Seismic structure of the upper mantle beneath the western Philippine Sea

Aki, 1963, Phase velocity of Love waves in Japan: 1. Love waves from the Aleutian shock of March 9, 1957, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo, 41, 243 Brudzinski, 1997, Variation of P wave speeds in the mantle transition zone beneath the northern Philippine Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 11815, 10.1029/97JB00212 Cara, 1987, Oriented olivine crystals in the upper mantle: a test from the inversion of multimode surface wave data, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 47, 246, 10.1016/0031-9201(87)90080-X Cara, 1980, New inferences from higher mode data in western Europe and northern Eurasia, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 61, 459, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1980.tb04828.x Carlson, 1994, On modeling the thermal evolution of the oceanic mantle: an assessment of the cooling plate model, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3201, 10.1029/93JB02696 Dorman, 1960, Study of shear-wave distribution in the upper mantle by Rayleigh wave, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 50, 87 Dziewonski, 1981, Preliminary reference Earth model, Phys. Earth Planet. Sci., 25, 297, 10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7 Forsyth, 1977, The evolution of the upper mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges, Tectonophysics, 38, 89, 10.1016/0040-1951(77)90202-5 Fukao, 1992, Subducting slabs in the mantle transition zone, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 4809, 10.1029/91JB02749 Gaherty, 1995, Lehmann discontinuity as the base of an anisotropic layer beneath continents, Science, 268, 1468, 10.1126/science.268.5216.1468 Gaherty, 1996, Depth extent of polarization anisotropy in western Pacific upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22291, 10.1029/96JB01882 Gaherty, 1999, Seismological structure of the upper mantle: a regional comparison of seismic layering, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 110, 21, 10.1016/S0031-9201(98)00132-0 Gee, 1988, Polarization anisotropy and fine-scale structure of the Eurasian upper mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 824, 10.1029/GL015i008p00824 Gee, 1992, Generalized seismological data functionals, Geophys. J. Int., 111, 363, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00584.x Grand, 1984, Upper mantle shear structure beneath the northwest Atlantic ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 11465, 10.1029/JB089iB13p11465 Grand, 1984, Upper mantle shear structure on North America, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 399 Hall, R., Fuller, M., Ali, J., Anderson, C.D., 1995. The Philippine Sea plate: magnetism and reconstructions. In: Taylor, B., Natland, J. (Eds.), Active Margins and Marginal Basins of the Western Pacific. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 371–404. Hara, 1993, Inversion for laterally heterogeneous upper mantle S wave velocity structure using iterative waveform inversion, Geophys. J. Int., 104, 523, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb05699.x Hirth, 1996, Water in the oceanic upper mantle: implication for rheology, melt extraction, and the evolution of the lithosphere, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 144, 93, 10.1016/0012-821X(96)00154-9 Ita, 1992, Petrology, elasticity, and composition of the mantle transition zone, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 6849, 10.1029/92JB00068 Ito, 1989, Postspinel transformation in the system Mg2SiO4–Fe22SiO4 and some geophysical implications, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10637, 10.1029/JB094iB08p10637 Jordan, T.H., Gaherty, J.B., van Genabeek, O., Kato, M., 1996. Regional upper-mantle structures and their interpretation in terms of small-scale, anisotropic heterogeneities. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Seismic Research Symposium, PL-TR-96-2153. Phillips Laboratory, Massachusetts, pp. 361–370. Kanamori, 1968, Deep structure of island arcs as revealed by the surface waves, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo, 86, 1001 Karato, 1986, Does partial melting reduce the creep strength of the upper mantle?, Nature, 319, 309, 10.1038/319309a0 Karato, 1995, Effect of water on seismic wave velocities in the upper mantle, Proc. Japan Acad., Ser. B, 71, 61, 10.2183/pjab.71.61 Karato, 1998, Water, partial melting and the origin of the seismic low velocity and high attenuation zone in the upper mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 157, 193, 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00034-X Kato, 1997, An analysis of temperature derivative of shear-wave velocity in oceanic lithosphere in the Pacific basin, J. Phys. Earth, 45, 67, 10.4294/jpe1952.45.67 Katsura, 1989, The system Mg2SiO4–Fe2SiO4 at high pressures and temperatures; precise determination of stabilities of olivine, modified spinel, and spinel, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 