Distribution and fluxes of fluorescent whitening agents discharged from domestic wastewater into small rivers with seasonal changes of flow rates

Burg AW, Rohovsky MW, Kensler CJ (1977) Current status of human safety and environmental aspects of fluorescent whitening agents used in detergents in the United states. CRC Crit Rev Environ Control 7:91–120

Hayashi Y, Managaki S, Takada H (2002) Fluorescent whitening agents in Tokyo Bay and adjacent rivers: their application as anthropogenic molecular markers in coastal environments. Environ Sci Technol 36(16):3556–3563

Hayakawa K, Okumura R, Yamamoto H, Fujiwara M (2005) Distribution of fluorescent whitening agents as an indicator of domestic wastewater. Korean J Limnol 38(special issue):62–66

Hostetler KA (1996) Evaluation of the disodium salt of 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-stilbene disulfonic acid for estrogen activity. J Toxicol Environ Health A 48:141–150

Inoue T, Ebise S (1992) Runoff characteristics of linear alkylbenzen-sulfonate (LAS) in rivers (in Japanese). J Jpn Soc Water Environ 15:739–747

Jensen S, Petterson O (1971) 2,5-di-(Bensozazole-2-yl)thiophene, an optical brightener contaminating sludge and fish. Environ Pollut 2:145–155

Kimaro T, Tachikawa Y, Takara K (2003) Hydrological effects of land use change in the Yasu River basin, vol 46B. Annual Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, pp 193–201

Kramer JB (1996) Photodegradation of fluorescent whitening agents in sunlit natural waters. Doctorate dissertation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich

Lake Biwa Research Institute (1986) In: Shiga Prefecture Regional Environment Atlas. Lake Biwa Research Institute, Japan

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT), Japan (2006) Water Information System. http://www1.river.go.jp

Nakamura M, Nakajima T (eds) (2002) In: Lake Biwa and its watershed. A review of LBRI research notes. Lake Biwa Research Institute, Japan

National Astronomical Observatory, Japan (2000) Chronological scientific tables. Maruzen, Japan

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2004) OECD environmental data compendium 2004. OECD, Paris

Poiger T, Field JA, Field TM, Giger W (1996) Occurrence of fluorescent whitening agents in sewage and river water determined by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Environ Sci Technol 30(7):2220–2226

Poiger T, Field JA, Field TM, Siegrist H, Giger W (1998) Behavior of fluorescent whitening agents during sewage treatment. Water Res 32(6):1939–1947

Poiger T, Kari FG, Giger W (1999) Fate of fluorescent whitening agents in the River Glatt. Environ Sci Technol 33(4):533–539

Stoll J-MA, Giger W (1997) Determination of detergent-derived fluorescent whitening agent isomers in lake sediments and surface waters by liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 69(13):2594–2599

Stoll J-MA, Giger W (1998) Mass balance for detergent-derived fluorescent whitening agents in surface waters of Switzerland. Water Res 32(7):2041–4050

Stoll J-MA, Ulrich MM, Giger W (1998) Dynamic behavior of fluorescent whitening agents in Greifensee: with mathematical modeling of sedimentation and photolysis. Environ Sci Technol 32(13):1875–1881

Sugihara K, Kitamura S, Sanoh S, Ohta S, Fujimoto N, Maruyama S, Ito A (2000) Metabolic activation of the proestrogens trans-stilbene and trans-stilbene oxide by rat liver microsomes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 167:46–54

Takada H, Ogura N, Ishiwatari R (1992) Seasonal variations and modes of riverine input of organic pollutants to the coastal zone: 1. Flux of detergent-derived pollutants to Tokyo Bay. Environ Sci Technol 26(12):2517–2523

Tanaka Y, Nakanishi H, Tsuda T, Matsushita K (1983) Variation of LAS amount in rivers after prohibition of detergents containing phosphorus (in Japanese). Jpn J Limnol 44:298–303