in Acarology, vol. 1 (J.A. Naegle, ed.). —Comstock Publ. Co, Ithaca, New York, 191–192. Poulev, V. — 1975. Réalisations concernant la lutte integrée en vergers de pommiers en R.P. Bulgarie. —C.R. Symp. Lutte intégrée en vergers, OILB/SROP, 5, 89–96. Poe, S.L., &Enns, W.R. — 1969. Predaceous mites associated with Missouri orchards. —Trans. Mo. Acad. Sci., 3, 69–82. Putman, W.L. &Herne, D.C. — 1964. Relations betweenTyphlodromus caudiglans Schuster [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] and phytophagous mites in Ontario peach orchards. —Can. Entomol., 96, 925–943. Rambier, A. — 1964. Les acariens phytophages dans le vignoble méditerranéen. —Acarologia. Proc. 1st. Int. Congr. Acarol., Fort Collins, Colo., U.S.A., 1963, 421–423, Ristich, S.S. — 1956. Toxicity of pesticides toTyphlodromus fallacis, (Gar.). —J. Econ. Entomol., 49, 511–515. Rock, G.C. &Yeargan, D.R. — 1970. Relative toxicity of Plictran to the European red mite, the two-spotted spider mite and the predaceous miteNeoseiulus (Typhlodromus) fallacis. —Down Earth, 26, 1–4. — — 1971. Relative toxicity of pesticides to organophosphorus-resistant orchard populations ofNeoseiulus fallacis and its prey. —J. Econ. Entomol., 64, 932–933. Rock, G.C., Yeargan, D.R. &Rabb, R.L. — 1971. Diapause in the phytoseiid mite,Neoseiulus (T.) fallacis. —J. Insect Physiol., 17, 1651–1659. Sanford, K.H. — 1967. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. XVII. Effects on some predaceous mites. —Can. Entomol., 99, 197–201. Schuster, R.O. &Pritchard, A.E. — 1963. Phytoseiid mites of California. —Hilgardia, 34, 191–285. Scopes, N.E.A. — 1968. Mass rearing ofPhytoseiulus riegeli Dosse for use in commercial horticulture. —Plant Pathol., 17, 123–126. Scriven, G.T. &Fleschner, C.A. — 1960. Insectary production ofStethorus species. —J. Econ. Entomol., 53, 982–985. Scriven, G.T. &McMurtry, J.A. — 1971. Quantitative production and processing of tetranychid mites for large-scale testing or predator production. —J. Econ. Entomol., 64, 1255–1257. Smith, F.F., Henneberry, T.J. &Boswell, A.L. — 1963. The pesticide tolerance ofTyphlodromus fallacis andPhytoseiulus persimilis with some observations on the predatory efficiency ofP. persimilis. —J. Econ. Entomol., 56, 274–278. Springett, B.P. — 1975. Integrated control in Australia orchards —C.R. Symp. Lutte intégrée en vergers OILB/SROP, 5, 147–151. Steiner, H. — 1967. Augenblicklicker stand der integrierten Bekampfung in Obstbau in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. —Entomophaga, Mem. H. S. 3, 133. Swiet, F.C. — 1968. Population densities of the European red mite and the predaceous miteTyphlodromus (A.) fallacis on apple foliage following treatment with various insecticides. —J. Econ. Entomol., 61, 1489–1491. — 1970. Predation ofTyphlodromus (A.) fallacis on the European red mite as measured by the insecticidal check method. —J. Econ. Entomol., 63, 1617–1618. Swirski, E. &Dorzia, N. — 1968. Studies on the feeding, development and oviposition of the predaceous mite,Amblyseius limonicus Garman & McGregor [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] on various kinds of food substances. —Israel J. Agric. Res., 18, 71–75. Swirski, E., Amitai, S. &Dorzia, N. — 1967a. Laboratory studies on the feeding, development and reproduction of the predaceous mitesAmblyseius rubini Swirski & Amitai andAmblyseius swirskii Athias [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] on various kinds of food substances. —Israel J. Agric. Res., 17, 101–119. — — 1967b. Laboratory studies on the feeding, development and oviposition of the predaceous mite,Typhlodromus athiasae P. & S. [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] on various kinds of food substrates. —Israel J. Agric. Res., 17, 213–218. Tanagoshi, L.K., Hoyt, S.C., Browne, R.W. &Logan, J.A. — 1975. Influence of temperature on population increase ofMetaseiulus occidentalis [Acarina: Phytoseiidae]. —Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 68, 979–986. van de Vrie, M. — 1962. The influence of spray chemicals on predatory and phytophagous mites on apple trees in laboratory and field trials in the Netherlands. —Entomophaga, 7, 243–250. — — 1964. The effect of an experimental spray schedule on the population ofMetatetranychus ulmi Koch andTyphlodromus pyri Scheuten. —Entomophaga, 9, 243–246. van de Vrie, M., 1973. Studies on predatory-prey interactions betweenPanonychus ulmi andTyphlodromus (A.) potentillae [Acarina: Tetranychidae] Phytoseiidae on apple in the Netherlands. —Proc. FAO Conf. Ecol. Rel. Plant Pest Contr., Rome, 1973, 145–160. — — 1970. Population sampling for integrated control.. —C.R. Symp. Lutte intégrée en verger OILB/SROP, 4, 57–75. van de Vrie, M. & Billiod, M. — 1975. Unpublished data. van de Vrie, M. &Kropczynska, D. — 1965. The influence of predatory mites on the population development ofPanonychus ulmi (Koch) on apple grown under various nitrogen conditions.Proc. 5th Eur. Symp. Acarol., Milano (1965). —Boll. Zool. Agr. Bachic Serie II., 7, 119–130. Vasilliev, V.P. — 1976. Utilizing population density forecasts in integrated fruit pest control programs. In: Modeling in Pest Management (R.L., Tummala, D.L. Haynes & B.A. Croft, eds). —Proc. 2nd USA/USSR Symp. Integrated Pest Manage., Mich. State Univ., 1974. 247 pp. Watve, C.M. &Lienk, S.E. — 1975. Responses of two phytoseiid mites to pesticides used in New York apple orchards. —Environ. Entomol., 4, 797–800. Watve, C.M. &Lienk, S.E. — 1976. Resistance to carbaryl and six organophosphorus insecticides ofAmblyseius fallacis andTyphlodromus pyri from New York apple orchards. —Environ. Entomol. 5, 368–370. Westigard, P.H., Medinger, L.E. &Kellogg, O.E. — 1972. Field evaluation of pesticides for their suitability in an integrated program for spider mites on pear. —J. Econ. Entomol., 65, 191–192. Wiackowski, S.K. &Suski, Z.W. — 1962. Preliminary investigations on the predaceous mites [Acarina, Phytoseiidae] in Poland. —Proc. Inst. Sadow. Skierniew., 7, 233–237. Zwick, R.W. — 1972. Studies on the integrated control of spider mites on apples in Oregon's Hood River Valley. —Environ. Entomol., 1, 169–176.