15663, 10.1029/JB094iB11p15663 Katzman, 1998, High-resolution, two-dimensional vertical tomography of the central Pacific mantle using ScS reverberations and frequency-dependent travel times, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 17933, 10.1029/98JB00504 Katzman, R., Zhao, L., Jordan, T.H., 1998b. Seismic structure of the Ryukyu–Hawaii corridor: implication for the Hawaiian swell. J. Geophys. Res., submitted. Kinzler, 1993, Corrections and further discussion of the primary magmas of mid-ocean ridge basalts, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22339, 10.1029/93JB02164 Klein, 1987, Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8089, 10.1029/JB092iB08p08089 Klein, 1989, Local versus global variations in ocean ridge basalt composition: a reply, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4241, 10.1029/JB094iB04p04241 Lerner-Lam, 1983, How thick are the continents?, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14007, 10.1029/JB092iB13p14007 Lévêque, 1983, Long-period Love wave overtone data in North America and the Pacific Ocean: new evidence for upper mantle anisotropy, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 33, 164, 10.1016/0031-9201(83)90118-8 Li, 1995, Comparison of global waveform inversions with and without considering cross-branch model coupling, Geophys. J. Int., 121, 695, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb06432.x Li, 1996, Global mantle shear velocity model developed using nonlinear asymptotic coupling theory, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22245, 10.1029/96JB01306 Li, X.-D., Tanimoto, T., 1993. Waveform inversion of long-period seismic data for structure. In: Iyer, H.M., Hirahara, K. (Eds.), Seismic Tomography: Theory and Practice. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 64–91. Louden, 1980, The crustal and lithospheric thickness of the Philippine Sea as compared to the Pacific, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 50, 275, 10.1016/0012-821X(80)90138-7 Mainprice, 1993, Interpretation of SKS waves using samples from the subcontinental lithosphere, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 78, 257, 10.1016/0031-9201(93)90160-B Mammerickx, J., Fisher, R.J., Emmel, F.J., Smith, S.M., 1978. Bathymetry of the East and Southeast Asian Seas. In: Hayes, D.E. (Ed.), Geophysical Atlas of East and Southeast Asian Seas. Geol. Soc. Am. Map Series. Masters, 1982, Aspherical earth structure from fundamental spheroidal-mode data, Nature, 298, 609, 10.1038/298609a0 McEvilly, 1964, Central US crust–mantle structure from Love and Rayleigh wave phase velocity inversion, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 54, 1997, 10.1785/BSSA05406A1997 McKenzie, 1988, The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere, J. Petrol., 29, 625, 10.1093/petrology/29.3.625 McNutt, 1995, Marine geodynamics: depth-age revisited, Rev. Geophys., Suppl., 413, 10.1029/95RG00436 Montagner, 1991, Global upper mantle tomography of seismic velocity and anisotropy, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20337, 10.1029/91JB01890 Mrozowski, C.L., Hayes, D.E., 1978. Sediment isopachs. In: Hayes, D.E. (Ed.), Geophysical Atlas of East and Southeast Asian Seas. Geol. Soc. Am. Map Series. Murauchi, 1968, Crustal structure of the Philippine Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 3143, 10.1029/JB073i010p03143 Nakanishi, I., 1993. Surface wave tomography: velocity and Q. In: Iyer, H.M., Hirahara, K. (Eds.), Seismic Tomography: Theory and Practice. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 92–132. Nataf, 1986, Measurements of mantle-wave velocities and inversion for lateral heterogeneities and anisotropy: 3. Inversion, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 7261, 10.1029/JB091iB07p07261 Nishimura, 1989, The anisotropic structure of the upper mantle in the Pacific, Geophys. J. Int., 96, 203, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb04446.x Nolet, G., 1993. Imaging the upper mantle with partitioned non-linear waveform inversion. In: Iyer, H.M., Hirahara, K. (Eds.), Seismic Tomography: Theory and Practice. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 249–264. Oda, 1994, Regional variation in surface wave group velocities in the Philippine Sea, Tectonophysics, 233, 265, 10.1016/0040-1951(94)90245-3 Park, 1990, Age–depth correlation of the Philippine Sea back-arc basins and other marginal basins in the world, Tectonophysics, 181, 351, 10.1016/0040-1951(90)90028-7 Parsons, 1977, An analysis of the variation of the ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 803, 10.1029/JB082i005p00803 Peacock, 1990, Fluid process in subduction zone, Science, 248, 329, 10.1126/science.248.4953.329 Regan, 1984, Anisotropic models of the upper mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 35, 227, 10.1016/0031-9201(84)90020-7 Revenaugh, 1987, Observation of first-order mantle reverberations, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 77, 1704, 10.1785/BSSA0770051704 Revenaugh, 1989, A study of mantle