Air pollution and forest health: toward new monitoring concepts

Environmental Pollution - Tập 130 - Trang 113-126 - 2004
K.E Percy1, M Ferretti2
1Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Atlantic Forestry Centre, PO Box 4000, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5P7
2LINNAEA ambiente Srl, Via G. Sirtori 37, I-50137 Firenze, Italy

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alonso, 2002, Vertical distribution of ozone and nitrogenous pollutants in an Air Quality Class I Area, the San Gorgonio Wilderness, southern California, The Scientific World, 2, 10, 10.1100/tsw.2002.73 Arbaugh, 1999, Air pollution effects on growth of ponderosa pine, jeffrey pine and bigcone Douglas-fir, 179 Bricker, 1998, Toward a national program for monitoring environmental resources, Ecological Applications, 8, 326, 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0326:TANPFM]2.0.CO;2 Bytnerowicz, 1999, Wet and dry pollutant deposition to the mixed conifer forest, 235 2003 Chappelka, 1998, Ambient ozone effects on forest trees of the eastern United States, New Phytologist, 139, 91, 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00166.x Ciesla, 1994 Coyle, 2003, An ozone budget for the UK, Environmental Pollution, 123, 115, 10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00339-1 Cozzi, 2002 Dann, T, 2001. Trends and levels of CWS Pollutants, Presentation to an AWMA Speciality Conference on Canada Wide Standards, Toronto, 7 March, 2001. Cline, 1989, The role of quality assurance in ecological programs, 361 Cochran, 1977 Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) 2000. Available from http://projects.dnmi.no/∼emep/emis_tables/tab1-9.html. de Vries, 2000 Dickson, R.E., Lewin, K.F., Isebrands, J.G., Coleman, M.D., Heilman, W.E., Riemenschneider, D.E., Sôber, J., Host, G.E., Zak, D.R., Hendrey, G.R., Pregitzer, K.S., Karnosky, D.F., 2000. Forest Atmosphere Carbon Transfer Storage—II (FACTS II)—The Aspen Free-air CO2 and O3 Enrichment (FACE) Project: An Overview. General Technical Report NC-214. USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station. Drake, 1997, More efficient plants, Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 48, 609, 10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.609 Eberhardt, 1991, Designing environmental field studies, Ecological Monographs, 61, 53, 10.2307/1942999 European Community (EC/PHARE) 2000. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Forests in Central and Eastern European Countries. PHARE Environment Consortium, 1999. Elzinga, 2001 European Forest Institute 2002. Nitrogen deposition appears to be the main cause of increased forest growth in Europe. Available from http://www.efi.fi/news/2002/recognition.html. Ferretti, 1997, Forest health assessment and monitoring. Issues for consideration, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 48, 45, 10.1023/A:1005748702893 Ferretti, 1998, Potential and limitation of visual indices of tree condition, Chemosphere, 36, 1031, 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10167-9 Ferretti, 2002, Key issues in designing biomonitoring programmes. Monitoring scenarios, sampling strategies and quality assurance, 111 Ferretti, 2003, Design concepts adopted in long-term forest monitoring programs in Europe—problems for the future?, The Science of Total Environment, 310, 171, 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00637-X Ferretti, 1999, Implementation of quality assurance procedures in the Italian Programs of Forest Condition Monitoring, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 116, 371, 10.1023/A:1005240000294 Finlayson-Pitts, 2000 Fowler, 1999, The global exposure of forests to air pollutants, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 116, 5, 10.1023/A:1005249231882 Fox, 1996 Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Solberg, S. 2002. Ozone Measurements 2000, EMEP/CCC Report 5/2002, Kjeller, Norway. Houghton, 2001 Hunsaker, 1993, New concepts in environmental monitoring, The Science of The Total Environment, Suppl., 77, 10.1016/S0048-9697(05)80007-5 Hurlbert, 1984, Pseudoreplication and design of ecological field experiments, Ecological Monographs, 54, 187, 10.2307/1942661 Innes, 1993 2000, 4 Innes, 2001, Impacts of environmental stress on forest health: the need for more accurate indicators, 215 2000, 1 Innes, 1993, Consistency of observation of forest tree defoliation in three European countries, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 