layering beneath the western Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5787, 10.1029/JB094iB05p05787 Revenaugh, 1991, Mantle layering from ScS reverberations: 1. Waveform inversion of zeroth-order reverberations, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 19749, 10.1029/91JB01659 Revenaugh, 1991, Mantle layering from ScS reverberations: 2. The transition zone reverberations, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 19763, 10.1029/91JB01486 Revenaugh, 1991, Mantle layering from ScS reverberations: 3. The upper mantle reverberations, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 19781, 10.1029/91JB01487 Revenaugh, 1991, Mantle layering from ScS reverberations: 4. The lower mantle and core–mantle boundary, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 19811, 10.1029/91JB02163 Ribe, 1989, On the relation between seismic anisotropy and mantle flow, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4213, 10.1029/JB094iB04p04213 Ringwood, A.E., 1975. Composition and Petrology of the Earth's Mantle. McGraw-Hill, New York, 604 pp. Sato, 1989, The use of laboratory velocity data for estimating temperature and partial melt fraction in the low-velocity zone: comparison with heat flow and electrical conductivity studies, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5689, 10.1029/JB094iB05p05689 Sclater, 1976, Heat flow, depth, and crustal thickness of the marginal basins of the south Philippine Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 309, 10.1029/JB081i002p00309 Seekins, 1977, Lateral variations in the structure of the Philippine Sea plate, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 317, 10.1029/JB082i002p00317 Seno, 1984, Paleogeographic reconstruction and origin of the Philippine sea, Tectonophysics, 102, 53, 10.1016/0040-1951(84)90008-8 Shearer, 1990, Seismic imaging of upper mantle structure with new evidence for a 520-km discontinuity, Nature, 344, 121, 10.1038/344121a0 Shimamura, 1975, Seismographic observation at the bottom of the central basin fault of the Philippine Sea, Nature, 253, 177, 10.1038/253177a0 Shiono, 1980, Preliminary velocity structure of Japanese islands and Philippine sea from surface wave dispersion, Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook, 79, 498 Silver, 1996, Seismic anisotropy beneath the continents: probing the depths of geology, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 24, 385, 10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.385 Stein, 1992, A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with lithospheric age, Nature, 359, 123, 10.1038/359123a0 Suetsugu, 1987, Regional and azimuthal dependence of phase velocities of mantle Rayleigh waves in the Pacific Ocean, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 47, 230, 10.1016/0031-9201(87)90079-3 Tamaki, 1991, Global tectonics and formation of marginal basins: role of the western Pacific, Episodes, 14, 224, 10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i3/005 Tanimoto, 1984, Waveform inversion of mantle Love waves: the Born seismogram approximation, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 93, 321, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1988.tb02005.x Tarantola, 1982, Generalized nonlinear inverse problems solved using the least squares criterion, Rev. Geophys. Space Sci., 20, 219, 10.1029/RG020i002p00219 Taylor, 1983, On evolution of marginal basins, Rev. Geophys. Space Sci., 21, 1727, 10.1029/RG021i008p01727 Tsuboi, 1992, Amplitude anomalies of surface waves from the July 16, 1990 Philippine Islands earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 341, 10.1029/91GL03005 van der Hilst, 1993, Effect of relative plate motion on the deep structure and penetration depth of slabs below the Izu–Bonin and Mariana islands arc, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 120, 395, 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90253-6 van der Hilst, 1991, Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arcs, Nature, 353, 37, 10.1038/353037a0 Wessel, P., Smith, W.H.F., 1991. Free software helps map and display data. EOS Trans. AGU 72, 441, 445-446. Woodhouse, 1984, Mapping the upper mantle: three-dimensional modeling of the earth structure by inversion of seismic waveforms, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5953, 10.1029/JB089iB07p05953 Yu, 1994, Hunting for azimuthal anisotropy in the Pacific Ocean region, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 399, 10.1029/94JB00936 Zhang, 1995, Lattice-preferred orientation of olivine in simple shear deformation and the flow geometry of the upper mantle of the Earth, Nature, 375, 774, 10.1038/375774a0 Zhao, 1998, Sensitivity of frequency-dependent travel times to laterally heterogeneous, anisotropic earth structure, Geophys. J. Int., 133, 683, 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00524.x Zielhuis, 1994, Shear-wave velocity variations in the upper mantle beneath central Europe, Geophys. J. Int., 117, 695, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb02463.x