25, 29, 10.1007/BF00549790 Isebrands, 2001, Growth responses of Populus tremuloides clones to interacting elevated carbon dioxide and tropospheric ozone, Environmental Pollution, 115, 359, 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00227-5 Jenkin, 2000, Ozone and other secondary photochemical pollutants, Atmospheric Environment, 34, 2499, 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00478-1 Karnosky, 1999, Effects of tropospheric O3 on trembling aspen and interaction with CO2: results from an O3-gradient and a FACE experiment, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 116, 311, 10.1023/A:1005276824459 Karnosky, 2003, Impacts of Interacting CO2 and O3 on Trembling Aspen, Functional Ecology, 17, 289, 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00733.x 2001, 8 Köhl, 2000, Harmonization and standardization in multi-national environmental statistics? mission impossible?, Environ Monitoring and Assessment, 63, 361, 10.1023/A:1006257630216 Kolb, 1994, Concepts of Forest Health: Utilitarian and Ecosystem Perspectives, Journal of Forestry, 92, 10 Krupa, 1998, Sulphur dioxide, particulate sulphur and its impacts on a boreal forest ecosystem, 285 Lefohn, 2001, Present-day variability of background ozone in the lower troposphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 9945, 10.1029/2000JD900793 Legendre, 1998 Lorenz, 2002 Matyssek, 1999, Ozone, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 116, 199, 10.1023/A:1005267214560 McLaughlin, 1995, Interactive effects of ambient ozone and climate measured on growth of mature forest trees, Nature, 374, 252, 10.1038/374252a0 McLaughlin, 1996, Interactive effects of ambient ozone and climate measured on growth of mature loblolly pine trees, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26, 670, 10.1139/x26-077 McLaughlin, 1999, Forest health in North America, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 116, 151, 10.1023/A:1005215112743 1999 Miller, 1989, Trend in ozone damage to conifer forests between 1974 and 1988 in the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California, 309 1997 Olsen, 1999, Statistical issues for monitoring ecological and natural resources in the United States, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 54, 1, 10.1023/A:1005823911258 Overton, 1993, Using “found” data to augment a probability sample: procedure and case study, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 26, 65, 10.1007/BF00555062 Percy, 2002, Is air pollution an important factor in international forest health?, 23 Percy, K.E., Karnosky, D.F., Innes, J.L. 2000. Potential roles of global change in forest health during the 21st Century. In Krishnapillay, B., Soepadmo, E., Arshad, N.L., Wong H.H., A, Appanah, S., Chik, S.W., Manokaran, N., Tong, H.L., Choon, K.K. (Eds.) Forests and Society: The Role of Research, Sub-Plenary Sessions Volume 1, XXI IUFRO World Congress 2000, 7–12 August., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 147–163. Percy, K.E., Legge, A.H., and Krupa, S.V. 2003. Tropospheric ozone: A continuing threat to global forests? In Karnosky, D.F., Percy, K.E., Chappelka, A.H., Pikkarainen, J., Simpson, C.J. (Eds.) Air Pollution, Global Change and Forests in the New Millennium. Elsevier, Oxford (in press). Percy, 2002, Altered performance of forest pests under CO2- and O3-enriched atmospheres, Nature, 420, 403, 10.1038/nature01028 Percy, 1999, State of science and knowledge gaps with respect to air pollution impacts on forests, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 116, 443, 10.1023/A:1005235932153 Rawaswamy, 2001, Radiative forcing of climate change, 350 Shampine, 1993, Quality assurance and quality control in monitoring programs, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 26, 143, 10.1007/BF00547492 Sheffield, 1987, Cost, Behind the decline, Journal of Forestry, 85, 29 Stohlgren, 1995, Attributes of reliable long term landscape scale studies, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 36, 1, 10.1007/BF00546982 2002 1998 2000 2002 US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2002. Ground level ozone: trend in ozone and related emissions. Available from http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/ozone.html. Vos, 2000, A framework for the design of ecological monitoring programs as a tool for environmental and nature management, Environm Monitoring and Assessment, 61, 317, 10.1023/A:1006139412372